O presente trabalho discute a inserção das geociências na prática pedagógica de seis formadores de professores, que carregam como características comuns a pós-graduação em Ensino e História de Ciências da Terra pelo Instituto de Geociências da Universidade Estadual de Campinas e a atuação em disciplinas de metodologias de ensino e/ou em disciplinas de estágios supervisionados. Assumimos como formadores de professores todos os profissionais envolvidos com o processo de docência de futuros professores, tais como: docentes de disciplinas pedagógicas, metodológicas, estágios supervisionados e de disciplinas específicas. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é entender como as geociências estão difundindo-se na prática desses formadores. Para tanto, partimos do princípio de que a formação neste programa de pós-graduação, as experiências profissionais e as experiências pessoais propiciam o desenvolvimento e/ou a ressignificação de práticas interdisciplinares que carregam alguns fundamentos históricos, epistemológicos e teórico-metodológicos das geociências articulados à Educação Ambiental, ao enfoque da Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS) e à História da Ciência. Para entendermos como práticas, metodologias e concepções deste campo do saber imbricam-se na atuação docente, recorremos à história oral temática por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas buscando desvelar quais foram os caminhos percorridos para que as geociências fossem incorporadas e legitimadas no processo de desenvolvimento da atuação docente. Com o propósito de construir uma análise mais frutífera, tornando a interlocução mais clara, ao longo dos capítulos as discussões teóricas foram permeadas pelas falas dos formadores, ou seja, as análises das entrevistas foram realizadas juntamente com a bibliografia a respeito dos temas delimitados, de modo a tornar constante o diálogo entre teoria e prática. Dessa forma, apresentamos primeiramente, as questões que permeiam o desenvolvimento profissional docente e suas múltiplas dimensões, destacando que a formação docente enquanto continuum se constitui através da reflexão crítica sobre as práticas e da (re)construção permanente da identidade pessoal. Por conseguinte, essas práticas pedagógicas conferem à atuação docente singularidade, uma vez que são delineadas por diferentes vivências, incertezas, reflexões e experiências. Em um segundo momento, esses fundamentos são aprofundados, trazendo à tona a constituição de diferentes práticas interdisciplinares concebidas por meio de alguns princípios da epistemologia das geociências, das práticas geocientíficas com ênfase para os trabalhos de campo; da utilização das linguagens e representações; e da constituição dos museus e das coleções. Por fim, realçamos a importância da interdisciplinaridade enquanto ferramenta de articulação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, salientando que a ação interdisciplinar se constitui na própria prática e vivência do sujeito. Nesse contexto, as práticas interdisciplinares desvelam-se de diferentes maneiras e em inúmeras possibilidades de atuação docente, algumas vezes integrando os conteúdos, outras integrando o currículo e a construção de conhecimento. Tais concepções vão ao encontro das falas dos formadores, visto que as práticas se estabelecem por meio de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, como a Educação Ambiental, a discussão CTS, a História da Ciência, as geociências, a própria área do conhecimento do docente etc. / This study discusses the inclusion of geoscience in the educational practice of six teacher educators, who have in common graduate education in Teaching and History of Earth Sciences at Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, and the work in disciplines of teaching methodologies and or in supervised internship courses. We consider teacher educators all the professionals involved in the teaching of future teachers, such as: teachers of educational and methodological disciplines, supervised internships, and specific disciplines. The main objective of this research is to understand how geosciences are disseminating in the practice of these educators. Therefore, we assume that training in this graduate program, professional experiences and personal experiences promote the development and or the reinterpretation of interdisciplinary practices that have some historical, epistemological and theoretical-methodological foundations of geosciences linked to Environmental Education, Science, Technology and Society (STS) approach and History of Science. To understand how practices, methodologies and concepts of this field of knowledge intertwine in teaching, we resort to thematic oral history through semi-structured interviews, seeking to uncover what paths have been taken so that geosciences were incorporated and legitimized in the development of teaching. In order to build a more fruitful analysis, making the interlocution clearer, throughout the chapters, the theoretical discussions have been permeated by the speeches of educators, that is, the analysis of the interviews was conducted along with the literature discussion on the topics delimited, so as to make the dialogue between theory and practice constant. Thus first we present the issues that permeate the professional development of teachers and their multiple dimensions, emphasizing that, as a continuum, teacher education is constituted through critical reflection on practice and through the permanent (re)construction of personal identity. Consequently, these educational practices confer uniqueness to the teaching work, since they are delineated by various experiences, uncertainties and reflections. In a second step, these foundations are further discussed, bringing to light the constitution of different interdisciplinary practices conceived through some principles of epistemology of geosciences, of geoscience practices with an emphasis on field work; of the use of languages and representations; and of the establishment of museums and collections. Finally, we emphasize the importance of interdisciplinarity as an articulation tool for the teaching and learning process, stressing that interdisciplinary actions are constituted in the practice and experience of the subjects. In this context, interdisciplinary practices show themselves in different ways and numerous possibilities of teaching practice, sometimes integrating content and sometimes integrating the curriculum and the construction of knowledge. Such conceptions are consistent with the discourse of the educators, since the practices are established through different areas of knowledge, such as Environmental Education, the STS discussion, the History of Science, Geosciences, the area of expertise of each teacher etc.

Pedagogy has not addressed the literacy shift from reading, writing, and speaking to include cognitive digital literacy skills. Teachers lack the technological pedagogical content knowledge to integrate digital literacy skills into student learning. Using a digital literacy framework with 6 essentials skills, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate teachers' (a) current understanding, knowledge and skills; (b) current integration of digital literacy skills; (c) challenges they face in integration; and (d) supports needed in shifting pedagogical practices to address change. Participants were 13 teachers from high school content areas. Data were gathered through focus groups interviews, observations, and artifacts. Data were coded with MAXQDA software, compared, organized, and refined based on the 4 research questions. Findings revealed high levels of knowledge for the terms digital literacy and photovisual literacy. Integration levels of digital literacy skills varied with more evidence in photovisual and reproduction literacy. Five minor challenge themes (critical thinking; time; information and technology literacy; infrastructure and access; and behavior and attitude) and 4 minor support themes (professional development; planning and preparation time; observation and feedback; and schoolwide focus and routines) emerged. Analysis of findings revealed 4 major themes: critical thinking, integrated professional development, effective use of time, and infrastructure and schoolwide routines. Findings may affect positive social change by engaging teachers in critical reflection through professional development leading to improvements in teacher pedagogical practices related to furthering the digital literacy skills of youth.

Bullying has become a serious concern in many American public middle schools in recent years. Inadequate professional development (PD) in bullying prevention and response strategies has compounded this problem. The overarching purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the growing problem of school bullying. Bronfenbrenner's socioecological theory, which states that environment and relationships influence student behavior, served as the conceptual framework for this qualitative study. Guiding research questions, grounded in socioecological theory, were used to examine middle school teachers' views of PD and their perceived skills in responding to or preventing bullying. Through purposeful sampling, 8 middle school teachers in a community in rural Alabama were interviewed over a 3-week period. Each had at least 1 year of teaching experience in the local rural setting. To authenticate study findings, discipline referrals and state incident reports spanning the 2 previous years were assessed for teacher management of bullying. Data were analyzed using open coding to identify and categorize the patterns and themes that emerged. Results indicated that the teachers perceived that PD would give them the strategies to recognize and manage incidents of school bullying. These results supported and informed the PD project for middle school teachers. This study contributes to social change by providing professional development that will help teachers to either prevent or manage school bullying appropriately, a benefit to children and communities.

本研究旨在探討國民小學學校本位教學視導的實施與其提升教師專業成長之意見。主要目的有：（1）藉由探討國民小學學校本位教學視導與教師專業成長之相關理論做為本研究之基礎，並可做為我國實施此制度時之參考；（2）透過問卷調查，欲瞭解我國國民小學實施學校本位教學視導的情形與意見；（3）透過問卷調查，欲瞭解國小教師對學校本位教學視導增進教師專業成長之看法；（4）探討教師個人背景變項與其對學校本位教學視導看法的關係；（5）探討教師個人背景變項與其對教師專業成長各變項間的關係；（6）綜合研究結果，提出結論與建議，俾做為日後國民小學實施學校本位教學視導、提升教師專業成長與未來進一步研究之參考。 本研究所使用的研究方法有：文獻分析法、問卷調查法、與內容分析法等。係以台灣地區各縣市之公私立國民小學為主要調查對象，包括國小校長、主任及教師。採用分層等比例隨機抽樣的方式，共計發出1000份問卷，回收666份，回收率為66.6﹪，其中有效問卷為624份。研究工具為自編之「國民小學學校本位教學視導與教師專業成長之研究」調查問卷。問卷的處理採用SPSS 8.0 for Windows套裝統計軟體，進行百分比、次數、平均數、標準差及卡方考驗等統計分析。 本研究的主要結論如下： 一、學校本位教學視導在先進國家已趨盛行發展。 二、國內推展學校本位教學視導的工作亦開始萌芽。 三、現行視導方式有待加強改進。 四、教師多認同學校本位教學視導的理念，但迫於時間限制難以配合。 五、學校本位教學視導具許多優點，應普遍推廣使之制度化。 六、學校本位教學視導是一套可促進教師專業成長的制度。 最後，研究者根據文獻探討、實施範例及本研究實證的調查結果，提出下列對教育行政機關、學校、教師、與後續相關研究的建議： 壹、對教育行政機關的建議有：一、遴選有意願之學校先行試辦；二、推動校際或社區合作，設置相關資源網站；三、定期舉辦相關研習以利推廣；四、教育行政機關應設法提高教師編制。 貳、對學校的建議有：一、校長以身作則，推展校內教學視導工作；二、學校行政單位應各方面協助以利實施；三、學校教師會亦應負起推廣觀念的責任；四、校內可成立一專門的委員會辦理實施。 參、對教師的建議：一、發展程度較高的教師可鼓勵其自我視導；二、應多鼓勵年輕、資淺的教師瞭解並參與教學視導；三、教師應具備開放與學習的態度以追求專業成長。 肆、對後續相關研究的建議有：包括在研究範圍方面（含文獻蒐集、學制、地區與研究對象等）、與對於本研究之研究工具的檢討。

本研究旨在探討校長分享式領導、教師專業社群對組織信任的影響。研究方法為文獻分析與問卷調查法。研究對象為臺北縣高中職、國中及國小教師，共發出797份問卷，有效問卷計680份，可用率達85.32%。問卷回收後分別以因素分析、信度分析、描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法進行研究。根據研究結果與分析後歸納之結論如下： 一、臺北縣縣立高中職、國中及國小教師對校長分享式領導、教師專業社群及組織信任的知覺程度整體而言屬中上程度，其整體表現已有一定水準。 二、不同背景因素的教師知覺校長分享式領導、教師專業社群及組織信任整體及各層面的程度有差異。 三、校長分享式領導、教師專業社群與組織信任之間存在正相關。 四、校長分享式領導、教師專業社群對組織信任有顯得的聯合預測力，其中以「內部合作」的預測力最高。 五、教師專業社群在校長分享式領導對組織信任的影響上有正向調節之作用。 最後，本研究依據研究結果分別提出以下建議： 一、對教育行政主管機關的建議 （一）提倡校長分享式領導的理念，促進教師專業社群的發展，以增進學校信任。 （二）強化師資職前教育與在職進修的「教師專業發展」課程規劃。 （三）建立「師徒制」的教學輔導教師制度，提升教師專業成長，增加組織信任。 （四）明訂學校行政人員平時表現獎勵基準，培育學校行政人才。 二、對學校校長的建議 （一）鼓勵教師、家長及學生瞭解並參與校務，促進教學、行政與社區團隊合作。 （二）推動「師傅教師」的制度，營造教學專業團隊，增進教師專業發展及同儕信任。 （三）適時調整及運用行政處室人力，重視內部成員間的組織信任。 三、對學校教師的建議 （一）主動參與各項重要會議並表達意見，發揮教師領導的專業精神。 （二）主動協助學校行政工作，發展教師領導知能，增加學校信任。 （三）積極投入教師專業社群，從反省對話及教學觀摩增加教學專業及同儕信任。 四、對未來研究的建議 分別就研究對象、研究方法、研究變項及研究工具等方面，對未來的研究提出建議。

本質化敘事研究旨在探討英語教師如何於正規及非正規專業發展領域中發展個人職能概念。研究對象為一位擁有多年補教與國高中教學經驗的英語教師。研究方法主要包含研究對象的口說敘述及半結構式訪談，目的在於完整記載研究對象之動態專業發展歷程。資料分析方式採用¬「整體─內容」分析法 (Lieblich, Tuveal-Mashiasch, & Zilber, 1998)與「關鍵事件」方法 (Webster & Mertova, 2007)。研究結果顯示，研究對象之教師發展出自於其主動作為並連結至其認為之與教學相關之要務。其中引領研究對象教師發展之關鍵為其個人與其所在之補教或學校場域的互動關係。也就是說，她如何看待及解讀場域中有關於教學與教師之價值，並以此價值為基礎發展個人職能概念。此外，研究對象之教師職能概念為一螺旋型過程，其過程強調一學習過程之結束引領另一新的學習發展；於專業發展領域之互動中動態發展。另一方面，藉由研究對象於正規與非正規學校場域中發展職能概念之經驗對照，本質化個案研究對於宏觀之正規及非正規教育系統在協助教師發展的設計，目前所面臨的兩難獲得更深入的了解。本研究期許針對教師教育、甚至於教育政策持續改善，提供可能之方向，使其更能符合教師於個人職能發展的實際需要。在本研究最後，針對於研究結果提出教學與研究上之建議做為參考。 / This study explores the development of an English teacher’s professional identity across formal and informal educational contexts. The informant invited in the study is an English teacher who has cross-contextual professional development experience. Data collection methods primarily included an oral narrative and semi-structured interviews in order to document the dynamic professional development trajectory of the teacher informant. The data collected were analyzed with a holistic-content method (Lieblich, Tuveal-Mashiasch, & Zilber, 1998) and a critical events approach (Webster & Mertova, 2007). The findings of the study indicate that teacher development is undertaken by the teacher herself and her concerns. What is really critical in guiding teacher development is the interaction between the teacher and her contexts; namely, how the teacher perceives and interprets the value of teaching and the meaning of being a teacher from the contexts, which is the basis to develop her professional identities. Furthermore, teacher professional identity is constructed dynamically as a spiral process in interaction with contexts. A better understanding of the tensions existing in the macro-level formal educational system is also obtained in the comparison with formal and informal professional development experience of the English teacher in the study. The study provides a possible direction for further improvement of teacher education program and for educational policy reforms to better take care of the actual professional development needs of teachers. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications as well as suggestions for future research are also provided at the end of the thesis.

This research explored the complexity of language teacher identity from a holistic perspective involving two features: the integration of teachers’ personal and professional experiences, and the application of conscious/rational and intuitive/tacit thought processes. The study examined four ESL teachers’ beliefs, perceptions, and interpretations about the influences of their important personal, educational, and professional experiences on the development of their teacher identity. It also investigated the overall impact of an autobiographical reflective process combined with a guided visualization activity on the re-construction of participants’ perceptions of teacher identity. The interdisciplinary theoretical orientation was grounded in theories and concepts from psychology and educational research, e.g., Personal Construct Theory (Kelly, 1955, 1963), the complementary nature of reason and intuition, and the concept of “perspective transformation” (Mezirow, 1978, 2000). The methodology was heuristic research (Moustakas, 1990, 1994) and methods included reflexive autobiographical journaling, guided visualization, and in-depth interviews. The results confirm that teacher identity is deeply embedded in one’s personal biography. Participants’ beliefs, perceptions, and interpretations nurtured in the family environment strongly influenced their school experiences, career choice, instructional practice, teaching philosophy, and teacher identity. The use of the guided visualization technique, integrated with rational reflection, considerably enhanced the depth and breadth of participants’ self-understanding and personal/professional growth, which is an important methodological contribution of the study for teacher development. The results strongly suggest that it is essential to explore teachers’ personal life experiences in order to gain a holistic understanding of the dominant influences on the development of teacher identity. The study presents a model for designing a longitudinal professional development program offered in a series of workshops to raise teachers’ awareness of the implicit influences on teacher identity and instructional practice through the application of both conscious/rational and intuitive/tacit methods to access their beliefs, perceptions, and interpretations of their life experiences.

Third grade teachers participated in a study that examined the ways teachers learn new skills for reading instruction and transfer their learning into the classroom on a daily basis. A review of literature included identification of a purpose for teacher learning, how teacher self-perception influenced use of new knowledge and teacher skills, and improved reading achievement. The teachers discussed challenges and barriers for their learning and implementation of new learning, which included reflection of how each has evolved as a reading teacher. Teachers expressed interests for new learning in reading instruction and self-awareness necessary for improvement in their practice.

This research explored the complexity of language teacher identity from a holistic perspective involving two features: the integration of teachers’ personal and professional experiences, and the application of conscious/rational and intuitive/tacit thought processes. The study examined four ESL teachers’ beliefs, perceptions, and interpretations about the influences of their important personal, educational, and professional experiences on the development of their teacher identity. It also investigated the overall impact of an autobiographical reflective process combined with a guided visualization activity on the re-construction of participants’ perceptions of teacher identity. The interdisciplinary theoretical orientation was grounded in theories and concepts from psychology and educational research, e.g., Personal Construct Theory (Kelly, 1955, 1963), the complementary nature of reason and intuition, and the concept of “perspective transformation” (Mezirow, 1978, 2000). The methodology was heuristic research (Moustakas, 1990, 1994) and methods included reflexive autobiographical journaling, guided visualization, and in-depth interviews. The results confirm that teacher identity is deeply embedded in one’s personal biography. Participants’ beliefs, perceptions, and interpretations nurtured in the family environment strongly influenced their school experiences, career choice, instructional practice, teaching philosophy, and teacher identity. The use of the guided visualization technique, integrated with rational reflection, considerably enhanced the depth and breadth of participants’ self-understanding and personal/professional growth, which is an important methodological contribution of the study for teacher development. The results strongly suggest that it is essential to explore teachers’ personal life experiences in order to gain a holistic understanding of the dominant influences on the development of teacher identity. The study presents a model for designing a longitudinal professional development program offered in a series of workshops to raise teachers’ awareness of the implicit influences on teacher identity and instructional practice through the application of both conscious/rational and intuitive/tacit methods to access their beliefs, perceptions, and interpretations of their life experiences.

The purpose of this study was to explore how school leaders address both the technical and professional socialization needs of teachers during the planning and implementation of student formative assessment in every classroom, an initiative that is often implemented as a means of gathering the data needed to support the academic needs of all learners (Black & Wiliam, 1998; Bolman & Deal, 2008; Heath & Heath, 2010; Leithwood & Seashore Louis, 2011; Wiliam, 2010). In order to determine school leadership considerations for addressing the technical and professional socialization needs of teachers during the implementation of student formative assessment in every classroom, two research questions guided the study: 1. What do teachers perceive to be their technical and professional socialization needs experienced during the planning and implementation of student formative assessment and how are these met? 2. What are the school principals’ perceptions of how they address the technical and professional socialization needs of teachers during the planning and implementation of student formative assessment? Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study examined the perceptions of both teachers and principals through a multi-site case study design (Miles & Huberman, 1994). This design was chosen in order to gather insight regarding the perceptions and experiences of principals and teachers at three elementary campuses that have implemented student formative assessment in every classroom. The sites and participants for this study were purposefully selected. Data were collected through interviews and focus groups. In order to confirm emerging theoretical explanations, the researcher gathered additional data through a review of relevant documents, such as district and campus improvement plans. The prominent technical needs identified by teachers in this study were the development of a campus-wide common terminology, participation in vertical teaming, and the maintenance of the support role of a campus instructional specialist. Furthermore, teacher participants identified their professional socialization needs as reassurance from the principal with new professional learning, a gradual pace of implementation for the student formative assessment initiatives, meaningful teacher-to-teacher interaction, open and transparent communication with the principal, and opportunities to participate in building cohesive grade-level teams. Principals perceived their technical supports as facilitating vertical teaming, providing a campus instructional specialist, embedding time for collaborative professional development, and setting clear expectations for implementation. Additionally, principals perceived their professional socialization supports for teachers as facilitating the building of cohesive grade-level teams, providing reassurance with new implementation, promoting open and transparent communication, promoting a gradual implementation pace and facilitating meaningful teacher-to-teacher interactions. / text