Depuis l’ouverture des concours de recrutement de l’Éducation nationale aux ressortissants européens, au début des années 1990, de nombreux Britanniques et Irlandais ont rejoint le contingent d’enseignants certifiés et agrégés d’anglais. Ces professeurs d’anglais « locuteurs natifs » (PALN) n’ont pas été socialisésen France et mettent parfois des années à décoder le système éducatif français et leur intégration professionnelle dépend de nombreux facteurs. Si le CAPES et l’Agrégation constituent une étape cruciale dans le processus d’interculturation, parce qu’ils initient les candidats anglophones aux normes, règles et valeurs du système éducatif français et de l’anglais-objet d’étude universitaire et d’enseignement-apprentissage en France, ces premiers ne sont en réalité que les prémisses d’une longue construction de l’identité professionnelle de ces enseignants. La présente enquête, élaborée dans une perspective ancrée et compréhensive et qui s’appuie sur des méthodes mixtes, a permis au chercheur d’explorer comment les PALN perçoivent leur vie et leur identité professionnelles. Une analyse du discours des participants et des interactions enquêteur-enquêté amène le chercheur au cœur de la problématique identitaire des enseignants« natifs » qui se retrouvent face à un paradoxe : si le « capital natif » est un atout pour réussir les concours de recrutement, une interculturation (Demorgon, 1999) « trop » réussie peut fragiliser ce même capital qui, pour conserver son intérêt et rester dynamique, doit être sans cesse actualisé. / Since the early 1990s, EU citizens have been able to sit the competitive examinations which give access to qualified teacher status within the French education system, without needing to have French nationality. This change has attracted British and Irish candidates who were not necessarily qualified to teach before moving to France and who, as native English-speaking teachers (NESTs), were not socialized there. Consequently, it sometimes takes them years to decode the French education system. For these teachers, comfortable professional integration depends on their capacity to adjust not only to the requirements of French schools, but also to the French approach to teaching and learning English. Taking the CAPES is one step towards interculturation, since by doing so, English-speaking candidates gain an insight into the norms, rules and values of the French education system and see how English is taught at university and in schools in France. However, passing the exam is only the first step towards building aprofessional teacher identity, which is a long process. The present investigation into the professional identity of NESTs from the UK and Ireland was constructedfrom a Grounded Theory and interpretative perspective using mixed methods. The researcher seeks to understand how participants perceive their professional identity and life as English teachers in the French education system. An analysis of participants’ discourse and of interviewer/participant interaction brings tolight the following paradox: the initial “gift” which helps NESTs through the rigorous state examinations can be weakened by strong interculturation and needs to be updated and enriched in order to remain an asset.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research was carried out between 2007 and 2009, inside the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação from UFSM/RS, linked to Research Project Dilemas e Perspectivas para a Inovação Educacional na Educação Básica e na Formação de Professores (DIPIED) and to the Studies, Researches and Interventions Group Inovação Educacional, Práticas Educativas e Formação de Professores (INOVAEDUC) . The main purpose was to characterize the professional identity construction process of Pre-service Curricular Training (PCT) teachers at Teacher Education Courses (TEC), in order to contribute to a better understanding of these function development particularities and the formative and professional activities that can help in this function development. For that, we proposed the following research problem: In which proportion the PCT teachers professional identity formation conditioning factors interfere in the professional identity formation of a professional group that develops this function? To carry out this research, we used a qualitative approach, through we did 45 structured individuals interviews with PCT teachers. In the total, considering that some people were interviewed in two different steps of the work, we involved 31 PCT supervising teachers in 15 of the 19 TEC from UFSM. To analyse the interviews, we applied some principles from the called Análise do Conteúdo. We pointed out some factors that conditioning the PCT teachers professional identity formation process investigated and we present them in an non-growing order of importance in this process: (1) initial identification process with PCT supervision function, in special, the activities mentioned as basis to this process; (2) the essential characteristics and set of knowledge to develop this function, considering their responsibility for pre-service students professional as well personal formation; (3) the formative teachers individuals conceptions related to PCT supervision function, which, several of them are very similar to a certain pedagogical ideals or to a consolidated pedagogical common sense; (4) the constant confrontation between relational and biographic components from the identity formation, being that the first seems weakened , due to the absence or reduced interactive forms among the formative teachers within the collective of PCT supervisors investigated; (5) the local professional culture of PCT supervisors collective , which interferes in the identity formation in less proportion, as consequence of the few interaction established among the formative teachers. Considering such factors and the relative importance of each one of them, we can affirm that the PCT teachers, from UFSM TEC, professional identity formation process is characterized by the individualism and it has as a basis the discovery of how developing this function from the own practice or from the moment in which the supervisors actions are disarticulated from models and practices that they lived in the students position, mainly, during their owns pre-service trainings. Besides, it is a gradual and unfinished process due to the how developing this function learning is strongly related to: (1) the changes that occur in the schools spaces; (2) the different troubles lived by the pre-service teachers during their practice development; (3) the institutional alterations, that occurs in the preservice schools or in the formative institution, or still the normative ones, originated from teaching system management official authorities, referent to the PCT organization and the development in TEC. / Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida entre 2007 e 2009, no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da UFSM/RS, vinculada ao Projeto de Pesquisa Dilemas e Perspectivas para a Inovação Educacional na Educação Básica e na Formação de Professores (DIPIED) e ao Grupo de Estudos, Pesquisas e Intervenções Inovação Educacional, Práticas Educativas e Formação de Professores (INOVAEDUC) . O objetivo principal foi caracterizar o processo de construção da identidade profissional de professores orientadores de Estágio Curricular Pré-Profissional (ECPP) em Cursos de Licenciatura (CL), de modo a contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das especificidades inerentes ao desempenho dessa função e das atividades formativas e profissionais, possíveis de auxiliar no desempenho dessa função. Para isso, nos propusemos o seguinte problema de pesquisa: Em que medida os fatores condicionantes da formação da identidade profissional de professores orientadores de ECPP interferem na formação da identidade profissional de um grupo de profissionais que desempenham essa função? Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, utilizamo-nos de uma abordagem qualitativa, mediante a qual realizamos 45 entrevistas individuais estruturadas com professores orientadores de ECPP. No total, considerando-se que alguns sujeitos foram entrevistados em duas etapas distintas do trabalho, envolvemos 31 professores que orientam ECPP em 15 dos 19 CL da UFSM. Para análise dessas entrevistas, empregamos alguns princípios da chamada Análise de Conteúdo. Evidenciamos alguns fatores que condicionam o processo de formação das identidades profissionais dos orientadores de ECPP investigados e os apresentamos em ordem decrescente de importância nesse processo: (1) o processo de identificação inicial com a função de orientação de ECPP, em especial, as atividades mencionadas como base para esse processo; (2) as características e os saberes essenciais para desempenho dessa função, considerando sua responsabilidade pela formação profissional, bem como pessoal, do aluno estagiário; (3) as concepções individuais dos formadores, relativas à função de orientação de ECPP, as quais, em boa parte, assemelham-se a um certo ideário pedagógico ou a um senso comum pedagógico consolidado; (4) o constante confronto entre o componente relacional e o componente biográfico da formação identitária, sendo que o primeiro se mostra enfraquecido , devido à ausência ou às reduzidas formas de interação entre os formadores dentro do coletivo de orientadores de ECPP investigado; (5) a cultura profissional local do coletivo de orientadores de ECPP, a qual condiciona a formação identitária em menor proporção, por conseqüência da pouca interação estabelecida entre os próprios formadores. Considerando tais fatores e a importância relativa de cada um deles, podemos afirmar que o processo de formação da identidade profissional de orientadores de ECPP, atuantes em CL da UFSM, caracteriza-se pelo individualismo e tem por base a descoberta de como desempenhar essa função, a partir da própria atuação ou a partir do momento em que as ações dos orientadores se desvinculam de modelos e de práticas que vivenciaram na condição de alunos, em especial, durante os seus próprios ECPP. Além disso, esse é um processo gradual e inacabado devido à aprendizagem de como desempenhar essa função estar fortemente relacionada com: (1) as mudanças que ocorrem no funcionamento dos espaços escolares; (2) os diferentes problemas vivenciados pelos alunos estagiários no desenvolvimento de suas práticas; (3) as alterações de caráter institucional, sejam elas efetivadas nas escolas campo de estágio ou efetivadas na agência formadora, ou ainda as de caráter normativo, emanadas das instâncias oficiais de administração dos sistemas de ensino, referentes à organização e ao desenvolvimento dos ECPP em CL.

Cette thèse vise à analyser l’identité professionnelle des enseignants d’espagnol langue étrangère (ELE) dans deux pays de l’Union européenne, la France et l’Espagne. Nous estimons que malgré le développement de l’anglais, qui est devenue la langue la plus étudiée au monde, l’espagnol connait une grande expansion au niveau international. Néanmoins, bien que les enseignants soient l’élément le plus important de l’enseignement de langues, les recherches ne semblent s’intéresser à l’analyse de leurs circonstances professionnelles et socioéconomiques, ni à leur rapport au travail. En effet, les enseignants d’ELE sont confrontés à des enjeux particuliers, non seulement en France où l’espagnol est toujours en concurrence avec l’anglais, mais aussi en Espagne, où l’enseignement de la langue espagnole est devenu une source de revenus. On peut donc se demander : comment peut-on offrir un enseignement d’ELE de qualité lorsque le cœur même de l’enseignement demeure obscur ? Cette thèse donne des éléments de réponse à travers l’analyse de 76 entretiens à des enseignants d’ELE et de 329 réponses à un questionnaire en ligne. / The objective of this thesis is to analyse the professional identity of teachers of Spanish as a foreign language in two European countries: France and Spain. In spite of the development of English, the most studied language in the world, Spanish is growing at a rapid pace. However, although teachers are the most important element in language teaching, research does not seem to be interested in the analysis of their professional and socioeconomic circumstances and the role of emotions in the workplace. Indeed, the teachers of Spanish face multiple challenges, not only in France where Spanish competes with English, but also in Spain, where the national language has become a new source of income. How is it possible then, to offer a quality teaching when the heart of teaching remains unclear? This thesis offers the analysis of 76 interviews to teachers of Spanish and 329 responses of an online questionnaire. / El objetivo de esta tesis es el análisis de la identidad profesional de los profesores de español lengua extranjera (ELE) en dos países europeos: Francia y España. A pesar del gran desarrollo del inglés, que se ha convertido en la lengua más estudiada del mundo, el español está creciendo en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, aunque que los profesores son el elemento principal en la enseñanza de idiomas, las investigaciones parecen no interesarse en sus condiciones socio-económicas ni en su relación emocional con el trabajo. Ciertamente, los profesores de ELE están expuestos a múltiples desafíos, no sólo en Francia, donde la lengua española compite en la escuela con el inglés, sino también en España, donde la lengua nacional se ha convertido en una fuente de ingresos. Con base a estos datos, nos preguntamos: ¿cómo es posible ofrecer una enseñanza de ELE de calidad, cuando no se conoce el “corazón” de la enseñanza? Esta tesis ofrece el análisis de las entrevistas realizadas a 76 profesores de ELE, así como de las 329 respuestas obtenidas a un cuestionario en línea.