Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Parental involvement plays an essential role in the United States (U.S.) educational system. However, parental involvement poses many challenges for Hmong parents in American schools. Many assumptions are made on the parts of teachers, staff, and Hmong parents about parents' roles pertaining to their involvement in their children's education. Hmong parents struggle to reconcile beliefs, attitudes, and values that they bring with them from Laos with the expectations found in the U.S. due to their unfamiliarity with the U.S. educational system. This study employed the used a qualitative, descriptive case study approach to examine the perceptions of Hmong parents involvement at a K-6 Hmong American charter school in Northern California. The primary data collection method used in this study was interviews with four school-community stakeholder groups. The purposeful-selected interview participants included two administrators, four teachers, six parents, and four students. The interviews were dialogically coded and nine themes were developed related to parental involvement. These nine themes were: communication with parents, committee involvement, flexibility of staff, enrichment programs non-traditional school schedule, importance of field trips, cultural events and presence of other cultures, recommend school to others, and positive behavioral reinforcement. The study concludes with a presentation of the implications of the nine themes on the design of parent involvement models and recommendations are offered related to policies and connected strategies for how to design culturally relevant supports for parent involvement in education.

The aim of this study is to investigate Swedish upper secondary school teachers’ statements regarding reading and teaching choices in the English courses. The methods used were a survey in the form of a qualitative questionnaire, and a qualitative content analysis which was then applied to the survey data gathered. Reception theory and literary socialization theory were applied to the results. The four main research questions were: 1. What English literature do teachers in Swedish college preparatory programs choose for their students? 2. What English literature do teachers in Swedish vocational programs choose for their students? 3. What aspects of reception theory and literary socialization theory correspond to the teachers’ questionnaire answers regarding what skills they wish their students to acquire from reading English literature? 4. What are teachers’ attitudes towards students reading books of cultural, historical, and literary significance? The results concluded that there was no significant difference in the types of books chosen for the two programs. The college preparatory programs read a little more classical fiction, but the vocational courses did not lag far behind. When it came to the theories, a majority of teachers mentioned aspects brought up within literary socialization theory, while reception theory was barely touched upon. Books of literary, cultural, and historical significance were expected to be read in both the college preparatory and vocational programs. However, students in the college preparatory programs were expected to read these books slightly more than students in the vocational programs. One suggestion for future research is to examine the number of books teachers read within or outside of their preferred genre and how choice of genre may affect their literacy teaching in the classroom. / Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka svenska gymnasielärares läs- och undervisningsval i engelskundervisningen. Metoderna som användes var en enkätundersökning i form av ett kvalitativt frågeformulär och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som sedan tillämpades på den insamlade enkätdatan. Receptionsteori och litterär socialisationsteori tillämpades på resultatet. De fyra huvudsakliga forskningsfrågorna var: 1. Vilken engelsk litteratur väljer lärare för elever på svenska högskoleförberedande program? 2. Vilken engelsk litteratur väljer lärare för elever på svenska yrkesprogram? 3. Vilka aspekter av receptionsteorin och litterär socialisationsteori stämmer överens med lärarnas enkätsvar om vilka färdigheter de önskar att deras elever ska förvärva genom att läsa engelsk litteratur? 4. Vilka är lärarnas attityder till att eleverna läser böcker av kulturell, historisk och litterär betydelse? Genom resultaten drogs slutsatsen att det inte fanns någon större skillnad i de typer av böcker som valdes för högskoleförberedande gentemot yrkesprogram. De högskoleförberedande programmen läste i ringa mängd mer klassisk skönlitteratur, men yrkesprogrammen hamnade inte långt efter. När det gällde teorierna nämnde majoriteten av lärarna aspekter som togs upp inom den litterära socialisationsteorin, medan aspekter inom receptionsteorin knappt berördes.Böcker av litterär, kulturell och historisk betydelse förväntades bli lästa i både de högskoleförberedande programmen och yrkesprogrammen. De högskoleförberedande programmen förväntades dock läsa dessa böcker i något större utsträckning än yrkesprogrammen. Ett förslag till framtida forskning är att undersöka hur många böcker lärare läser inom eller utanför den genre de föredrar och hur vald genreläsning kan påverka deras läs- och skrivundervisning (litteracitet) i klassrummet.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

一直以來，職業教育的使命，是為幫助青少年提升未來就業及社會所需的能力，同時讓他們由學校教育過度至就業階段作好準備。隨着全球經濟環境在迅速轉變，知識成為衡量勞工價值的工具。香港的高中職業教育提供的適切性受到質疑，認為職業教育應結合知識的學習與能力的培養。直至2003年，應用學習課程引入高中教育階段，課程兼備職業知識與能力的培養，為學生提供更多元化的學習機會，並為他們在學術及職業方面都提供了進階途徑。職業課教師透過其教師實踐與師生互動的過程，直接影響着學生的升學及就業抉擇。本研究試圖去理解如何培養學生的可就業能力時，不能不從教師的角度去理解他們對培養可就業能力的看法，與適用於職業教育的教學法。 / 本研究發現，縱使高中的職業教育得以發展，修讀的人數一直較預期的少，且多是由一些學業成績差及學習動機弱的學生選讀。就應用學習而言，第三組別學校基於成本效益的考慮，也不會向學生積極推廣應用學習課程。加上外判式教育提供的方式，使導師的教學質素良莠不齊，標誌着中學職業教育的發展正處於邊緣化的狀態。 / 對於能力的理解與培養的看法，「美容學基礎」及「旅遊與款待」的教師皆認為，溝通能力是相關行業內最重要的能力元素。畢竟旅遊與款待業及美容業均存在獨特的專業性，各科教師對其相關行業的可就業能力的理解也有異。要成為美容師就需具備自我推進的能力，而從事旅遊與款待業，就需具備學習能力以適應不斷轉變的工作環境。這些分析發現不但為建立香港的可就業能力架構提供了參考基礎，還顯示了基本知識與能力的學習對發展出自我推進及學習能力扮演着關鍵的角色。然而，教師對於能力為本及問題為本教學取向中，重視解難能力及自主學習能力的培養，關注比較不足。 / Historically, vocational education has borne the mission to improve the skills of young people for work and life and to remain relevant to the shifting needs of young people in school-to-work transitions. In alignment with the recent global economic changes, knowledge is now seen as a defining characteristic of valuable workers. The appropriateness of the vocational education in senior secondary schooling is questioned in the light of the changing work environment and the need in the future for knowledgeable and competent workers. In Hong Kong, curricula in vocational courses are also expected to incorporate an emphasis both on knowledge and on the development of competences in relation to that knowledge. In order to comply, Applied Learning with curricula providing a knowledge base and offering breadth for the development of various generic skills was then launched in 2003 to provide young people with diversified learning opportunities for further studies and work. Through teaching and social interaction with students, vocational teachers exercise the form of agency to influence students on the plans and decisions of school-to-work pathways. As this thesis intends to explore how employability skills are nurtured in the course of teaching, the study is focused on teachers’ perceptions about nurturing students’ employability skills and the appropriate teaching pedagogy to adopt for vocational education. / Although the development of vocational education in senior secondary schooling was noticeable, it was not popular and tended to attract fewer students than expected. The low academic achievers and students of less motivation comprised the majority of students. Even the low banding schools did not promote Applied Learning due to concerns about cost effectiveness. The practice of outsourcing the teaching responsibilities to external agencies caused the inconsistency of teaching standards across the course delivered. All these signified the marginalized status of vocational education in secondary schooling. / Regarding teachers’ perceptions about nurturing students’ employability skills, both instructors of “Fundamental Cosmetology and school teachers of “Tourism and Hospitality identified communication skills as the most important competence for the novice in the beauty industry, tourism and hospitality industries. There still was a demand for distinct competences for different workplaces. Cosmetologists were required to obtain a sense of responsibility with a shown desire to improve. Those who intended to work in tourism and hospitality were expected to learn how to help themselves better adapt to the changing needs of the workplace. These findings not only were construed as a basis to develop the employability skills framework in Hong Kong, but also revealed that learning basic knowledge and skills in schools played a key role in helping students to develop the above competences. Nevertheless, vocational teachers should raise their awareness of nurturing students’ problem-solving skill and self-regulated learning that is the pedagogical objective of the competency-based and problem-based instructional approaches to achieve. / For understanding the teaching pedagogy of vocational education, instructors of “Fundamental Cosmetology basically adopted the primitive apprenticeship approach to teaching and focused mainly on the practical skills of the related profession. They were experienced practitioners in the beauty industry and could frame the classroom activities and skills practices by its work culture; whereas school teachers of “Tourism and Hospitality emphasised preparing students for achieving high grades in the public examination. They even tried to foster learning through organizing various creative, authentic activities such as a virtual enterprise programme, tour guide training and a practice programme. Students were inspired to learn knowledge, knowledge application and pay more attention to obtain competences. These findings showed that school teachers could construct the authentic school learning environment in the sense sharing a similar work culture in workplace. However, school teachers were overloaded with administration work, and diverted by those trivial and unnecessary non-teaching tasks. They needed to spare time for a more productive and effective teaching approach and for nurturing students’ complex reasoning skills. / Our research indicated that teachers faced great problems in motivating the low-motivated students due to the marginalized status of vocational courses. Teachers organized the authentic activities that were used concrete problems as a context for students to learn. However, the essence of problem-based pedagogical approach emphasizes the ideals of deep, sustained and self-directed learning through exposure to authentic problems. This creates a more stimulating learning environment and cultivates in students problem solving skill and other high order thinking skills. The findings of this study show that vocational teachers need to underscore the positive results of incorporating problem-based learning into curriculum development. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 在教與學的理解上，美容導師採用傳統的學徒學習模式，以職業實用技能為主要的教學內容。由於導師具有豐富的美容工作經驗，她們能營造具有工作文化的真切活動。相反地，旅遊教師則是考試主導教學，主要協助學生爭取良好公開試成績。他們甚至安排一些具創意的真切活動如成立虛擬旅行社、領隊訓練與實習計劃，以引導學生學習知識、知識的應用與關注能力的培養。本研究發現學校的學習是可以透過安排真切活動而提供職場學習的工作文化體驗。不過，學校教師的行政與非教學工作繁重，確實需要釋放教學空間以發展新的教與學環境，讓學生達致有效的學習，同時培養不同的高階思維。 / 從受訪教師描述的教學狀況分析，發現教師基於職業課程收取學習動機較弱的學生，為了提升他們的學習興趣，費盡心思安排的真切活動，重視提供情境導向，但在形式以外，如何深化問題為本課程強調的學生的自主學習，自行界定討論問題，重視學習過程中培養學生解難能力等方面。本研究建議可進一步深化以上方面的思考。 / 陳家兒. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 301-316). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Jia'er. / 摘要 --- p.I / Abstract --- p.II / 目錄 --- p.IV / 圖表目錄 --- p.VIII / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究背景 / Chapter 一、 --- 工作改變與可就業能力的培養 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 應用學習 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究目的 --- p.27 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究問題 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻綜述 / Chapter 第一節 --- 技能發展 / Chapter 一、 --- 技能概念的爭議 --- p.30 / Chapter 二、 --- 技能發展的趨勢 --- p.32 / Chapter 第二節 --- 職業教育的發展概況 / Chapter 一、 --- 國際上中學職業教育的發展概況 --- p.43 / Chapter 二、 --- 香港的中學職業教育發展概況 --- p.47 / Chapter 第三節 --- 中學職業教育的教與學 --- p.50 / Chapter 一、 --- 教與學的背景理論 --- p.51 / Chapter 二、 --- 教學法與教學內容的關係 --- p.63 / Chapter 三、 --- 職業教育的教與學 --- p.68 / Chapter 四、 --- 職業教育課程的最新發展 --- p.92 / Chapter 五、 --- 普通教育與職業教育的融合 --- p.93 / Chapter 第四節 --- 資歷架構的發展 / Chapter 一、 --- 資歷架構發展的背景 --- p.96 / Chapter 二、 --- 香港的資歷架構發展概況 --- p.100 / Chapter 三、 --- 總結 --- p.104 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究設計 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究的概念架構 --- p.105 / Chapter 第二節 --- 具體研究問題的闡述 --- p.106 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究法 / Chapter 一、 --- 質化研究的取向 --- p.107 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究法的確定 --- p.108 / Chapter 第四節 --- 研究對象及選取 / Chapter 一、 --- 職業課程的選取 --- p.109 / Chapter 二、 --- 訪談對象的選取 --- p.112 / Chapter 第五節 --- 資料收集的方法 --- p.114 / Chapter 第六節 --- 資料的整理與分析 --- p.115 / Chapter 一、 --- 閱讀原始資料 --- p.116 / Chapter 二、 --- 在資料中尋找意義 --- p.116 / Chapter 三、 --- 編碼 --- p.116 / Chapter 四、 --- 歸類 --- p.116 / Chapter 第七節 --- 研究意義 --- p.117 / Chapter 第八節 --- 研究限制 --- p.118 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「職業教育發展」、「美容學基礎」與「旅遊與款待」的概述 / Chapter 第一節 --- 香港中學職業教育的發展概況 --- p.120 / Chapter 第二節 --- 應用學習課程 --- p.128 / Chapter 一、 --- 發展概況 --- p.128 / Chapter 二、 --- 應用習的發展分析 --- p.130 / Chapter 第三節 --- 「美容學基礎」的概述 --- p.133 / Chapter 一、 --- 學習目標 --- p.134 / Chapter 二、 --- 課程大綱 --- p.136 / Chapter 三、 --- 教與學 --- p.139 / Chapter 四、 --- 施行模式 --- p.140 / Chapter 五、 --- 評估 --- p.141 / Chapter 六、 --- 學歷認證 --- p.142 / Chapter 第四節 --- 「旅遊與款待」的概述 --- p.143 / Chapter 一、 --- 宗旨與目標 --- p.143 / Chapter 二、 --- 課程大綱 --- p.144 / Chapter 三、 --- 教與學 --- p.145 / Chapter 四、 --- 評估 --- p.146 / Chapter 五、 --- 升學及就業的銜接 --- p.147 / Chapter 第五章 --- 教師對能力的理解及能力教授的意識 / Chapter 第一節 --- 教師對科目相關行業的能力的理解 --- p.149 / Chapter 一、 --- 對教授「旅遊與款待」的教師而言--能力是緊繫於科本與基本知識 --- p.149 / Chapter 二、 --- 對教授「美容學基礎」的教師而言--尤其重視工作關能力與態度 --- p.153 / Chapter 三、 --- 教師對科目相關行業的能力的看法--旅遊業與款待業vs美容業 --- p.155 / Chapter 第二節 --- 能力與知識的微妙關係 / Chapter 一、 --- 對教授「旅遊與款待」的教師而言--培養能力是學習科本知識的副產品 --- p.156 / Chapter 二、 --- 對教授「美容學基礎」的教師而言--能力與成績沒有必然關係 --- p.158 / Chapter 三、 --- 對能力的理解主哉能力的培養--「旅遊與款待」vs「美容學基礎」 --- p.160 / Chapter 第三節 --- 教師對教授能力的看法與實踐 / Chapter 一、 --- 「旅遊與款待」教師沒有刻意去培養能力 --- p.161 / Chapter 二、 --- 「美容學基礎」導師有計劃地從活動中培養能力 --- p.164 / Chapter 三、 --- 能力的教授--沒有刻意的培養vs有計劃的培養 --- p.167 / 本章結語 --- p.168 / Chapter 第六章 --- 主導教師教學的主要元素 / Chapter 第一節 --- 一切從教師對課程的理解開始 / Chapter 一、 --- 對教授「旅遊與款待」的教師而言--課程屬入門理論並需配合考試的評核要求 --- p.174 / Chapter 二、 --- 對教授「美容學基礎」的教師而言--課程需配合文憑試及銜接資歷架構 --- p.178 / Chapter 三、 --- 教師對課程的理解--「旅遊與款待」vs「美容學基礎」 --- p.181 / Chapter 第二節 --- 個人的知識及經驗影響對教學的理解 / Chapter 一、 --- 對教授「旅遊與款待」的教師而言--沒有相關學歷與工作經驗，勝在有興趣與教學熱誠 --- p.182 / Chapter 二、 --- 對教授「美容學基礎」的教師而言--有相關學歷及工作經驗，享有高度的課程與度 --- p.185 / Chapter 三、 --- 個人的知識及經驗影響對教學的理解--「旅遊與款待」vs「美容學基礎」 --- p.187 / Chapter 第三節 --- 學生的學習期望對教師教學的影響 / Chapter 一、 --- 「旅遊與款待」的學生--少談心，多談不用讀與成績 --- p.188 / Chapter 二、 --- 「美容學基礎」的學生--想學一技之長有助就業，滿足個人需要 --- p.197 / Chapter 三、 --- 學生的學習期望與對教師教學的影響--「旅遊與款待」vs「美容學基礎」 --- p.204 / Chapter 第四節 --- 學校政策的兩面刃 / Chapter 一、 --- 「旅遊與款待」--選修、必修、退修 --- p.205 / Chapter 二、 --- 「美容學基礎」--沒有一刻不被邊緣化 --- p.208 / Chapter 第五節 --- 主導教師教學的元素 / Chapter 一、 --- 「旅遊與款待」--一切以考試主導 --- p.211 / Chapter 二、 --- 「美容學基礎」--大多以職業技能為主導 --- p.212 / 本章結語 --- p.214 / Chapter 第七章 --- 職業相關課程的教與學 / Chapter 第一節 --- 教學內容重心 / Chapter 一、 --- 「旅遊與款待」教師：考試主導、成績為先--教授學科理論知識與應試技巧是最重要 --- p.223 / Chapter 二、 --- 「美容學基礎」教師：大多以職業技能為主導--職業技能訓練是教學的重心 --- p.227 / Chapter 三、 --- 教學內容重心：總離不開基礎知識與能力的元素 --- p.233 / Chapter 第二節 --- 教學取向 / Chapter 一、 --- 「旅遊與款待」教師：考試主導、成績為先--所教知識是切身的、重複鍛鍊語文表達力 --- p.234 / Chapter 二、 --- 「美容學基礎」教師：職業技能為主導--保留傳統師徒式的職業技能傳授 --- p.250 / Chapter 三、 --- 「旅遊與款待」與「美容學基礎」--情境學習與營造工作文化的啟示 --- p.263 / 本章結語 --- p.265 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 本研究的主題 / Chapter 一、 --- 中學職業教育的發展困局 --- p.272 / Chapter 二、 --- 中學職業教育的教學問題 --- p.275 / Chapter 三、 --- 可就業能力培養的問題 --- p.279 / Chapter 第二節 --- 本研究的理論貢獻 / Chapter 一、 --- 回應可就業能力的討論 --- p.283 / Chapter 二、 --- 中學職業教育的教學法 --- p.285 / Chapter 第三節 --- 本研究的實踐意義 / Chapter 一、 --- 香港中學推行職業教育的政策建議 --- p.294 / Chapter 二、 --- 中學職業教育的教學實踐建議 --- p.297 / Chapter 第四節 --- 研究限制 --- p.299 / Chapter 第五節 --- 未來研究方向 --- p.300 / 參考書目 --- p.301 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 訪談提綱 --- p.317 / Chapter 附錄二： --- 1863年至2010年12月香港職業教育/中學職業教師發展大事紀錄 --- p.318

As rapid technological development constantly drives and reshapes the economy, it is vital for learners and teachers to be highly proficient in the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The data collected revealed that the barriers to ICT integration can be viewed as deprivation to both teachers and learners, especially those with diverse disabilities and learning difficulties. ICT implementation is therefore more than just change driven by technology. It is an opportunity to assist everyone, including people from all income groups, policy-makers and leaders to support converging technologies to create a more inclusive and humane future. The research was designed as a case study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, lesson observations were undertaken and qualitative questionnaires were administered as methods of data collection. The research population included principals and ICT teachers in the Manzini Region. The sample was made up of two principals and 13 teachers. The data was transcribed and presented as raw data and thereafter analysed thematically. The data collected was analysed qualitatively. The findings of the study were that the factors influencing ICT implementation in inclusive primary schools in Eswatini included a lack of skills and knowledge from teachers; the lack of teaching and learning time allocated to ICT; insufficient teaching and learning materials; a lack of motivation and an insufficient number of teachers. Other factors included the lack of support and collaboration from principals and the Government of Eswatini. In view of the above factors, some recommendations were made, namely, that the Ministry of Education should reintroduce ICT in all inclusive primary schools. The schools that offer ICT should consider increasing the time allocated for ICT and enhance Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for ICT teachers. They should also provide for learners with diverse disabilities and learning difficulties a variety of teaching materials such as assistive devices to enhance teaching and learning. / Njengaloku kutfutfuka ngekushesha kwetebuchwephesHe kuchubeka kucondzisa futsi kwakhA kabusha nemnotfo, kumcoka kutsi bothishela nebafundzi babe nelikhono leliphakeme lekusebentisa Lwatiso neKuchumana ngeTebuchwepheshe (i-ICT). Ledatha legcogciwe ivete kutsi tihibe tekuhlanganisa i-ICT tingabukwa njengekuncisha bothishela nebafundzi, ikakhulu kubafundzi labaphila nekukhubateka lokwehlukahlukene kanye nebulukhuni ekufundzeni. Kufezekiswa kwekusetjentiswa kwe-ICT ngako-ke kungetulu kwekutsi nje kuchutjwa ingucuko yetebuchwepheshe, kodvwa kulitfuba lekusita wonkhe umuntfu, lokufaka ekhatsi bantfu lababuya kuwo onkhe emacembu etemnotfo, labo lababhala tinchubomgmo nebaholi, kutsi basekele kuhlanganiswa kwetebuchwepheshe kute kudaleke likusasa lelifaka lonkhe luntfu. Lolucwaningo luhlelwe njengesifundvolucwaningo lwesehlakalo. Kubanjwe emainthaviyu buso nebuso, kwentiwa sifundvo sekucaphela kanye nemaphephambuto elizingasimo njengetindlela tekugcogca idatha. Linanibantfu lalolucwaningo lifaka ekhatsi bothishelanhloko kanye nabothishela labafundzisa i-ICT eSigodzini sakaManzini Eswatini. Lesamphuli yakhiwa bothishelanhloko lababili kanye nabothishela laba-13. Ledatha yabhalwa yetfulwa njengaloko injalo ingakahlutwa kwase kutsi-ke emva kwaloko yahlatiywa ngekwengcikitsi. Ledatha leyagcogcwa yahlatiywa ngekwelizingasimo. Lokutfolwe ngulesifundvolucwaningo kutsi timbangela letinemtselela ekufezekiseni kusetjentiswa kwe-ICT etikolweni temabanga laphansi letifaka wonkhe wonkhe Eswayini, kufaka ekhatsi kuswelakala kwemakhono nelwati kubothishela; sikhatsi sekufundzisa nekufundza lesinganeli lesiphakelwa kufundziswa kwe-ICT; ticukatsilwati tekufundzisa nekufundza letingakaneli; kubete umdlandla kanye nelinani lelingakaneli labothishela. Lenye imbangela kungabikhona kwekusekelwa nekuhlanganyela lokuvela kubothishelanhloko nakuhulumende weleSwatini. Ngekubuka letimbangela letingenhla, kwentiwe-ke letincomo letilandzelako: Litiko Letemfundvo kufanele kutsi liphindze letfule i-ICT kuto tonkhe tikolo temabanga laphansi letifundzisa wonkhe wonkhe, tikolo letifundzisa i-ICT kufanele kutsi tikubheke kwengetwa kwesikhatsi sekufundzisa i-ICT kanye nekwenta ncono Kutfutfukiswa Ngalokuchubekako Kwebungcweti (i-CPD) kubothishela labafundzisa i-ICT, kantsi futsi letikolo kufanele tinake nebafundzi labaphila nekukhubateka lokwahlukahlukene nebulukhuni bekufundza ngekutsi banikwe ticukatsilwati tekufundzisa letahlukahlukene njengetisetjentiswa tekusita kute kwentiwe ncono kufundzisa nekufundza. / Jaaka lebelo la tlhabololo ya thekenoloji le tswelela go tsamaisa le go bopa ikonomi sešwa, go botlhokwa gore barutwana le barutabana ba nne le bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo mo tirisong ya Thekenoloji ya Tshedimosetso le Tlhaeletsano (ICT). Data e e kokoantsweng e senotse gore dikgoreletsi tsa kgokaganyo ya ICT di ka bonwa e le tlhaelo mo barutabaneng le barutwaneng, bogolo segolo barutwana ba ba nang le bogole jo bo farologaneng le mathata a go ithuta. Ka jalo, tsenyotirisong ya ICT ga se fela diphetogo tse di tsamaisiwang ke thekenolooji; ke tšhono ya go thusa mongwe le mongwe, go akarediwa batho go tswa ka ditlhopheng tsotlhe tsa lotseno, badiradipholisi le baeteledipele, go tshegetsa dithekenoloji tse di kopanang go tlhama isago e e akaretsang e bile e le molemo. Patlisiso e rulagantswe jaaka thutopatlisiso e e lebelelang kgetsi. Go dirilwe dipotsolotso tsa namana, go nnile le kelotlhoko ya dithuto mme go dirisitswe dipampiripotsoloto tse di lebelelang mabaka jaaka mekgwa ya go kokoanya data. Setlhophasegolo sa patlisiso se akareditse bagokgo le barutabana ba ICT kwa Kgaolong ya Manzini kwa Eswatini. Sampole e ne e dirwa ke bagokgo ba le babedi le barutabana ba le 13. Data e ne ya gatisiwa mme ya tlhagisiwa e le data e e sa fetolwang mme morago ya lokololwa go ya ka meono. Data e e kokoantsweng e lokolotswe go ya ka mabaka. Diphitlhelelo tsa thutopatlisiso e nnile gore dintlha tse di tlhotlheletsang tsenyotirisong ya ICT mo dikolong tsa poraemari tse di akaretsang kwa Eswatini di akaretsa tlhaelo ya bokgoni le kitso mo ntlheng ya barutabana; nako e e sa lekanang ya go ruta le go ithuta e e rebolelwang ICT; dimatheriale tse di sa lekanang tsa go ruta le go ithuta; tlhaelo ya thotloetso le palo e e sa lekanang ya barutabana. Ntlha e nngwe e nnile tlhaelo ya tshegetso le tirisanommogo go tswa mo bagokgong le puso ya Eswatini. Ka ntlha ya dintlha tse di fa godimo, go dirilwe dikatlenegiso tse di latelang: Lefapha la Thuto le tshwanetse go itsese sešwa ICT mo dikolong tsotlhe tsa poraemari tse di akaretsang, dikolo tse di tlamelang ka ICT di tshwanetse go akanya ka go oketsa nako e e rebolelwang ICT le go tokafatsa Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang pele ya Seporofešenale (CPD) ya barutabana ba ICT, mme dikolo tseno di tshwanetse gape go akanyetsa barutwana ba ba nang le bogole jo bo farologaneng le mathata a go ithuta ka go ba tlamela ka dimatheriale tse di farologaneng tsa go ithuta di tshwana le didiriswa tse di thusang go tokafatsa go ruta le go ithuta. / Njengoba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esheshayo iqhubeka nokugqugquzela nokwakha kabusha umnotho, kubalulekile ukuthi abafundi nothisha babe nekhono eliphezulu ekusebenziseni Ulwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana. Imininingwane eqoqiwe iveze ukuthi izithiyo ekuhlanganisweni zoLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana zingabhekwa njengokuncishwa amathiba kothisha nabafundi, ikakhulukazi abafundi abanokukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene nobunzima bokufunda. Ukuqaliswa koLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana kungaphezu nje koshintsho oluqhutshwa ezobuchwepheshe; kuyithuba lokusiza wonke umuntu, kufaka phakathi abantu abavela kuyo yonke imikhakha yabaholayo, abenza izinqubomgomo kanye nabaholi, ukusekela ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganayo ukudala ikusasa eliyinhlanganisela futhi elinobuntu. Ucwaningo lwakhiwe njengesifundo esiwucwaningo lwesigameko. Kwenziwa inhlolokhono noma zingxoxo ubuso nobuso, kwenziwa ukubhekwa kwezifundo futhi kwenziwa nemibuzo esezingeni elifanele njengezindlela zokuqoqa imininingwane. Abantu abafakwe ocwaningweni babandakanya othishanhloko kanye nothisha boLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana esifundeni saseManzini eSwatini. Isampula yayenziwe kothishanhloko ababili nothisha abayi-13. Idatha yabhalwa futhi yethulwa njengedatha engahlungiwe futhi ngemuva kwalokho yahlaziywa ngokulandelana. Imininingwane eqoqiwe yahlaziywa ngokufanele. Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo ngukuthi izinto ezinomthelela ekusebenzeni koLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi ezibandakanya bonke abantu eSwatini zibandakanya ukuntuleka kwamakhono nolwazi kothisha; isikhathi esinganele sokufundisa nokufunda esabelwe uLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana izinto zokufundisa nokufunda ezinganele; ukungabi nogqozi kanye nenani elinganele lothisha. Enye yezimbangela ukungabikho kokwesekwa nokusebenzisana kothishanhloko nohulumeni wase-Eswatini. Ngenxa yalezi zinto ezingenhla, kwenziwa izincomo ezilandelayo: uMnyango Wezemfundo kufanele uphinde ufake uLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana kuzo zonke izikole zamabanga aphansi ezibandakanyekayo, izikole ezifundisa uLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana kufanele zicabangele ukukhulisa isikhathi sokufundisa esabelwe uLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana futhi zithuthukise Ukuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo Kwezobuchwepheshe kothisha boLwazi Lwezobuchwepheshe Kwezokuxhumana, futhi lezi zikole kufanele futhi zihlinzeke izitshudeni ezinokukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene nobunzima bokufunda ngendlela yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokufundisa ezinjengamathuluzi okusiza ukuthuthukisa ukufundisa nokufunda. / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)