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Syftet med den här studien är att bidra med en bild av hur enskilda lärare och lärararbetslag förstår extra anpassningar i matematik. Lärararbetslags förståelse av matematiksvårigheter är avgörande för vilka elever som får extra anpassningar och hur dessa utformas.    I studien undersöks och skapas en bild av den förståelse som vuxit fram under de tre år som gått sedan lagändringen/genomförandet 2014. Studien har en hermeneutisk ansats och bygger på en enkät, studier av elevers skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplaner och två fokusgruppsdiskussioner med lärararbetslag för elever i årskurs 3. Empirin är tolkad utifrån det matematikdidaktiska och specialpedagogiska fältet med extra anpassningar som forskningsområde. Resultatet analyseras utifrån Goffmans teori om det främre rummet och med inspiration av analysmetoden Grounded Theory.    I resultatet framgår att lärarna inte uppfattar någon tydlig gräns mellan ledning och stimulans, och extra anpassningar. Lärarna uttrycker att de möter eleven där den är, anpassar och individualiserar och att det sker inom ramen för ordinarie undervisning. Lärarna ser inte extra anpassningar som något nytt efter lagändringen, utan något som har funnits med i undervisningen långt tidigare. Samtidigt beskriver lärarna att undervisning och material anpassas mer idag. I matematik är de extra anpassningarna tydligt målrelaterade, framförallt färdighetsbaserade, samtidigt som arbetssätten och arbetsformerna för anpassningarna inte tydliggörs.   I elevernas individuella skriftliga utvecklingsplaner är det ibland svårt att utläsa, om insatserna är en framåtsyftande planering eller en extra anpassning. Extra anpassningar dokumenteras och hanteras på olika sätt i de olika lärararbetslagen. Lärararbetslagen upplever dokumentationen som problematisk och tidskrävande.   I studien synliggörs styrkan av arbetslagsarbete. Lärarna i arbetslagen visar på en ambition att vilja förstå och följa skolans styrdokument. / The purpose of the study is to investigate and create a vision of how individual teachers and teams of teachers understand the concept of special adjustments in Mathematics. Teachers' understanding of mathematical difficulties is important for which pupils get special adjustments and how they are designed.   The study examines and creates a view of understanding that has been developed since the amendment of the Swedish School Law in 2014. The approach of the study is hermeneutic and is based on a survey, studies of individual development plans and two focus group discussions with teams of teachers for students in the 3rd grade. The empiricism is interpreted from the mathematic didactics and the special pedagogical area, with special adjustments as the research area. The result is analyzed based on Goffman's theory front stage and inspired by the Grounded Theory analysis method.   The result shows that the teachers do not perceive a clear line between management and stimulus, and special adjustments. The teachers express they support the student in its starting-point. The teachers’ education is adjusted and individualized through the frame of ordinary education. The teachers do not see special adjustments as something new after the amendment of the law, rather as something that has been present in the education for a long time. At the same time the teachers need to modify their teaching and material more today. The special adjustments in Mathematics are explicitly target related, especially mathematic skills.  Working methods for the adjustments are not clarified.   In the individual development plans it is sometimes hard to determine if the input is a forward looking plan or a special adjustment. Special adjustments are documented and handled in different ways. The teachers’ experience the documentation as problematic and time consuming.   In the study it is possible to determine the power of working in teams. The teachers show an ambition of understanding and following the regulatory documents of the school.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Libya, as one of the third world countries, is struggling to address the issue of transformation and various institutional reforms (including the education system). For example, it has been observed that many biology teachers are faced with challenges relating to both subject matter knowledge (SMK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) yet the expectation of the new curriculum is that biology teachers demonstrate professional efficacy in their work regardless of the challenges they face. In light of this, a group of Libyan secondary school biology teachers was investigated in Tripoli through a participatory action research process. The study was underpinned by the Shulman theory of PCK using a mixed-methods design to generate an understanding of the theory of basic knowledge of teaching.

This thesis investigates how teachers from different disciplines understand and implement education for sustainable development in their teaching. A nationwide questionnaire study was conducted with 3229 upper secondary school teachers representing 224 schools in Sweden. The concept of sustainable development is complex and research has shown that teachers exhibit uncertainties in their understanding of it, and that the way they conceptualize sustainable development can have consequences for how they incorporate it into their teaching. Previous research has emphasized that Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) should promote interdisciplinary and holistic learning rather than traditional subject-based learning. This is in accordance with the Swedish curriculum, which emphasizes that all teachers in all subjects should integrate education for sustainable development. The teachers in the study were grouped into four disciplines; science-, social science-, language-, and vocational/esthetical-practical teachers.  The results showed that there were many subject-bound barriers to successful implementation of  ESD. Teachers were influenced by their subject tradition in: 1) how they understand sustainable development, 2) which teaching methods they use, 3) which barriers they experience, and 4) which teaching tradition they work within. Because of these differences it is important to adjust any further training of teachers according to their discipline. This study highlights the need for improved teacher education and further training of in-service teachers; more than 70% of the teachers stated that they need such training. It also highlights the issue how strong subject-bound traditions make it difficult to implement general goals of the curricula such as sustainable development.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Libya, as one of the third world countries, is struggling to address the issue of transformation and various institutional reforms (including the education system). For example, it has been observed that many biology teachers are faced with challenges relating to both subject matter knowledge (SMK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) yet the expectation of the new curriculum is that biology teachers demonstrate professional efficacy in their work regardless of the challenges they face. In light of this, a group of Libyan secondary school biology teachers was investigated in Tripoli through a participatory action research process. The study was underpinned by the Shulman theory of PCK using a mixed-methods design to generate an understanding of the theory of basic knowledge of teaching. This investigation examined the influence of an in-service training programme consisting of three components of PCK namely: teachers‘ subject matter knowledge (SMK); use of instructional strategies; and understanding of learners on a group of Libyan biology teachers‘ instructional practices. On the one hand, the investigation considered their theoretical knowledge, and their experiences during the professional development programme aimed at designing new teaching and learning activities and materials while on the other hand, it considered their practical knowledge in terms of their professional skills or their practical use of what has been learned during their pre-service training as well as what they learned during the professional development programme. Specifically, the study focused on biology teachers from the Hai Alandalus District (Libya). This representation enabled me to unveil the PCK components held to some extent by the Libyan teachers in general. Moreover, the PCK representation has also enabled me to clarify the category of the teachers‘ PCK in the Libyan context especially as their PCK was unknown at the commencement of the study. The findings have shown that the professional development used in the study facilitated the biology teachers‘ ability in several ways such as increased their PCK and SMK; improved their ability to organize activity-based lessons; increased their desire to use a variety of instructional strategies; increased the understanding of their learners‘ needs; improved their awareness that their learners‘ performance is not unrelated to their socio-economic background; and so on. Overall, the findings suggest that designing and implementing new teaching and learning activities and materials based on the teachers‘ knowledge, experiences, and needs, in a workshop context could provide an enabling learning environment for them as well as facilitate their potential to provide a powerful means for increasing their PCK, SMK and understanding their learners. The study also reveals that there is a great necessity for designers to mount professional development programmes that take into consideration the teachers‘ PCK to meaningfully promote their professional development and instructional practices.