Esta dissertação analisa os discursos sobre as práticas dos repetidores de classe em documentos do acervo do Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos (INES) no período de 1855 a 1910 que incidem atualmente na atuação dos tradutores-intérpretes de língua de sinais (TILS) no Brasil. Para isso, inspiro-me na noção de discurso de Michel Foucault (1984, 2006, 2008, 2012). Os discursos produzem práticas e constituem modos de ser e de atuar no mundo. Para tratar sobre o TILS, apresento estudos das pesquisadoras Quadros (2004), Rosa (2005) e Santos (2006, 2013), as quais abordam, entre outros temas, algumas histórias que possibilitaram a emergência dessa profissão. Esses estudos são abordados ao longo do trabalho, além de outras leituras com as quais dialogo nesta dissertação, como Rocha (2008, 2009) e Lobo (2008), e as produções realizadas pela Série Histórica do Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos publicadas em 2011. Para refletir sobre o contexto da educação, utilizo Faria-Filho (2000), Schueler e Magaldi (2008), Mazzota (2003) e Jannuzzi (2006). Também reflito com as pesquisas de Martins (2008; 2013) e Nantes (2012), que desenvolveram estudos sobre os TILS no campo dos Estudos Foucaultianos. Além do comentador Veiga-Neto (2003, 2006, 2009 e 2012), inspiro-me nos textos de Fischer (2001, 2012) e Castro (2009) para a construção das unidades discursivas. Para as análises, foram extraídos excertos dos documentos, os quais foram agrupados pelas recorrências discursivas em três conjuntos temáticos que tratam sobre a atuação dos repetidores. Esses agrupamentos constituem as unidades de análise, que nomeei como: 1) Discursos morais: sujeitos de boa índole e de bons costumes – nessa unidade, apresento excertos que abordam a questão da exigência de profissionais moralmente aptos para assumir a função de repetidor; 2) Discursos profissionais: a formação pela convivência – unidade formada por excertos que traçam perfis, formações específicas e processos seletivos para o desempenho da função; e 3) Discursos jurídicos: a condução das condutas pelas leis – excertos que se referem a documentos legais que visavam à regulação, ao controle e à condução da atuação dos repetidores. Também faço uma contextualização das condições históricas, políticas e educacionais do Brasil no período que compreende Império e início da República, a fim de apresentar os discursos sobre as práticas dos repetidores de classe. Moralidade, idoneidade e convivência estão entre as principais exigências e hoje são verdades que atravessaram os tempos e incidem diretamente na atuação dos TILS em nosso país. / This dissertation considers the notion of discourse as proposed by Michel Foucault (1984, 2006, 2008, 2012) and analyzes discourses about teaching assistants’ practices found in documents from the files of the National Institute of Deaf Education (INES) from 1855 to 1910 that currently affect the work performed by sign language translators and interpreters (SLTIs) in Brazil. Discourses produce practices and constitute ways of being and acting in the world. In order to address SLTIs, I have used studies carried out by Quadros (2004), Rosa (2005) and Santos (2006, 2013), who have approached, among other topics, some stories that have enabled the emergence of that occupation. Those studies have been addressed along this dissertation, besides other authors that I have considered, such as Rocha (2008, 2009) and Lobo (2008), and productions of the Historical Series of the National Institute of Deaf Education published in 2011. In order to reflect on the education context, I have used works by Faria-Filho (2000), Schueler & Magaldi (2008), Mazzota (2003) and Jannuzzi (2006). I have also reflected with the help from Martins (2008; 2013) and Nantes (2012), who developed studies on SLTIs in the field of Foucauldian Studies. Besides the commentator Veiga-Neto (2003, 2006, 2009, 2012), I have been inspired by texts written by Fischer (2001, 2012) and Castro (2009) for the construction of discursive units. For the analyses, excerpts were taken from documents, which were grouped according to discursive recurrences in three thematic sets dealing with the performance of teaching assistants. The groups constitute the analysis units, which I have named as: 1) Moral discourses: good-natured, moral subjects - in this unit, I have presented excerpts approaching the requirement of morally suited professionals to take on the function of teaching assistants; 2) Professional discourses: education through living together - unit formed by excerpts that trace profiles, specific education and selective processes for the performance of the function; and 3) Juridical discourses: the conduction of conducts by laws - excerpts related to legal documents that aimed at regulating, controlling and guiding the teaching assistants’ action. I have also contextualized the historical, political and educational conditions of Brazil in the period ranging from the Empire to the beginning of the Republic, in order to evidence the discourses about the teaching assistants’ practices. Morality, integrity and living together are some of the major requirements that today are truths that have crossed time and directly incide on SLTI’s action in this country.

Esta dissertação analisa os discursos sobre as práticas dos repetidores de classe em documentos do acervo do Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos (INES) no período de 1855 a 1910 que incidem atualmente na atuação dos tradutores-intérpretes de língua de sinais (TILS) no Brasil. Para isso, inspiro-me na noção de discurso de Michel Foucault (1984, 2006, 2008, 2012). Os discursos produzem práticas e constituem modos de ser e de atuar no mundo. Para tratar sobre o TILS, apresento estudos das pesquisadoras Quadros (2004), Rosa (2005) e Santos (2006, 2013), as quais abordam, entre outros temas, algumas histórias que possibilitaram a emergência dessa profissão. Esses estudos são abordados ao longo do trabalho, além de outras leituras com as quais dialogo nesta dissertação, como Rocha (2008, 2009) e Lobo (2008), e as produções realizadas pela Série Histórica do Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos publicadas em 2011. Para refletir sobre o contexto da educação, utilizo Faria-Filho (2000), Schueler e Magaldi (2008), Mazzota (2003) e Jannuzzi (2006). Também reflito com as pesquisas de Martins (2008; 2013) e Nantes (2012), que desenvolveram estudos sobre os TILS no campo dos Estudos Foucaultianos. Além do comentador Veiga-Neto (2003, 2006, 2009 e 2012), inspiro-me nos textos de Fischer (2001, 2012) e Castro (2009) para a construção das unidades discursivas. Para as análises, foram extraídos excertos dos documentos, os quais foram agrupados pelas recorrências discursivas em três conjuntos temáticos que tratam sobre a atuação dos repetidores. Esses agrupamentos constituem as unidades de análise, que nomeei como: 1) Discursos morais: sujeitos de boa índole e de bons costumes – nessa unidade, apresento excertos que abordam a questão da exigência de profissionais moralmente aptos para assumir a função de repetidor; 2) Discursos profissionais: a formação pela convivência – unidade formada por excertos que traçam perfis, formações específicas e processos seletivos para o desempenho da função; e 3) Discursos jurídicos: a condução das condutas pelas leis – excertos que se referem a documentos legais que visavam à regulação, ao controle e à condução da atuação dos repetidores. Também faço uma contextualização das condições históricas, políticas e educacionais do Brasil no período que compreende Império e início da República, a fim de apresentar os discursos sobre as práticas dos repetidores de classe. Moralidade, idoneidade e convivência estão entre as principais exigências e hoje são verdades que atravessaram os tempos e incidem diretamente na atuação dos TILS em nosso país. / This dissertation considers the notion of discourse as proposed by Michel Foucault (1984, 2006, 2008, 2012) and analyzes discourses about teaching assistants’ practices found in documents from the files of the National Institute of Deaf Education (INES) from 1855 to 1910 that currently affect the work performed by sign language translators and interpreters (SLTIs) in Brazil. Discourses produce practices and constitute ways of being and acting in the world. In order to address SLTIs, I have used studies carried out by Quadros (2004), Rosa (2005) and Santos (2006, 2013), who have approached, among other topics, some stories that have enabled the emergence of that occupation. Those studies have been addressed along this dissertation, besides other authors that I have considered, such as Rocha (2008, 2009) and Lobo (2008), and productions of the Historical Series of the National Institute of Deaf Education published in 2011. In order to reflect on the education context, I have used works by Faria-Filho (2000), Schueler & Magaldi (2008), Mazzota (2003) and Jannuzzi (2006). I have also reflected with the help from Martins (2008; 2013) and Nantes (2012), who developed studies on SLTIs in the field of Foucauldian Studies. Besides the commentator Veiga-Neto (2003, 2006, 2009, 2012), I have been inspired by texts written by Fischer (2001, 2012) and Castro (2009) for the construction of discursive units. For the analyses, excerpts were taken from documents, which were grouped according to discursive recurrences in three thematic sets dealing with the performance of teaching assistants. The groups constitute the analysis units, which I have named as: 1) Moral discourses: good-natured, moral subjects - in this unit, I have presented excerpts approaching the requirement of morally suited professionals to take on the function of teaching assistants; 2) Professional discourses: education through living together - unit formed by excerpts that trace profiles, specific education and selective processes for the performance of the function; and 3) Juridical discourses: the conduction of conducts by laws - excerpts related to legal documents that aimed at regulating, controlling and guiding the teaching assistants’ action. I have also contextualized the historical, political and educational conditions of Brazil in the period ranging from the Empire to the beginning of the Republic, in order to evidence the discourses about the teaching assistants’ practices. Morality, integrity and living together are some of the major requirements that today are truths that have crossed time and directly incide on SLTI’s action in this country.

International teaching assistants (ITAs) are considered advanced English users with relatively high standardized language proficiency test scores. However, they may experience difficulties during their interactions with undergraduate students. Some of these difficulties may arise from affective factors such as ambiguity, stress, and adjustment and can impact language use. From an individual differences perspective, a second language user with high communication anxiety may have difficulty comprehending or producing appropriate pragmalinguistic forms. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study examined the underlying factors in ITAs communication anxiety and willingness to communicate in the US classroom and how these factors explained their pragmatic competence, which refers to the ability to use language in socially appropriate ways. A total of 289 ITAs participated in the study. To measure their judgement of appropriateness, a pragmatic appropriateness test was designed. The speech act production was elicited through a discourse completion test. Two survey instruments were designed to measure ITAs’ classroom communication anxiety and willingness to communicate. The major underlying factors from the exploratory factor analysis performed on the survey responses were ‘ease of communication,’ classroom management anxiety,’ ‘fear of warning,’ and ‘willingness to interact with students’. A six-predictor multiple regression analysis revealed that linguistic competence was the most important factor contributing to pragmatic competence. Other factors such as ease of communication and willingness to communicate positively correlated with pragmatic competence. In addition to quantitative data, qualitative data were collected in the form of classroom observations, field notes, and interviews from a group of ITAs (N = 4) who had also participated in the quantitative part of the study. The analysis of the qualitative data revealed that the situational context of instruction determined the particular communication patterns in different disciplines, specifically the impact of threat posed to the negative and positive face of the discourse participants. Additionally, in conjunction with the quantitative findings, while the ITAs seemed to be generally willing to interact with students, teacher-fronted talk in the form of delivering lectures and self-talk especially in large classes was found to be anxiety-inducing for some of them. Length of residence and opportunities for communication seemed to influence the process of adjustment and acquisition of the classroom pragmatic norms. Finally, ITAs’ perceptions and beliefs about appropriateness seemed to affect their pragmatic performance in the classroom. More specifically, ITAs’ perspectives on education and communication such as moderating the power variable in class and building rapport and interpersonal relationships with students through casual talk seemed to guide their choices of pragmalinguistic forms and politeness strategies. The study offered a number of implications for ITA research and training.

In this dissertation, the creation and iterative improvement of an open badge system for an undergraduate preservice educational technology course is examined through 3 journal-ready articles. In article 1, we detail the design, development and implementation of the badge system and demonstrate how an open badge system could help meet the challenges facing the course. Several future design implications are identified, including how to scale the badge system while maintaining quality control and how to achieve financial sustainability. Future research implications include determining if awarding badges provide students with additional motivation and what employers perceptions of badges might be. Article 2 examines how undergraduate instructional design assistants (IDAs) could be used to affordably scale our badge system. External reviews determined that IDAs can create badge rubrics at a similar level as instructors, allowing us to create far more badges than we could without their help. IDAs also reported that the experience benefitted them by giving them increased technology skills and room for professional growth. While most of the IDAs were excited about the benefits of open badges, none chose to share their badges with prospective employers, largely due to concerns about how to display them or about whether principals would understand their value. In article 3, we look at employers perceptions of open badges. We emailed 1 of 2 forms of a survey to 577 principals and assistant principals in 5 school districts. Form A used wording about digital badges while form B used the term microcredentials. We compared the results of the surveys using the Mann-Whitney U test and the sign test. We also qualitatively examined the results of the open-ended questions using constant comparison analysis. We found that using the term microcredential instead of the term digital badge does not have a significant effect on employers perceptions on open badges. However, providing a small amount of instruction regarding the affordances of open badges does produce a statistically significant difference in the perceived value of open badges. Employers see the most value in achievement and capability badges. Most employers believed badges would be useful in the hiring process, but many worried about the challenge of having too much data. Finally, we found that many employers think that badges could be useful in professional development.

No description available.

No description available.

This project focuses on the way that new graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) in English develop both their professional identity as teachers and their view of Composition as a field. Drawing on social theories of disciplines (Prior, 1998; Hyland, 2004; Carter, 2007), disciplinary enculturation (Hasrati, 2005; Bazerman and Prior, 2005; Thaiss and Zawacki, 2006), and legitimate peripheral participation (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger 1998), this dissertation examines the transition that composition GTAs undergo during their first year of graduate school. Many of these GTAs move from little or no knowledge of Composition as a discipline to teaching their own writing courses. I focus on GTAs from MA and MFA programs at a large research university in their first year of teaching composition. Using multiple types of data, including in-depth interviews, observations of practicum and mentoring sessions, and teaching genres written by the GTAs, I construct a narrative that shows the role that teaching composition plays in the overall identity construction of graduate students as professionals. This wide data set has allowed me to see the various ways (and various genres) in which Composition is constructed in the lives of new GTAs. Teacher preparation programs offer a variety of assistance, including experience shadowing current teachers, practicum courses and individual or group mentoring. I study the ways these activities help GTAs in one first-year writing program move toward a fuller understanding of and participation in Composition, and how these experiences relate to the overall graduate student experience. Each of these experiences helps move GTAs toward participation as composition teachers. However, the degree to which these GTAs participate in Composition as a discipline has to do with their relationships with mentors and the connections they make between the multiple communities of practice that they must continually navigate. / Ph. D.

Research on international teaching assistants (ITAs) often highlights that ITAs have at least two identities, an identity of a teacher and a student (e.g., Jenkins, 2000). Since American classrooms foster a variety of behaviors that are negotiated by instructors and students, ITAs may identify themselves with students during behavior negotiation when building rapport, especially by exchanging jokes (Unger-Gallagher, 1991). Making their student identity relevant may distort the teacher-student relationship, which ITAs might need to renegotiate. Little research has been done to show whether ITA student identity actually emerges and if does, then how. This study addresses the questions of what attributes of ITA's identities emerge during humorous exchanges with their students, how these attributes shape the teacher-student relationship, and what role humor plays in the identity negotiation process between the ITAs and their students in the university classroom. Four ITAs, all non-native English speakers, participated in this microethnographic study. This study informs research on social identity in that, most of the time, participants made the attributes of their teacher identity relevant, with teacher authority emerging as the most important attribute. While enacting their teacher identity through humorous exchanges, ITAs built rapport and created affiliation with their students. Although humor led to establishing good relationships, it did not lead to the emergence of ITA student identity. This study also contributes to research on humor in that it makes a distinction between the concepts of the target and the butt which allows for deeper understanding of how humor is used to negotiate identity. It also introduces the target switch, or a particular type of counter teasing, in which the initial target redirects humorous aggression to the teaser, thus making her/him the target and a potential butt of the tease. An optimistic finding for ITA research and research on the use of humor by non-native speakers is that even without extensive experience with American culture in general, ITAs can use humor rooted in the local context to negotiate different classroom behaviors and their identities with their students.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-212).

We are currently in an era of accountability, so the need for measuring fidelity of implementation is gaining attention. However, there is little research in the area of fidelity of implementation and an inclusive early childhood classroom. In addition, most of the research is conducted using teachers. This study examined the fidelity of implementation by two teaching assistants using the teaching strategies of time delay and system of least prompts with children with and without disabilities in an inclusive early childhood setting. A multiple-probe design with conditions across two behaviors and across two participants design was used to determine the effects of teaching assistants’ fidelity of implementation of evidence-based teaching strategies. Also a multiple probe across two behaviors, replicated across children was used. Most importantly, the results showed that teaching assistants could implement systematic teaching strategies with fidelity. Secondly, the children were able to make progress towards their target skills.