The map is not only a tool for depicting one's surroundings, but also a tool that has the important property of conveying knowledge and information in a visual way. In recent times, teachers have noticed a certain concern about students' reduced mapskills and weakened mental maps. With the help of spatial theories, it is made visible how spatiality is expressed in educational history through the usage of maps. This includes how maps contribute to a knowledge-conveying dimension and clarification in teaching. The aim of this thesis is to deepen the knowledge of how maps are utilised in the history subject to promote student learning. The role of maps in conveying historical knowledge within a spatial dimension will be analysed in order to establish support in the students' education and continued learning.   The three theories of space that form the basis of the essay's analysis are; the absolute space, the relative space and the relational space. Methodologically, the interviews were analysed based on the three spatial perspectives to visualize how the usage of maps spatialise history. This also demonstrates the pedagogical value of maps in teaching. This thesis is a case study and intends to represent five teachers' perspectives and approach of including maps as a tool in history education for upper secondary school, which takes place through a qualitative interview study.   The results show that a map's area of ​​usage and both mediating as well as communicative purpose depends on the educational circumstances and the choices the teacher makes. In relation to the spatial perspectives and the teachers' interviews, it is possible to distinguish different areas of usage for maps when it comes to spatializing historical knowledge and information.

Accounting education, and specifically audit education, has been calling for change in the teaching methodology applied by audit lecturers in higher education since the 1950s. This call for change is evident in current literature, which indicates that the approach followed in audit education has been creating a knowledge-to-application barrier. Despite the vigorous research on how to change the way audit students are taught at universities and other higher education institutions, consensus has yet to be reached on the teaching methodology that would produce competent and self-efficient young professionals entering practice after graduation. The literature review performed in this thesis indicated a gap between research and practice in accounting education and research, first, because the research seems too technical for practitioners to understand and, secondly, too many research objectives seem unrelated to the realities of practice. Based on these findings, this thesis provides the novice researcher in accounting education with some guidelines on the research methodologies that could be applied in this field. It also highlights some best practices that should be followed when conducting research in this field. It was noted from the literature that all the variables in the audit teaching-learning environment need consideration when attempting to bring change to this environment, because each variable would have an impact on transforming the current approach followed in audit pedagogy. These variables were identified as: • The audit lecturer; • The audit student; • The subject content of the audit teaching-learning environment; and Summary • The milieu of the audit teaching-learning environment. In an attempt to answer the call for change in audit education, this thesis sought to develop an audit simulation as an educational tool which takes into account all the variables in the audit teaching-learning environment and can be applied at universities and other audit training institutions around the globe. A framework for simulation design was developed based on the findings of the literature review and informed the development of the audit simulation. The simulation was, subsequently, applied and evaluated at a university accredited by the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants. The newly developed audit simulation was evaluated by applying a mixed methodology research design, which had been proven to be a resourceful and trusted design in accounting education research in the past. Pre-test and post-test questionnaires were administered to the respondents as part of a quasi-experimental design. The quantitative findings from these tests were supported by qualitative findings from focus group discussions. The empirical findings from the pre-test questionnaire confirmed the call for change and the room for improvement in the current teaching methodology in the audit classroom. Participants indicated lower levels in some competencies relative to other competencies, which also did not particularly score satisfactory when the competence levels were evaluated. The competencies that showed the lowest level of achievement due to the current teaching methodology, as perceived by the participants, included executing the work plan, evaluating the evidence and drawing conclusions, and drafting the report upon completion of the engagement. It was also established that the call for change was not confined to only one university in South Africa, which broadened the generalisability of the research findings, conclusions and recommendations of this study. The results of both the quantitative and qualitative analysis support the view that the newly developed audit simulation is able to assist in bringing change to audit education. The simulation had a positive effect on the audit students’ perceived competence levels in the competencies of auditing and assurance, and the various generic and pervasive skills tested in this study. Furthermore, it was established that the audit simulation had a greater effect on the audit students’ perceived broad competence levels (i.e. auditing and assurance, and generic and pervasive skills) and their understanding of the audit process as a whole, in relation to just attending normal lectures. The qualitative findings from the focus group discussions informed the quantitative findings by indicating that the audit simulation proved to be an instrument that, among other things: Summary • Gave students the opportunity to obtain a holistic view of the audit process; • Assisted students in visualising how the audit theory is applied in practice; • Actively involved the students in the learning process; and • Replicated audit practice. Finally, it was confirmed that the newly developed audit simulation takes into account the variables in the audit teaching-learning environment which need consideration if transformation is to take place in the way the audit subject is currently being taught at higher education level. Recommendations on the way forward in audit education, based on the findings in this thesis, were also provided. This study provides audit lecturers and other audit educators around the world with a newly developed, empirically evaluated audit simulation which can be applied in the audit classroom as well as assist in answering the current call for change to audit education. / PhD (Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Accounting education, and specifically audit education, has been calling for change in the teaching methodology applied by audit lecturers in higher education since the 1950s. This call for change is evident in current literature, which indicates that the approach followed in audit education has been creating a knowledge-to-application barrier. Despite the vigorous research on how to change the way audit students are taught at universities and other higher education institutions, consensus has yet to be reached on the teaching methodology that would produce competent and self-efficient young professionals entering practice after graduation. The literature review performed in this thesis indicated a gap between research and practice in accounting education and research, first, because the research seems too technical for practitioners to understand and, secondly, too many research objectives seem unrelated to the realities of practice. Based on these findings, this thesis provides the novice researcher in accounting education with some guidelines on the research methodologies that could be applied in this field. It also highlights some best practices that should be followed when conducting research in this field. It was noted from the literature that all the variables in the audit teaching-learning environment need consideration when attempting to bring change to this environment, because each variable would have an impact on transforming the current approach followed in audit pedagogy. These variables were identified as: • The audit lecturer; • The audit student; • The subject content of the audit teaching-learning environment; and Summary • The milieu of the audit teaching-learning environment. In an attempt to answer the call for change in audit education, this thesis sought to develop an audit simulation as an educational tool which takes into account all the variables in the audit teaching-learning environment and can be applied at universities and other audit training institutions around the globe. A framework for simulation design was developed based on the findings of the literature review and informed the development of the audit simulation. The simulation was, subsequently, applied and evaluated at a university accredited by the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants. The newly developed audit simulation was evaluated by applying a mixed methodology research design, which had been proven to be a resourceful and trusted design in accounting education research in the past. Pre-test and post-test questionnaires were administered to the respondents as part of a quasi-experimental design. The quantitative findings from these tests were supported by qualitative findings from focus group discussions. The empirical findings from the pre-test questionnaire confirmed the call for change and the room for improvement in the current teaching methodology in the audit classroom. Participants indicated lower levels in some competencies relative to other competencies, which also did not particularly score satisfactory when the competence levels were evaluated. The competencies that showed the lowest level of achievement due to the current teaching methodology, as perceived by the participants, included executing the work plan, evaluating the evidence and drawing conclusions, and drafting the report upon completion of the engagement. It was also established that the call for change was not confined to only one university in South Africa, which broadened the generalisability of the research findings, conclusions and recommendations of this study. The results of both the quantitative and qualitative analysis support the view that the newly developed audit simulation is able to assist in bringing change to audit education. The simulation had a positive effect on the audit students’ perceived competence levels in the competencies of auditing and assurance, and the various generic and pervasive skills tested in this study. Furthermore, it was established that the audit simulation had a greater effect on the audit students’ perceived broad competence levels (i.e. auditing and assurance, and generic and pervasive skills) and their understanding of the audit process as a whole, in relation to just attending normal lectures. The qualitative findings from the focus group discussions informed the quantitative findings by indicating that the audit simulation proved to be an instrument that, among other things: Summary • Gave students the opportunity to obtain a holistic view of the audit process; • Assisted students in visualising how the audit theory is applied in practice; • Actively involved the students in the learning process; and • Replicated audit practice. Finally, it was confirmed that the newly developed audit simulation takes into account the variables in the audit teaching-learning environment which need consideration if transformation is to take place in the way the audit subject is currently being taught at higher education level. Recommendations on the way forward in audit education, based on the findings in this thesis, were also provided. This study provides audit lecturers and other audit educators around the world with a newly developed, empirically evaluated audit simulation which can be applied in the audit classroom as well as assist in answering the current call for change to audit education. / PhD (Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Maria Montessori's work was initiated in 1898 as a result of her becoming acutely aware of deficient children's learning patterns, while working at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. The principles which dominate the system, however, did not ·'"spring in full panoply from Montessori. Indeed, her inspiration came largely from early and mid-nineteenth century writings of two French physicians, Itard and Seguin, who were Also involved in the teaching of deficient children. Extending on the ideas of these two educator-physicians, as well as the ideas of Froebe!, Montessori innovatively brought the child's senses into contact with carefully selected didactic apparatus in a carefully structured and ordered environment. According to Montessori, the liberty of the child is a prerequisite for self-education and forms the first major pillar of her didactic theory, and thus becomes the focus of the first chapter dealing with her didactic approach (chapter three) • Montessori believed that the function of education was to assist growth and if the individual child was given the liberty of movement within a prepared environment, a sense of competence would be achieved and the learning of the child would come about almost spontaneously. The principles of individuality and the training of the senses comprise the other two pillars, and form the basis for chapter four and five respectively. The principle of individuality is rooted in the belief that each child has a uniqueness which cannot be ignored without irretrievable damage to his personality. The current educational situation in South Africa, reveals a diversity of educational problems as a result of different ethnic and cultural groups all being thrust into a common educational system. The insidious pressures of conformity to a single standard of education must of necessity lead to a compromise of '"standards. The exposure of educational deficiencies inherent in such a move is characterised by learning impediments and deficiencies in the educational scenario. Research has therefore been undertaken in an attempt to extract those aspects that could provide meaningful pedagogic assistance to meet a present educational need. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

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This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of adjectives in Russian and English languages from a linguodidactic point of view. The theoretical part is based on the general linguistic knowledge of this particular part of speech and explains the rules for the comparison of adjectives in both languages. Furthermore, the theoretical part also provides linguodidactic context of acquiring this grammatical phenomenon. The practical part is devoted to the analysis of pedagogical documents and textbooks used for teaching Russian and English languages. The last chapter of the thesis shows the results of a research focused on testing pupils attending secondary schools. The aim here is to prove the knowledge of comparative and superlative forms of adjectives in Russian and English languages on the basis of a written test. KEY WORDS: adjectives, comparison, language teaching methodology, grammar acquisition of a foreign language, Russian language, English language, testing of pupils

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Regina Konrad.pdf: 13065377 bytes, checksum: 2ffa550f4d08f0268b5780bae6b4a18c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Teacher training requires understanding the educational activity in the course of teaching practice as a transforming agent of social reality, as an active element in the dynamics of contemporary and globalized society, on the understanding that the development of teaching knowledge requires not only training, going beyond, requiring professional development and policies to respond the demands that arise every instant. The teacher is before any other gauging a person. A complex person who brings a bag full of experiences, experiences, disappointments and acceptances, which makes it essential the notion that teacher education passes obligatorily by the human formation of the person. The awareness of Bachelor of Science in Accounting from the need for specific and specialized knowledge regarding the pedagogical practices is paramount to their training, because only with this awareness takes the investment understanding, not only in their specific training, but mostly in continuing education, in pedagogical training. Specifically the professor of Accounting up to experience of teaching activities in order to follow and meet the continual sophistication of the market and understand their needs, producing and transmitting knowledge. MEC (2015) data specify that there is 1.467 accredited higher education institutions with the Ministry suppliers of Accounting courses spread across 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. These institutions most concentrated in the Southeast. A detailed analysis of the provision of Accounting courses in this region further highlights the ongoing offer of centralization in a specific state, where St. Paul writes 50% of the courses offered by the region, which justifies the choice of this geographical limitation to development of this study. The classroom is the space where anything can happen. It is the space of possibilities where everyone, teachers and students, are authors and actors of his practice and his knowledge. The university lecturer is prepared for research, not teaching, a matter which causes difficulties in teacher performance, and must be overcome through specific training in disciplines Teaching and Methodology of Higher Education. To meet the demand of the teaching course of action of Accounting or any other area, it is essential the careful construction of the teacher's knowledge. Therefore, forward the above is pertinent to investigate the history of the construction of the professionalization of the teaching of Accounting. For the preparation of this research was adopted the qualitative approach, because the purpose is presenting the understanding, the understanding of the Accounting teachers, knowledge of the subjects of didactics or Accounting Teaching Methodology for teaching in undergraduate courses in Accounting / A formação de professor pressupõe o entendimento da ação educativa, no exercício da prática docente como agente transformadora da realidade social, como elemento ativo na dinâmica da sociedade contemporânea e globalizada, na compreensão que o desenvolvimento dos saberes docentes requer não apenas qualificação, indo além, exigindo valorização profissional e políticas capazes de responderem as demandas que surgem a cada instante. O professor é antes de qualquer outra aferição uma pessoa. Uma pessoa complexa que traz consigo uma bagagem repleta de vivências, experiências, decepções e aceitações, o que faz com que seja imprescindível a noção de que a formação do professor passa, obrigatoriamente, pela formação humana da pessoa. A conscientização do bacharel em Ciências Contábeis da necessidade de conhecimentos específicos e especializados com relação às práticas pedagógicas é primordial à sua formação, pois apenas com esta conscientização se dá o entendimento de investimento, não apenas em sua formação específica, mas principalmente em formação continuada, em capacitação pedagógica. Especificamente ao professor de Ciências Contábeis cabe a vivenciação da ação docente de forma a acompanhar e conhecer as contínuas sofisticações do mercado e entender suas necessidades, produzindo e transmitindo conhecimentos. Dados do MEC (2015), especificam que há 1.467 instituições de ensino superior credenciadas junto ao Ministério ofertantes de cursos de Ciências Contábeis espalhados pelos 26 estados da federação e no Distrito Federal. Destas instituições a maioria concentra-se na região Sudeste. Uma análise pormenorizada sobre a oferta de cursos de Ciências Contábeis nesta região evidencia ainda mais a centralização de oferta do curso em um estado específico, onde São Paulo registra 50% dos cursos ofertados pela região, o que justifica a opção por esta delimitação geográfica para o desenvolvimento deste estudo. A sala de aula é o espaço onde tudo pode acontecer. É o espaço das possibilidades, em que todos, professores e alunos, são autores e atores de sua prática e do seu conhecimento. O docente universitário é preparado para a pesquisa, e não para a docência, uma questão que acarreta dificuldades na atuação do professor, e deve ser superada através de uma preparação específica em disciplinas de Didática do Ensino Superior e Metodologia. Para atender à demanda da atuação do docente do curso de Ciências Contábeis ou qualquer outra área, é essencial a construção esmerada dos saberes do professor. Portanto, frente ao exposto é pertinente investigar a trajetória da construção da profissionalização do docente de Ciências Contábeis. Para elaboração desta pesquisa foi adotada a abordagem qualitativa, pois como propósito é apresenta a compreensão sobre, no entendimento dos professores de Ciências Contábeis, o conhecimento das disciplinas de Didática ou Metodologia de Ensino de Ciências Contábeis para o magistério nos cursos de graduação em Ciências Contábeis

The Framework for K-12 Science Education, the foundation for the Next Generation Science Standards, identifies scientific explanation as one of the eight practices "essential for learning science." In order to design professional development to help teachers implement these new standards, we need to assess students' current skill level in explanation construction, characterize current teacher practice surrounding it, and identify best practices for supporting students in explanation construction. This multiple-case study investigated teacher practice in eight high school science inquiry units in the Portland metro area and the scientific explanations the students produced in their work samples. Teacher Instructional Portfolios (TIPs) were analyzed with a TIP rubric based on best practices in teaching science inquiry and a qualitative coding scheme. Written scientific explanations were analyzed with an explanation rubric and qualitative codes. Relationships between instructional practices and explanation quality were examined. The study found that students struggle to produce high quality explanations. They have the most difficulty including adequate reasoning with science content. Also, teachers need to be familiar with the components of explanation and use a variety of pedagogical techniques to support students' explanation construction. Finally, the topic of the science inquiry activity should be strongly connected to the content in the unit, and students need a firm grasp of the scientific theory or model on which their research questions are based to adequately explain their inquiry results.

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