Nowadays, successful cooperation and collaboration among developers is crucial to build successful projects in distributed software system development (DSSD). Assigning wrong developers to a specific task not only affects the performance of a component of this task but also affects other components since these projects are composed of dependent components. Another aspect that should be considered when teams are built is the social relationships between the members; disagreements between these members also affect the project team’s performance. These two aspects might cause a project’s failure or delay. Therefore, they are important to consider when teams are created. In this thesis, we developed an Expert Recommender System Framework (ERSF) that assists developers (Active Developers) to find experts who can help them complete or fix the bugs in the code at hand. The ERSF analyzes the developer technical expertise on similar code fragments to the one they need help on assuming that those who have worked on similar fragments might understand and help the Active Developer; also, it analyzes their social relationships with the Active Developer as well as their social activities within the DSSD. Our work is also concerned with improving the system performance and recommendations by tracking the developer communications through our ERSF in order to keep developer profiles up-to-date. Technical expertise and sociality are measured using a combination of technical and social heuristics. The recommender system was tested using scenarios derived from real software development data, and its recommendations compared favourably to recommendations that humans were asked to make in the same scenarios; also, they were compared to the recommendations of the NaiveBayes and other machine learning algorithms. Our experiment results show that ERSF can recommend experts with good to excellent accuracy.

La connaissance, et plus particulièrement, la gestion des connaissances est un enjeu stratégique qui peut fournir un avantage concurrentiel non négligeable dans une économie compétitive et dynamique. Cependant, ce domaine possède un caractère interdisciplinaire indéniable. En effet, il est traité par de multiples disciplines telles que les sciences de l’information, l’informatique, la psychologie, l’économie ou les sciences de l’ingénierie.Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit ont eu lieu dans un contexte CIFRE (Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la REcherche). Le sujet initial est né de la collaboration entre l’équipe « Conception Collaborative » du laboratoire G-SCOP (laboratoire Grenoblois dédié aux Sciences de la Conception, de l'Optimisation et de la Production) et de la société BASSETTI, éditeur et intégrateur de la solution logiciel TEEXMA®.Dans le cadre des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit, notre objectif a été d'étudier comment modéliser les processus de transfert de connaissance afin de mieux comprendre la façon dont ces derniers se mettent en place au sein des organisations. L’outil de modélisation proposé dans cette thèse repose en partie sur la réutilisation de modèles existants trouvés dans la littérature et sur une méthodologie d'observation des participants.Les recherches effectuées se sont déroulées en suivant une méthodologie de type recherche intervention. Afin de répondre à ce sujet, nous avons donc pu tester notre outil de modélisation à travers plusieurs études de cas terrain. Ces études ont permis de valider la première partie de nos hypothèses. Après cette phase de validation, nous avons cherché à évaluer l’appropriation de l’utilisation de notre outil de modélisation à la suite de formations. En parallèle, nous avons inclus notre outil de modélisation dans une démarche plus globale afin de diagnostiquer des situations de transfert de connaissance. Cette démarche globale a ensuite été appliquée à deux études de cas. Enfin nous avons dérivé l’usage de la démarche précédente. Cette fois ci, l’outil de modélisation est utilisé pour analyser les usages liés à des outils informatiques. / Knowledge, and more precisely, knowledge management, is a strategic issue that can provide a significant competitive advantage in a competitive and dynamic economy. However, this field has an undeniable interdisciplinary character. Indeed, it is treated by multiple research areas such as information science, computer science, psychology, economics or engineering sciences.The research presented in this thesis occurred in a CIFRE context (French Industrial Conventions). The initial research topic was born from the collaboration between the "Collaborative Design" team of the G-SCOP laboratory (Grenoble laboratory dedicated to the Sciences of Design, Optimization and Production) and the company BASSETTI, editor and integrator of the TEEXMA® software solution.As part of the work presented in this manuscript, our goal has been to study how to model knowledge transfer processes for a better understanding of how these processes are implemented within organizations. The modelling tool proposed in this thesis relies in part on the reuse of existing models found in the literature and on a participant observation methodology.The research carried out was conducted following an intervention research methodology. To answer this question, we were able to test our modelling tool through several case studies. These studies allowed to validate the first part of our hypotheses. After this validation phase, we sought to evaluate the appropriation of the use of our modelling tool after knowledge management trainings. In parallel, we have included our modelling tool in a more global approach to diagnose situations of knowledge transfer. This global approach was then applied to two case studies. Finally, we reused the previous approach. This time, the modelling tool was used to analyse uses related to computer tools.

The successful implementation of an enterprise system requires training and end users in the new systems and procedures. There has been no research reporting a relationship between Domain Expertise (DE) and the successful implementation of an enterprise system. This study sought to begin filling this knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between DE, technical proficiency, training outcomes, and perceived training effectiveness for a new enterprise system, specifically a Case Management System (CMS) in a small and medium enterprise (SME). The research examines different subjects of technical expertise including skills, abilities, and knowledge to increase professional acceptance in the high domain of expertise field. In order to understand the complex nature of expertise and the significant impact, an exploratory approach is undertaken. Purposive sampling was utilized to select the 88 respondents to participate in the research, in which the role of domain expertise and technical expertise is explored. Based upon analysis, research showed the relevance of domain expertise and technical expertise in the deployment of successful case management systems. The results contributed to literature by showing that how training influences soft skills such as tacit knowledge on organizational culture and potential clients, deliver best solutions to the project management. Meanwhile, the outcomes provided significant traits on perceived training effectiveness, which drive increase in knowledge, practical implication, and quality of project delivered, presentation skills, communication and problem-solving abilities. The study also contributed to the literature in terms of defining how technical and domain expertise not only effect the outcomes of case management systems but also develop greater coordination for dealing the intricacies, project difficulties, and task-related complexities.

This dissertation concerns the ways engineers and safety specialists acting as part-time volunteers cooperate in the setting of voluntary industrywide product safety standards in the farm equipment industry. These cooperative efforts are based, I contend, on collective investment criteria shared by both companies and individual participants. companies expect long-term benefits stemming not only from their early access to information about the proposed changes in product design, but also from the extent they can influence the outcome in ways that reduce their costs and accommodate their product design and manufacture requirements. Individual participants expect to benefit professionally from the knowledge exchanges taking place in the deliberations. I illustrate my argument through a case study in the development of a family of safety standards for agricultural tractors. The study shows that, in setting these standards, participants sought and achieved ways of making their proposed changes in product design more compatible with a changing legal order. The study also shows, however, that collective action may bring some unintended consequences. For instance, given the stiff demands of this order, participant companies' collective efforts to build such compatibility may and did ultimately compromise the voluntary character of both their participation in the deliberations and the implementation of the proposed changes in product design / Ph. D.

Submitted by Josélia Rabêlo (oliveira_joselia@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-30T14:27:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VF2 POS Banca Versao Final Defesa FGV 2017.pdf: 1264401 bytes, checksum: a7a0bc68508df7f0a776b8d201f02960 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-03-30T14:33:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VF2 POS Banca Versao Final Defesa FGV 2017.pdf: 1264401 bytes, checksum: a7a0bc68508df7f0a776b8d201f02960 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T14:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VF2 POS Banca Versao Final Defesa FGV 2017.pdf: 1264401 bytes, checksum: a7a0bc68508df7f0a776b8d201f02960 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / The objective of this research was to analyze how customers and suppliers create value by exchanging expertise in B2B relations, in knowledge intensive services. To better understand the relationship of these variables, an exploratory research strategy was adopted, because it allows analyzing the phenomenon through different perspectives - clients, suppliers and interaction between them. Field research was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 was used to deepen understanding about the topic of interest in diverse contexts. Nine interviews were conducted with managers of different types of knowledge intensive services – Human Resource Consultancy, Software and Engineering and Architecture. The results showed that complexity, customization and strategic relevance of the solution motivates the customer to participate in the co-production. The results of co-production are optimized when customers and suppliers interact and share their expertise throughout the phases of diagnosis and execution of the solution. Interaction between customer and supplier, and technical and business expertise sharing positively influence the client's perception of value. Customer participation in the co-production has positive effects on both economic and relationship value. Finally, it was observed that customers perceive the solution broadly including functional and also relational benefits of the solution. Phase 2 of the research was aimed at companies belonging to the architecture segment. It was adopted, as a research strategy, the study of multiple cases. Five cases of interaction between company and its client were conducted. Twenty semi-structured interviews were carried out, eight managers of the supplier companies and 12 client managers of these companies. In addition, secondary data on the participating companies were collected and field notes were taken. The results showed that the way in which customers and suppliers combine and complement business and technical expertise influences the coproduced results and the perceived value of the offer.This second phase has also revealed that coproduction is most effective when customers are more experienced, have business expertise, communicate their expectations and share this business expertise with their suppliers. The results suggest that the perception of economic value creation is more present when services are more complex, especially when the solution requires technical expertise exchange between clients and suppliers. The perception of economic and relationship value is more present when the solution requires technical and business expertise complementarity between clients and suppliers. The results also showed that expertise exchange between clients and suppliers depend on boundary spanners skills and capacities on both to achieve better results in service production. Some boundary spanners skills and capacities favor coproduction: encouraging the interaction of the external contact agent with the company and stakeholders, frequency of contact during the coproduction, engagement and motivation to participate in the solution, communication, flexibility, acceptance of suggestions and comments and negotiation. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar como clientes e fornecedores criam valor pela troca de expertise nas relações B2B, nos serviços intensivos em conhecimento. Para analisar o fenômeno por diferentes perspectivas - clientes, fornecedores e interação entre eles; foi utilizada a pesquisa exploratória, em duas fases de pesquisa. Na fase 1 foram realizadas nove entrevistas com gestores de empresas fornecedoras e clientes de consultoria de RH, software e tecnologia de informação e arquitetura e engenharia. ¬¬¬O propósito foi aprofundar o entendimento dos construtos pesquisados e avaliar qual dos serviços seria mais apropriado a ser explorado na segunda fase da pesquisa. Os resultados desta fase mostram que complexidade, customização e relevância estratégica da solução motivam o cliente a participar da coprodução. Os resultados da coprodução são otimizados quando clientes e fornecedores interagem e compartilham expertise nas fases de diagnóstico e execução da solução. A interação e a troca de expertise técnica e de negócios entre fornecedor e cliente favorecem a coprodução. A participação do cliente na coprodução e a troca de expertise com o fornecedor têm impacto positivo tanto para o valor econômico como de relacionamento. Por fim, observou-se que clientes percebem a solução considerando tanto os benefícios funcionais quanto relacionais com seus fornecedores. A Fase 2 da pesquisa teve como escopo as empresas pertencentes ao segmento de arquitetura. Adotou-se como estratégia de investigação o estudo de casos múltiplos. Cinco casos de interação entre empresa e seus cliente foram pesquisados. Foram realizadas vinte entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito gestores das empresas fornecedores e 12 gestores clientes dessas empresas. Também, foram coletados dados secundários sobre as empresas e foram registradas notas de campo. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maneira com que clientes e fornecedores combinam e complementam expertises técnicas e de negócios na solução influencia os resultados coproduzidos e a percepção de valor da oferta. A coprodução é mais efetiva, quando os clientes são mais experientes e têm expertise sobre seu negócio, comunicam suas expectativas e compartilham essa expertise de negócio com seus fornecedores. Os resultados também sugerem que a percepção de criação de valor econômico é mais presente quando os serviços são mais complexos, especialmente quando a solução demanda troca de expertise técnica entre clientes e fornecedores. A percepção de criação de valor tanto econômico quanto de relacionamento é mais presente quando a solução demanda complementaridade de expertises técnicas e de negócio entre clientes e fornecedores. Os resultados revelam que a troca de expertise entre empresa e cliente depende das habilidades e capacidades desse agente de contato de cada parte da relação para alcançar melhores resultados na coprodução do serviço. Certas habilidades e as capacidades dos boundary spanners favorecem a coprodução: incentivo a interação do agente de contato externo à empresa e stakeholders, frequência de contato durante a coprodução, engajamento e motivação em participar da solução, comunicação, flexibilidade, aceitação de sugestões e críticas e negociação.

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la manière dont Aristote, Platon et Isocrate font du recours à la notion d’empeiria et de la promotion d’une certaine conception de l’expérience, le moyen de se défendre contre l’accusation d’inexpérience qui les vise et de polémiquer entre eux sur la question de l’excellence, dans les domaines théorique, technique et pratique. Cet examen permet d’éclairer sous un jour nouveau la question de l’empirisme antique, en considérant, d’une part, la critique que Platon et Aristote adressent à une certaine conception empirico-sophistique des savoirs et de la pratique, en reconsidérant de l’autre, le supposé empirisme d’Aristote. Si la notion d’empirisme n’a pas d’équivalent en grec, Platon fait de la notion d’empeiria, désignant une forme de pratique non-technique ignorant les causes, un instrument polémique permettant de souligner le défaut de technicité des différentes techniques, que les sophistes se font forts de transmettre. En mettant l’accent sur « l’expérience de la vérité », Platon remet en question l’empirisme de ceux qui ignorent la valeur théorique et pratique de la connaissance des réalités intelligibles. Aristote poursuit la réflexion, en reconsidérant le rôle positif, cognitif et pratique, de l’empeiria comme connaissance acquise à partir de la sensation. Aristote poursuit la critique d’un certain empirisme, dont se rendent coupables tous ceux qui échouent à s’élever à la connaissance de l’universel, tout en déplorant le défaut d’empeiria de ceux dont le savoir est purement théorique. Si comme Platon, Aristote n’est pas un empiriste, parce qu’il refuse de faire de la sensation le principe de la connaissance et le critère du vrai, son rationalisme diffère de celui de Platon, par le rôle reconnue à la sensation et l’expérience dans les domaines théorique, technique et pratique. Cette étude entend révéler l’urgence de distinctions en philosophie de la connaissance dans le cadre des études anciennes, comme la distinction entre le rationalisme logique de Platon et le rationalisme empirique d’Aristote, par exemple, permettant de mesurer l’originalité des doctrines antiques sur des problèmes aussi fondamentaux que l’origine et le principe de la connaissance et de l’action bonne. / This dissertation investigates how Aristotle, Plato and Isocrates use the notion of empeiria and promote a certain conception of experience, in order to defend themselves from the charge of inexperience made against them, and also in order to debate about the question of excellence in the theoretical, technical and practical fields. This study sheds some new lights on ancient empiricism, by investigating, on one hand, Plato’s and Aristotle’s criticism against an empiricist sophistic approach of knowledge and action, and, on the other hand, the so-called Aristotelian empiricism. Although the concept of ‘empiricism’ has no equivalent in Greek, Plato uses the notion of empeiria to designate a non-technical form of action, in order to underlie a lack of technicality and to question the value of what some sophists claim to teach under the name of technai. While insisting on a philosophical kind of experience of truth, Plato criticizes what appears to be the empiricism of those who ignore the theoretical and practical value of the knowledge of intelligible realities. Aristotle goes beyond this stance by re-evaluating positively the role of empeiria, both in its cognitive and practical aspects, as a specific kind of knowledge, derived from sense-perception. He still criticizes the empiricism of those who fail to reach a certain kind of knowledge, namely the knowledge of universals, but also adds a criticism against those who lack the knowledge of particulars acquired through sense-perception and experience.If Aristotle is no more an empiricist than Plato, since he does not recognize sense-perception as the principle of knowledge and as the criterion of the truth, his rationalism is quite different from Plato’s, because of the important role he gives to sense-perception and experience in all areas. This study intends to break through in the direction of some distinctions in ancient philosophy, such as the distinction between Plato’s logical rationalism and Aristotle’s empirical rationalism, which would enable us to re-evaluate the originality of the Ancients on some fundamental issues like the problem of the origin and principle of knowledge and of good action.

This qualitative study investigated the influences of psychosocial meta-capacities on learning capacity development in a foreign government agency that is undergoing extensive organisational change. The data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with seven participants, who are employees of a foreign visa-processing unit based in South Africa. The participants shared their experiences during the organisational change process, and how different aspects impacted on their learning capacity development. The study highlighted self-efficacy and emotional intelligence as key meta-capacities that can be enhanced to aid learning capacity development. Furthermore, the study recommended that organisations intending to introduce significant changes should be aware of the psychosocial meta-capacities that can be exploited to enhance employee learning capacity development, thereby ultimately ensuring organisational success. This study seems to suggest that the positive influences on learning capacity development are: self-efficacy in the form of self- beliefs about one’s performance ability; the ability to take initiative; and learning orientation - for example, a sense of exploration; emotional intelligence in the form of self-awareness in relation to what needs to happen, and the positive impact of social support systems, for example, supervisors, role models and fellow colleagues. Negative influences on learning capacity development seem to include the following: the inability to manage performance anxiety; high levels of self-doubt, the lack of technical expertise, and learning paralysis in the form of procrastination and the lack of self-motivation. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)