Automatisering med robotar blir mer relevant och förväntas öka framgent. Befintlig forskning på området fokuserar på privata organisationer och effekten av automatiseringen. Vidare finns det forskning kring hur beslut att implementera nya teknologiska innovationer enligt Technology-Organization-Environment-modellen (TOE-modellen), vilken används för att förklara hur en organisations kontext påverkar införandet av innovationer utifrån teknologi-, organisation samt miljökontext. Dock finns endast begränsat material att finna där modellen sätts i relation till RPA som innovation i offentlig sektor. Studien syftade till att undersöka hur faktorer enligt en utvecklad TOE-modell påverkar beslut att införa RPA som innovation i offentliga verksamheter. Genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer erhölls resultat som visade på att teknologi-, organisation- och miljökontext enligt TOEmodellen har en betydelse när beslut att införa RPA som innovation i verksamheten och således har TOE-modellen relevans även i offentliga verksamheter. Dock visade även resultatet på en viss skillnad kring ett fåtal av faktorerna, något som kunde härledas till skillnader i konkurrensförutsättningar mellan privat och offentlig sektor.

Through the Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) initiative a substantial amount of effort and international attention has been focused on the reduction of gas flaring since 2002 (Elvidge et al., 2009). Nigeria is rated as the second country in the world for gas flaring, after Russia. In an attempt to reduce and eliminate gas flaring the federal government of Nigeria has implemented a number of gas flaring reduction projects, but poor governmental regulatory policies have been mostly unsuccessful in phasing it out. This study examines the effects of pollution from gas flaring using multiple satellite based sensors (Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+) with a focus on vegetation health in the Niger Delta. Over 131 flaring sites in all 9 states (Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross Rivers, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers) of the Niger Delta region have been identified, out of which 11 sites in Rivers State were examined using a case study approach. Land Surface Temperature data were derived using a novel procedure drawing in visible band information to mask out clouds and identify appropriate emissivity values for different land cover types. In 2503 out of 3001 Landsat subscenes analysed, Land Surface Temperature was elevated by at least 1 ℃ within 450 m of the flare. The results from fieldwork, carried out at the Eleme Refinery II Petroleum Company and Onne Flow Station, are compared to the Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ data. Results indicate that Landsat data can detect gas flares and their associated pollution on vegetation health with acceptable accuracy for both Land Surface Temperature (range: 0.120 to 1.907 K) and Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (sd ± 0.004). Available environmental factors such as size of facility, height of stack, and time were considered. Finally, the assessment of the impact of pollution on a time series analysis (1984 to 2013) of vegetation health shows a decrease in NDVI annually within 120 m from the flare and that the spatio-temporal variability of NDVI for each site is influenced by local factors. This research demonstrated that only 5 % of the variability in δLST and only 12 % of the variability in δNDVI, with distance from the flare stack, could be accounted for by the available variables considered in this study. This suggests that other missing factors (the gas flaring volume and vegetation speciation) play a significant role in the variability in δLST and δNDVI respectively.

Cloud computing (CC) may be the most significant development in recent history for businesses seeking to utilize technology. However, the adoption of CC hinges on many factors, and can have a greater positive impact on organizational performance. This study examined the different factors that contribute to the resistance to CC adoption. Anchored in The Theory of Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE), the study used a qualitative, grounded theory approach to develop a theoretical model for the acceptance of CC across firms. CC can have significant effects on efficiency and productivity for firms, but these effects will only be realized if IT usage becomes utilized globally. Thus, it was essential to understand the determinants of IT adoption, which was the goal of this research. The central research question involved understanding and examining the factors of resistance that contribute to cloud computing adoption across firms. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 chief information officers (CIOs) of various firms, including those considered technology companies (TCs) and those considered non-technology companies (NTCs). Data was analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis to determine what factors influence the adoption of CC systems and, moreover, to determine what factors create resistance to the adoption of CC in firms despite its well-documented advantages and benefits. Additionally, by examinging and focusing on the factors of resistance, the rsults of this study were generalized across a wider array of firms located in the Southeastern region of the US. A total of 12 categories were identified. These were organized into two groups. The core category being financial risks represented the probability of loss inherent in financing methods which may impair the ability to provide adequate return. The categories lack of knowledge, resistance to change, excessive cost to adopt, and cost saving fit under financial risks. Together these categories were indicators of the factors of resistance to adopt cloud computing technology. The core category security risks represented the overall perception of privacy in online environment. The categories process of research, accessing organization fit, perceived security risks, phased deployment, approval to adopt, and increase flexibility fit under security risks. Together these categories were direct indicators of the factors of resistance that contribute to the adoption of cloud computing technology by both TC and NTC. The result of this study showed that the predominant and critical factors of resistance that contribute to cloud computing adoption by TC were financial risks and security risks vs. security risks by NTC. A critical distinction between TC and NTC is that 86.4% of NTC’s participants did not care about cost, they only cared about data security. A model was subsequently developed based on the lived experiences of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) who have been faced with challenges regarding cloud acceptance, and cloud computing adoption. The theoretical model produced by this study may guide future researchers and enhance the understanding and implementation of cloud computing technologies. The results of this study will add to the body of literature and may guide companies attempting to implement cloud computing to do so more successfully.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur Stockholm stad som offentlig organisation hanterar innovation som implementeras samt hur förändringsprocessen ser ut när en stad ska bli smart. Detta genomförs genom en fallstudie på ett projekt som Stockholm stad drivit under ett par år. Inom programmet Stockholm smart och uppkopplad stad verkar projektet Smart trafikstyrning som omfattar sex olika delprojekt som syftar till att förenkla trafiken genom smarta lösningar, som bland annat handlar om tryckknappslådor och trafiksignaler. Resultatet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och handlar om hur Stockholm stad har arbetat samt hur de olika projektens struktur har sett ut. Studien kommer fram till att Stockholm stad är en välutvecklad organisation när det kommer till att hantera denna innovation, men att dess svaghet är att det är en stor organisation som har svårt att uppnå den flexibilitet som ibland hade behövts. Studien bidrar till att öka kunskapen och förståelsen för hur uppkopplade enheter fungerar i en kontext av smarta städer samt hur offentliga organisationer ska förhålla sig till dessa projekt.

Digitaliseringen av revisionsbranschen har varit ett omdiskuterat ämne, vilket beror på att branschen har genomgått stora förändringar under de senaste åren. Digitaliseringen har påverkat hur uppgifter utförs och hur problem tas an, vilket har och kommer innebära en förändring av samhällets olika delar. Sedan tidigare har det forskats på vilka faktorer som påverkar användningen av revisionsverktyg bland revisionsbyråer och revisorer, däremot mindre ur en svensk synvinkel. Syftet med denna studie är således att identifiera och bekräfta eller dementera tidigare forsknings funna faktorer som påverkar användningen av revisionsverktyg, samt testa dessa faktorers tillämpbarhet i Sverige. För att undersöka studiens syfte har en kvantitativ ansats använts med hjälp av en webbaserad enkät som har skickats ut till svenska revisionsbyråer. Hypoteserna i studien är baserade på den redan existerande forskningen. Studien utgår från Technology-Organization-Environment ramverkets tre kontexter, den tekniska, organisatoriska och miljömässiga. Faktorerna som undersöktes under respektive kontext var IT-kunskap, uppmuntran och standarder. Resultatet indikerar att det finns faktorer som påverkar användningen av revisionsverktyg även i en svensk kontext. Studien kan påvisa att uppmuntran och standarder har en signifikant påverkan på användningen. Det finns emellertid ett fortsatt behov av att forska vidare på ämnet då följande studies förklaringsgrad visar på en liten variation i användningen av verktygen. / The digitalisation of the audit profession has been a discussed topic due to the major changes in the industry in recent years. The digitalisation has affected how tasks are performed and how problems are addressed, which has caused changes in different parts of society. Factors that influence the use of Computer Assisted Audit Tools (CAATs) have previously been researched, but less in a Swedish context. The purpose of this study is to identify and confirm or deny previous factors found to affect the use of CAATs as well as the applicability of those factors in Sweden. To examine the purpose of the study a quantitative approach was used with the help of a web-based survey, sent out to Swedish auditing firms. The hypotheses in this study are based on previous research in the field. The study is based on the three contexts of the Technology-Organization-Environment framework, the technical, organisational and environmental context. The factors that were examined under each context were IT-knowledge, encouragement and standards. The result indicates that there are factors that affect the use of CAATs in a Swedish context. The study proves that encouragement and standards have a significant impact on the use of the tools. However, there is a continuing need to research the subject further as the degree of explanation in the analysis shows a small variation in the use of the tools.

Aldrig förr har vi konsumerat så mycket som nu och konsumenterna ställer hela tiden krav på högre kvalitet till lägre pris, samtidigt som kostnader för arbetskraft, energi och material ständigt ökar. För att bemöta kundernas behov används olika produktionssystem. Lean production är ett sådant produktionssystem och inkluderar en mängd uppsättning praktiska verktyg, men också en filosofi byggd på engagemang, kunskap, team-känsla och ledarskap. Lean är något många företag eftersträvar att införa, men studier visar att mindre än 20% lyckas att införa hela Leans koncept. Det är främst de mjuka delarna av Lean (filosofin) som företagen har svårast att implementera, vilket innebär att Lean i många fall reduceras till en verktygslåda. I denna studie har Lean-implementationen på ett fallföretag studerats. Fallföretaget införde Lean i samband med ”Produktionslyftet” år 2007 i syfte att effektivisera processer och bemöta hårdnande konkurrens. Ett antal intervjuer har genomförts med både produktions-personal och personer i ledande befattning. För att synliggöra individens roll i införandet och anammandet av Lean har en ny undersökningsmodell tagits fram för att analysera empirin och som utgår från ramverket för teknik, organisation och miljö, TOE, men där influensen av miljö har ersatts av influensen av individ, TOI. Den teoretiska undersöknings-modellen är undersökarens bidrag till forskningen. Resultatet av studien visar på att fallföretaget är ett klassiskt exempel på ett företag som lyckats väl med att införa de tekniska verktygen av Lean och att verksamheten fungerar mycket bättre idag än före införandet av Lean. Fallföretaget har ökat leveranssäkerheten och omsättningen men samtidigt minskat på produktionsytan och producerar ändå mer på samma tid. Däremot har fallföretaget inte lika tydligt implementerat de mjuka beståndsdelarna av Lean, det vill säga själva filosofin. Undersökningsmodellen TOI lyfter här fram verksamhetens karaktär, en hierarkisk och toppstyrd organisation, som en möjlig faktor till varför de mjuka beståndsdelarna inte har fått fäste. Modellen visar även att individen inte integrerar och samspelar med de influenser som borde skapa Lean. Samspelet mellan individ och ledning (organisation) ses som väsentliga för att uppnå de mjuka beståndsdelarna. För att få Leans hela koncept måste det finnas ett samspel och förbindelse mellan TOI modellens tre influenser; teknik, organisation och individ. Alla delarna är lika viktiga för att hela Lean ska få fäste. Detta är en möjlig anledning till varför det är mindre än 20% av Lean-projekteten som misslyckas med att implementera Leans hela koncept. / Never before have we consumed as much as now and customers are constantly demanding higher quality at a lower price, while at the same time costs are increasing for labour, energy and materials. Different production systems are used to meet customer needs. Lean production is such a production system and includes a variety of practical tools but also a philosophy based on commitment, knowledge, team spirit and leadership. Lean is something many companies strive to introduce, but studies shows that less than 20% succeed in introducing the entire Lean concept. It’s mainly the soft parts of Lean (the philosophy) that companies have most difficulty to implement, which means that in many cases Lean is reduced to a toolbox. This study is about the Lean implementation in a case company. The case company introduced Lean through its participation in the "Produktionslyftet" in 2007 with the aim of streamlining processes and responding to toughening competition. A number of interviews have been carried out with both production staff and senior executives. In order to highlight the individual's role in the introduction and adoption of Lean, a research model has been developed to analyse the empirical data, which is based on the framework for technology, organization and environment, TOE, but where the influence of environment has been replaced by the influence of the individual, TOI. The theoretical survey model is the investigator's contribution to the science. The result of the study shows that the case company is a classic example of a company that has succeeded well in introducing the technical tools of Lean and that the operation works much better today than before the introduction of Lean. The case company has increased the delivery reliability and sales but at the same time decreased the production area and still produces more at the same time allotted. However, the case company has not as clearly implemented the soft elements of Lean, that is, the philosophy itself. The survey model TOI highlights the nature of the business, a hierarchical and top-down organization, as a possible factor why the soft components have not been attached. The model also shows that the individual does not integrate and interact with the influences that should create Lean. The interaction between individual and management (organization) are seen as essential for achieving the soft components. In order to get the whole concept of Lean, there must be an interaction and connection between the three influences of the TOI model; technology, organization and individual. All parts are equally important for the whole of Lean to get attached. This is a possible reason why there are less than 20% of Lean projects that fail to implement the entire Lean concept.

Det svenska sjukvårdssystemet är konstant under hög press och situationen benämns ofta i media som en sjukvårdskris. Radiologin är en av de medicinska discipliner som drabbats av en kontinuerligt ökande arbetsbelastning och personalbrist. Detta sätter sjukvården i en situation att konstant tvingas väga effektivitet mot kvalitet. Trots höga förväntningar på att innovationer som Artificiell Intelligens (AI) ska kunna bistå behoven, används AI idag i en mycket begränsad utsträckning. Denna studie syftar till att utreda påverkande faktorer för införandet av AI inom radiologin. För att besvara arbetets forskningsfråga har HA Adoption-Decision Model, en modifierad version av det väletablerade Technology-Organization-Environment Framework (TOE), tillämpats. Ramverket innefattar tre kontexter; teknologisk, organisatorisk och extern kontext. Varje kontexts delaspekter, så kallade faktorer, följer under respektive kontext. Dessa tio faktorer utvärderades för att besvara studiens forskningsfråga om vilka faktorer som har störst påverkan på införande av AI inom radiologi. Genom att förena tidigare forskning med resultatet från sex intervjuer visade sig affärsvärde , strategisk lämplighet , ledningsstöd och reglering av datahantering ha störst påverkan. Avslutningsvis presenteras ett förslag om att introducera en elfte faktor, IT-mognad, till ramverket.

The enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation success rate is as low as 30%. Researchers have shown that ERP system implementation could cause both system and organization failures, affecting operations and stakeholders, alike. The technology-organization-environment conceptual framework was used to ground this qualitative single-case study. The purpose of the study was to explore strategies that a manufacturing firm in Ghana used to implement ERP systems successfully. The population of this case study comprised 5 stakeholders from a manufacturing firm in Ghana who had success in implementing an ERP system. Data were collected using face-to-face semistructured interviews and review of various corporate documents. Data analysis consisted of reviewing interview transcripts, compiling and organizing the data using an open-coding system, grouping the data into themes, and interpreting the meaning of the themes and data. Triangulation was used to strengthen the validity of the case study design. The primary themes that emerged from data analysis included critical strategies that organizational leaders can use to implement ERP systems successfully in Ghana-based manufacturing firms. Significant findings were that leaders who engage in ERP implementation should focus on managing human and technological infrastructure resources, seeking the support of top management, and designing and executing comprehensive change management plans. Implications for positive social change include the potential to increase funding for local schools, after-school youth programs, and philanthropic donations based on increased organizational profits generated from successful ERP leader implementation strategies.

Manufacturers have been hesitant to adopt Internet of things (IoT) due to a lack of understanding about the innovate characteristics, technology, organizational and environmental factors related to IoT adoption and how their organizations can apply IoT correctly. This quantitative, correlational study used a combination of diffusion of innovation theory and technology–organization–environment framework as the foundation to examine if a relationship exists between relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, technology readiness, top management support, firm size, competitive pressure, and regulatory support and IT leaders' intent to adopt IoT in U.S. manufacturing organizations. A sample of 168 information technology (IT) leaders from the U.S. manufacturing sectors was used. Multiple regression analysis indicated significant relationships between the intent to adopt IoT by IT leaders of manufacturing organizations and only 3 of the 8 independent variables: technology readiness, top management support, and competitive pressure. The model was able to predict approximately 44% of the variation of IT leaders' intent to adopt IoT. The results of this study might help IT leaders in the U.S. manufacturing sectors understand the factors that influence IoT adoption. The findings from this study might contribute to positive social change by contributing to economic growth that results from increased efficiency gained from the adoption of IoT in key business areas.

Information and communication technologies can be used to deliver healthcare services and improve the healthcare system. Any electronic healthcare system whose usage results in the efficient and enhanced quality of healthcare is an eHealth system and can be beneficial for medical enterprises. Despite the advantages that eHealth systems offer, medical enterprises are often reluctant to abandon their paper-based systems and embrace eHealth solutions. Through a review of existing eHealth literature, this study identified generic technologies used within South African medical enterprises. Fourteen (14) technologies, that represent a basket of eHealth systems for supporting the business management, professional clinical informatics, patient information storage and consumer health informatics functional areas, were identified. The study then aimed to determine the state of adoption of these technologies as well as the factors influencing adoption. The technological, organisational and environmental (TOE) factors that contributed to the current state of adoption were identified through a review of existing TOE literature. A model that explores the effects of these pre-determined TOE factors on the propensity to adopt eHealth was developed and tested. A cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out and survey data was collected from a sample of 130 medical enterprises in South Africa. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Correlation analysis was used to test the model’s hypotheses and hierarchical regression was used to test the overall TOE model. By using the TOE framework, the study has provided a theoretical contribution and addressed a gap in the literature into the barriers and determinants of the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in healthcare. The results of the study show that South African medical enterprises use systems that range from simple electronic fund transfer systems to more complex electronic record and clinical decision support systems. Of the 14 technologies that were identified, business information systems such as medical aid claims submission systems and electronic record systems for patient and fee related information were the most adopted while a steady, but continued increase in the adoption of clinical health information systems was observed. Specifically, the study reveals that electronic fund transfer systems are the most adopted systems while ePrescription systems are the least used. Furthermore, the study shows that in addition to the enterprises’ operating period, perceived benefits, IT infrastructure, senior clinician involvement, resource commitment and external pressure are correlated with the propensity to adopt while system complexity is a barrier to technology adoption.