French SMEs within the medical technology industry follow an internationalization pattern which cannot completely be explained by traditional internationalization models. Going abroad is not a strategy to overcome challenges inherent to the medical technology industry. Instead, it is the positive consequence of their merge with internationalized firms, or an opportunity offered by their network.

Economic growth has virtually dropped to depression era levels in recent years as the domestic economy was and is still being impacted by severe competition in the international market. With the competition in the markets of most industries, how can we deal with the different stressful challenges to gain a dominant position in regard to competitiveness? There are numerous factors preventing many domestic traditional industries from being transformed, such as: the lack of innovative technical knowledge and competence, the limited necessary funds for manpower and equipment, the restriction of our government¡¦s subsidy clauses, etc. Accordingly, industry holders still keep and run their existing traditional industries, thereby raising obstacles to the promotion of the regional innovative system. The key point to solve the problem is to raise the knowledge technology level for the regional industry clusters. How can our government¡¦s policy help to assist the related industries to form the clusters and practice regional balanced development? The goal is to raise innovation in the necessary technologies; only then can an enterprise¡¦s business be sustained. According to the above, industry clusters constitute an important key to promote industrial development. The regional innovative system emphasizes the reactions and flow among organizations, including government, academia, research organizations, intermediaries, the financial market, the information network, etc. The thriving growth in the domestic economy relies much on the strengthening of innovation policies regarding urban areas. This research will discuss Chinese, Japanese and Korean governments¡¦ achievements in regard to the policies concerning regional innovations and management. The aims of the discussion include the following: 1. Investigating these 3 governments¡¦ successful cases of their innovation policies and strategies of industry clusters, in order to offer the greater Kaohsiung area a reference for practicing an innovative system; 2. Applying the results of the successful cases as suggestions for domestic traditional industries; and 3. Through integrated comparisons and analysis, substantial suggestions and measures for future development are proposed for the interaction between industry and academia, the enforcement of the administrative management regulations of the central and regional governments, the clustering strategies, etc. In addition, new energy, new materials and high technology industries are advised as a direction for the overall industrial development in the greater Kaohsiung area. Finally, the issues of industrial pollution of the environment, increasing the employment opportunities, and the cross-region and cross-nation innovative interactions are also explored.

The electronics industry has become the main industry in Taiwan due to the progress in information technology and emergence of globalization. Generally the management in high technology industry represents¡¨Speedy¡¨,¡¨Systematic¡¨and¡¨Professional¡¨. However, does this management system really mean optimal? Does highly work specialization work better? This study adopts narrative inquiry as the methodology, sharing my working experiences of different management styles and different solutions in similar cases... Based on the reflection of my working experiences, this study finds that the management in traditional industry may work more efficiently than in hi-tech industry. In traditional industries, most employees do not follow standard operating procedure and they even do not build up a complete information platform, but its management is much more ¡§Speedy¡¨¡B¡¨Systematic¡¨ and ¡¨Professional¡¨ than the high technology industry. Furthermore, employees in the traditional industry display more organizational cohesion than employees in the high technology industry. Although the high technology industry builds up a perfect information platform, it also changes and alienates the relationship between employees.

As we progress towards the era of knowledge economy, organizations become more dependent on the knowledge-based resources possessed by their employees. In the past, organizations are only concerned with employees¡¦ commitment to the company and hoping they perform citizenship behaviors in favor of the company. Nowadays, it is more important to know that employees also develop an overall belief concerning the extent to which organizations values and cares about them, which is called perceived organizational support. Mutual trust and commitment is needed to fulfill the expectations from the organizations and employees. The purpose of this study is to examine whether employees¡¦ perceptions of organizational support positively affect their commitment to the organization ; whether organizational commitment positively affect the extent to which employees perform citizenship behaviors ; whether commitment mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior. After a survey directed at engineers in high-tech industries, results are as the following: (1) perceived organizational support increases employees¡¦ commitment to the organization ; (2) organizational commitment increases employees¡¦ citizenship behaviors ; (3) organizational commitment mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior.

Exorbitant executive compensation packages have drawn large criticism from the public eye and with the recent financial crisis and the previous tech bubble opinion on executive incentives has forced government institutions to respond. Over the past two decades the SEC and FASB have aimed to respond to the public and with three large regulation changes in the 2000s, pay for performance compensation has gone through many changes. In this study I build on previous work in an attempt to answer whether or not executives within the Information Technology industry have seen a larger decline in option compensation when compared to executives outside of the industry. Previous studies have indicated that option use has been consistently higher in the IT industry and in addition another study has showed that option use across all companies has decreased dramatically due to regulation changes. In this study I find that option use has dramatically decreased over the past decade due to regulation and that option use in the IT industry has remained consistently higher than others. I find that there is little significant evidence suggesting regulation changes have affected the IT industry at a larger rate than others. I would argue that the industry is less sensitive to regulation changes regarding option use but I do find significant evidence that the industry has seen larger decreases in option use in 2013 when compared to other industries.

Branding strategies in the context of startup companies has been vaguely investigated. This is surprising since companies in the early startup phase recognize a need to quickly create brand equity in order to differentiate themselves from competitors to rise above the clutter in the market space. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate what branding strategies Swedish technology startup companies employ to create brand equity. Founders of four Swedish startup companies within the technology industry has been interviewed in order to gain insight in the context of startup companies and what branding strategies they employ. The authors present some common denominators between the branding strategies that are used. It is concluded that it is crucial for startups to create brand awareness. It is also recognized that startups rarely communicate company values. Instead, functional benefits and product characteristics are often communicated. Lastly, it appears that the overarching branding strategy of the studied startup companies is their emphasis on the importance of being perceived as different compared to competitors.

Title: Do Different Industries Define Sustainability Differently? A Comparative Analysis of the Swedish Retail and IT Sectors.Level: Degree project at Undergraduate level (Bachelor’s degree) in the subject Business Administration Authors: Amanda Stål and Diana Hawaz AliSupervisor: Asif HuqDate: 2022-JuneAim: Examine the differences in the handling of sustainability issues within the retail and IT industries Method: The thesis was conducted through semi-structured interviews. The respondents consist of four retail companies and three IT companies.Results and conclusion: The results showed that although there are many similarities in how the respondents in the two industries handle sustainability issues, there were some differences in where they put their focus. Respondents in the retail industry were more inclined to focus on the environmental aspect of sustainability while respondents in the IT sector were shown to gravitate toward the social aspect. Contribution of the thesis: This thesis shows that the term “sustainability” differs depending on context, which would give researchers more freedom to change their definition of sustainability instead of trying to find one definition that fits every context.Suggestions for further research: Further research should be done with a greater sample pool to strengthen the transferability of the result. Keywords: Sustainability report, CSR, Retail industry, Information technology industry

近年來(2005-2014)，因子投資在市值、帳面市值比和動能在美國股市無法得到比大盤更好的表現，所以本研究以五因子亦即市值因子、帳面市值比因子、動能因子、低市場因子和品質因子，進行特定產業美國科技股研究，不同於大部分因子投資研究都以地區作為區分標準，期望可以得到不同的因子投資策略。研究結果發現無論是個別因子投資或是因子投資組合確實可以在美國科技股中提高夏普指標並擊敗那斯達克指數，此外檢視因子投資組合在不同時間的投資效益，發現因子投資組合在金融海嘯的壞時機期間，相對於投資那斯達克，更具有抗跌作用、投資的效益，在經濟穩定的好時機時，也能具備足夠的收益率並能夠提供投資者更好夏普指標，顯示因子投資在美國科技股中是一個可以成功的投資策略。 / Recently, factor investing in market value, book/market ratio and momentum had no outperformance comparing to the market index in terms of return and sharpe ratio. The research focus on technology stocks in U.S to construct 5 factors which are market value, book/market ratio, momentum, betting against beta, quality. Unlike other regional-based researches, this paper is industrial-based and aims to create a new factor investing strategy. The result shows that some factors and factory portfolios do outperform NASDAQ index with higher sharpe ratio. Moreover, analyses in timing for factor portfolios show that factor portfolios provide better return and sharpe ratio during financial crisis in U.S. On the other hand, under stable economy circumstance, factor portfolios still beat NASDAQ in terms of higher sharpe ratio.

A Customização em Massa é uma estratégia de negócios relativamente recente que foi idealizada em meados dos anos oitenta, emergiu no meio empresarial em meados dos anos noventa, e, desde então tem sido adotada por muitas empresas devido ao diferencial competitivo que propicia. O objetivo desta estratégia é atender os desejos individuais dos clientes em grande escala e com maior lucratividade para a empresa. A adoção bem sucedida da Customização em Massa exige profundas alterações em áreas críticas das empresas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é, num primeiro momento, avaliar quais são essas áreas críticas que necessitam mudanças, e num segundo momento, quais são os elementos capacitadores necessários. O trabalho apresenta um modelo conceitual de definições sobre capacitação organizacional, competência funcional, técnicas operacionais e recursos organizacionais. Posteriormente verificou-se a influência destes elementos nos processos e como se dá a aplicação dos mesmos em diferentes setores industriais. A realização deste estudo baseou-se em cleta de dados por meio de questionários e na aplicação do método de estudo de caso em empresas de dois setores industriais, o automobilístico e o de alta tecnologia. A escolha destes setores justifica-se pelo fato deles se encontrarem, historicamente, na vanguarda da adoção das melhores práticas empresariais. Como resultado constatou-se que determinados elementos capacitam a empresa para a Customização em Massa em um setor mas não para outro, ou seja, não existe uma solução genérica para a capacitação organizacional em Customização em Massa. Observou-se também que a simples adoção dos elementos capacitadores não gera a competência funcional requerida em determinada área crítica para a geração desta capacitação organizacional; é também necessário que haja sinergia na aplicação destes elementos. / The customization is a recent strategy that appeared in the middle of 80\'s and currently it emerged in the enterprise environment. Such strategy has been adopted for many companies due to the competitive differential that it supplies. The objective of this strategy is to fulfill the most specific customers\' desires in large-scale and with increasing profitability to the company. The successful adoption of Mass Customization demand deep changes in many critical areas of the enterprise. The purpose of this paper is to analyses which are the critical areas that need to be changed, and which are the Mass Customization enablers. This research presents a conceptual definitions for resources, operational techniques, competences, and organizational capabilities required for Mass Customization. The paper presents a literature review on the issue of planning and deploying Mass Customization initiatives pointing out important resources and techniques that have been adopted by the adherents of this new strategy. It was perceived the influence of these enablers in its respective processes and its different applications in different industrial sectors. To this was adopted the method of case survey in two differents sectors, the automobile and high technology. This choice was proposital because this sector are in the vanguard of the best practices adoption. To have a valid classification of the enablers was elaborated two models. As a result was perceived that some enablers could be applied to one sector and not applied in others to reach the Mass Customization capacity. It does not exist a generic solution for a Mass Customization strategy adoption, because different sectors demands different enablers. It was also observed that the simple adoption of this enablers does not generate the enterprise competence demanded, being necessary the existence of a synergy between and focus of these enablers.

高科技產業的發展為各國經濟發展的重要指標，因此本研究盼藉由進一步探討高科技產業發展過程中，主要影響創新與競爭力的重要因素，並加以分析兩岸在提升高科技產業創新競爭力的政策規劃，對於高科技產業創新發展的影響與作用。 / Innovation in high-technology industry has been affecting the general competiveness of a nation presently and innovation happens every day. The major influential factor to innovate or creation majorly regarding to environment, policy, profits circumstances. In this study, result has show that high-technology industries had made simultaneous contribution and played a critical role to effect the growth and advanced development of a nation, with another critical factor collaborated to create the successfulness of high-technology industry transformation by determine correct policies from state government. Taiwan government has been putting efforts in incentive policies to promote the developments of high-technology industry to effectively enhance the technology level. The study finds out that the major influential factors that will affect the general competiveness are majorly from government incentives policies and sufficient funding in disciplinary of R&D personnel, also creating a competitive environment is another important measure to enhance the innovation capability of high-technology industry. The disparity between Taiwan and Mainland China is majorly in population, government policies, government funding and investments these factors that influence the competiveness of innovation in high-technology industry between Taiwan and Mainland China. This analytical study shows in details with supportive statistic to indicate the developments of Taiwan and Mainland China during the past 10 years in innovation of high-technology industry.