La dysfonction de l’endothélium vasculaire, associée à une diminution de ses propriétés vasorelaxantes et anti-thrombogéniques, survient avec le vieillissement mais également chez de plus jeunes patients athérosclérotiques présentant plusieurs facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. Au niveau cellulaire, le vieillissement des cellules endothéliales (CE) mène à un état irréversible de non division cellulaire appelé sénescence. Ces cellules sénescentes présentent des changements spécifiques au niveau de leur morphologie et de l’expression génique, menant à leur dysfonction. La sénescence dite réplicative est déclenchée par le raccourcissement des télomères survenant à chaque division cellulaire, mais peut également être induite prématurément par le stress oxydant (SIPS). L’objectif principal de cette étude est de caractériser la sénescence de CE vasculaires isolées à partir de patients athérosclérotiques, et d’observer l’impact des facteurs de risque sur cette sénescence. Afin de confirmer la contribution des deux principales voies de la sénescence, nous avons par la suite étudié conjointement ou séparément, l’impact d’un traitement chronique avec un antioxydant sur la sénescence de CE, et d’une surexpression de la sous-unité catalytique de la télomérase (hTERT), une enzyme responsable de l’allongement des télomères. Nous avons isolé et cultivé des CE provenant d’artères mammaires internes prélevées lors de pontages coronariens. Selon les études, les cellules ont été infectées ou non avec un lentivirus surexprimant la hTERT, et cultivées in vitro jusqu’à sénescence, en présence ou en absence de l’antioxydant N-acétyl-L-cystéine (NAC). Différents marqueurs des deux principales voies de la sénescence (réplicative ou SIPS) ont été quantifiés. La sénescence cellulaire se développe exponentiellement avec le temps et est associée à une réduction de la viabilité et de la prolifération cellulaires. Chez les patients athérosclérotiques, le vieillissement des CE passe par les deux principales voies de la sénescence : des télomères courts initialement en culture et la durée d’exposition in vivo aux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire prédisent une apparition prématurée de la sénescence. Toutefois, chez les fumeurs, la sénescence est exclusivement du type SIPS. Ces facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire et principalement l’hypertension, semblent accélèrer le vieillissement biologique et favoriser la dysfonction des CE. Lorsque traitées chroniquement avec le NAC, les CE présentant initialement de moindres dommages cellulaires et moléculaires ainsi qu’une meilleure défense antioxydante développent une sénescence retardée. Lorsque le NAC est combiné à une surexpression de la hTERT, les deux voies de la sénescence sont bloquées et une immortalisation cellulaire est observée. À l’inverse, dans les CE les plus endommagées par les ROS in vivo, le NAC n’a aucun effet sur le développement de la sénescence, la hTERT, seule ou en combinaison avec le NAC, retarde légèrement la sénescence mais aucune immortalisation n’est observée lorsque ces traitements sont combinés. En conclusion, nos études démontrent que l’exposition chronique au stress oxydant associé aux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire accélère le développement de la sénescence de CE vasculaires, contribuant potentiellement à l’athérogénèse. Dans les cellules de patients athérosclérotiques, il semble exister un seuil de dommages cellulaires et moléculaires subis in vivo au-delà duquel, aucun traitement (antioxydant ou hTERT) ne peut être bénéfique. / Vascular aging is associated with a decrease in endothelial dilatory and antithrombotic functions. This typical endothelial dysfunction, however, is also present in younger patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). At the cellular level, aging of healthy vascular endothelial cells (EC) leads to senescence, a state of permanent growth arrest. Senescence is characterized by specific changes in cell morphology and gene expression, which reduce EC function and thus are proposed to be pro-atherogenic. Age-associated telomere shortening leads to replicative senescence of human endothelial cells, but senescence can also be induced prematurely by oxidative stress (SIPS). Our aim was to characterize senescence of EC isolated from atherosclerotic patients and look at the influence of risk factors for CVD on the onset of senescence. To confirm the contribution of each of the two mains pathways triggering senescence, we then looked at the impact on senescence of a chronic treatment with an antioxidant combined or not with an overexpression of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT), a reverse transcriptase involved in telomere elongation. We used EC isolated from internal mammary arteries discarded during coronary bypass graft surgery. Depending on the study, EC were infected or not with a lentivirus overexpressing hTERT, and cells were cultured in vitro until senescence, in the presence or the absence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Different markers of the two main pathways of senescence (replicative ou SIS) were quantified. Senescence develops exponentially with time in culture and is associated with a decrease in cell viability and proliferation. In atherosclerotic patients, cellular aging displays an overlap between replicative and stress-induced senescence: short initial telomere length in vitro and a long exposure to risk factors for CVD in vivo predict the onset of a premature senescence. However, in smoking patients, premature senescence is exclusively induced by oxidative stress. Risk factors for CVD seem to accelerate the biological aging leading to EC dysfunction. When treated chronically with NAC, EC presenting initially lower levels of damage and a better endogenous antioxidant capacity develop a delayed senescence, probably due to a slight hTERT activation. When NAC is combined with an overexpression of hTERT, both pathways triggerring senescence are blocked and cellular immortalization is observed. In contrast, in EC presenting higher levels of damage undergone in vivo, NAC has no effect by itself on the onset of senescence, hTERT delays the onset of senescence in combination or not with NAC, but no cellular immortalization was observed in NAC-hTERT cells. In conclusion, our studies show that a chronic in vivo exposition to oxidative stress associated with risk factors for CVD accelerates the onset of vascular endothelial cells senescence that could potentially contribute to atherogenesis. EC having strong antioxidant defense capacity and DNA repair mechanisms may be rescued from replicative and stress-induced senescence unless EC have undergone an insurmountable cellular and molecular damage possibly due to uncontrolled free radical production associated with risk factors for CVD.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6236.pdf: 2944020 bytes, checksum: dcbf2b2eaca77c3425524a77887f4d6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The aging process affects many systems of the human body, including: autonomic nervous system, which can be assessed by heart rate variability (HRV); cellular structures, such as telomere length; and mechanisms of regulation of the inflammatory process, which can be evaluated by inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). The combined analysis of these variables enables the study of the aging process in a multidimensional way. Additionally, the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on HRV are contradictory. In this way, we conducted the study I, which aimed to investigate the effects of HRT on HRV in healthy postmenopausal women. Two groups were evaluated: Group 1 (G1): 20 women who did not use HRT (60 ± 5.89 years) and group 2 (G2): 20 women undergoing HRT (59 ± 5.70 years). The electrocardiogram was recorded in supine position for 10 min. Spectral analysis included low and high frequency in absolute (LF and HF) and normalized (LFnu and HFnu) units. LF/HF ratio was also calculated. Symbolic analysis (0V%, 1V%, 2LV% e 2UV%), Shannon and conditional entropy were calculated. LF, LFnu and LF/HF ratio were higher, whereas HFnu was lower in G2 than in G1. Correlations between complexity indices and HFnu were significant and positive only in G1. We conclude that women undergoing HRT had higher cardiac sympathetic modulation and reduced cardiac vagal modulation compared to women not using HRT. Moreover, the expected positive relationship between cardiac vagal modulation and HRV complexity was found only in the group not undergoing HRT, indicating that vagal modulation in women under therapy drop below a minimum value necessary to the association to become apparent, suggesting an unfavorable cardiac autonomic modulation in spite of HRT. Considering the findings of the study I, we chose to adopt the use of the therapy as an exclusion criterion for the study II. Thus, the study II aimed to examine the aging effect on heart rate variability in supine and standing, on serum hsCRP and leukocyte telomere length, as well as to verify the age at which the changes caused by aging process are accentuated. One hundred and ten volunteers were divided into five groups according to age: G21-30 years, G31-40 years, G41-50 years, G51-60 years, and G61-70 years. Venous blood samples were collected for measurements of serum hsCRP and telomere length. ECG signals were recorded in rest supine and standing (15 min in each posture). HRV was assessed by spectral analysis in low and high frequencies in absolute (LF e HF) and normalized (LFnu e HFnu) units; symbolic analysis (0V%, 1V%, 2LV% e 2UV%); Shannon entropy; and complexity index (CI) and normalized CI (NCI) from conditional entropy. The main results were: 1) HF and 2UV% reduction (vagal modulation) in G51-60, and 0V% increase (sympathetic modulation) and NCI reduction (complexity) in G61-70, in supine; 2) less efficient response to postural change from supine to standing with advancing age; 3) hsCRP increase in G51-60; 4) telomere shortening in G61-70; 5) in supine, HRV indices showed stronger relationship with the principal component of most relevance from the multivariate principal component analysis, compared to hsCRP and telomere length. Considering that HRV indices in supine had a stronger association with the aging process, we can conclude that the decrease in cardiac vagal modulation may have influenced the increase in serum hsCRP (although normal values), in G51-60, since this effect is described by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Decreased cardiac vagal modulation and increased hsCRP may have contributed to the telomere shortening identified in the following decade (G61-70). In this way, we must consider the importance of preventive actions prior to the onset of aging effects, particularly in the 41-50 age range, in an attempt to attenuate the natural effects of senescence. / O envelhecimento exerce influência sobre vários sistemas do corpo humano, dentre eles: sistema nervoso autonômico, que pode ser avaliado pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC); estruturas celulares, como o comprimento de telômeros; e mecanismos reguladores de processos inflamatórios, que podem ser avaliados por marcadores inflamatórios, como a proteína C-reativa ultra sensível (PCRus). A análise conjunta dessas variáveis permitiria o estudo do processo de envelhecimento de forma multidimensional. Adicionalmente, são controversos os efeitos da terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH) sobre a VFC. Assim, foi realizado o estudo I, o qual teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos da TRH na VFC em mulheres pós-menopáusicas saudáveis. Foram avaliados dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1): 20 mulheres que não faziam uso de TRH (60 ± 5,89 anos) e grupo 2 (G2): 20 mulheres submetidas à TRH (59 ± 5,70 anos). O eletrocardiograma foi registrado na posição supina por 10 min. A análise espectral incluiu a baixa e a alta frequência em unidades absolutas (BF e AF) e normalizadas (BFun e AFun). A relação BF/AF também foi calculada. A análise simbólica (0V%, 1V%, 2LV% e 2UV%), e entropias de Shannon e condicional também foram calculadas. BF, BFun e a razão BF/AF foram maiores, enquanto AFun foi menor no G2 do que no G1. As correlações entre índices de complexidade e AFun foram significativos e positivos apenas no G1. Concluímos que mulheres submetidas à TRH apresentaram maior modulação cardíaca simpática e menor modulação cardíaca vagal em comparação às que não faziam a terapia. Além disso, a relação positiva esperada entre modulação cardíaca vagal e a complexidade da VFC foi encontrada apenas no grupo não submetido à TRH, indicando que a modulação vagal em mulheres sob a terapia não atinge um valor mínimo necessário para a associação se tornar aparente, sugerindo uma modulação autonômica cardíaca desfavorável, apesar da TRH. A partir dos achados do estudo I, optou-se por adotar, como critério de exclusão para o estudo II, o uso da terapia. Assim, o estudo II teve por objetivo analisar o efeito do envelhecimento sobre a VFC nas posições supina e ortostática, os níveis séricos da PCRus e o comprimento de telômeros leucocitários, além de verificar em qual faixa etária se acentuam as alterações provocadas pelo processo de envelhecimento. Foram avaliados 110 voluntários, divididos em cinco grupos, de acordo com a idade: G21-30 anos, G31-40 anos, G41-50 anos, G51-60 anos e G61-70 anos. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas para medidas de PCRus e comprimento de telômeros. Os sinais eletrocardiográficos foram registrados em repouso nas posições supina e ortostática (15 min em cada postura). A VFC foi avaliada por índices de baixa e alta frequências em unidades absolutas (BF e AF) e normalizadas (BFun e AFun) da análise espectral; índices 0V%, 1V%, 2LV% e 2UV% da análise simbólica; entropia de Shannon; e índice de complexidade (IC) e IC normalizado (ICN) da entropia condicional. Os principais resultados foram: 1) redução de AF e 2UV% (modulação vagal) em G51-60, além de aumento de 0V% (modulação simpática) e diminuição de ICN (complexidade) em G61-70 na posição supina; 2) resposta menos eficiente à manobra de mudança postural de supino para ortostatismo com o avanço da idade; 3) aumento da PCRus em G51-60; 4) encurtamento do comprimento de telômeros em G61-70; 5) na posição supina, os índices da VFC apresentaram relação mais alta com o componente principal de maior relevância, proveniente da análise multivariada por componentes principais, em comparação à PCRus e ao comprimento de telômeros. Considerando-se que os índices da VFC na posição supina apresentaram uma associação mais forte com o envelhecimento, podemos concluir que a diminuição da modulação cardíaca vagal possa ter contribuído para o aumento dos níveis séricos de PCRus (apesar dos valores estarem dentro de faixa de normalidade), na faixa etária de 51 a 60 anos, uma vez que este efeito é descrito pela via anti-inflamatória colinérgica. A diminuição da modulação cardíaca vagal e o aumento da PCRus podem ter contribuído para o encurtamento de telômeros, identificado na década seguinte, de 61 a 70 anos. Dessa maneira, torna-se importante a proposição de ações preventivas em faixas etárias anteriores ao início das alterações provocadas pelo envelhecimento, especialmente na década de 41 a 50 anos, na tentativa de atenuar os efeitos naturais da senescência.