This dissertation interrogates the links between immigration, citizenship, and social inequality by exploring temporary migrants' lived experiences of social exclusion in Manitoba. Based within a provincial context that supports temporary migrants' transitions to permanent residency through the Provincial Nominee Program, I examine how the promise of permanent settlement and a two-step immigration process influences migration decisions and the lived experiences that follow. Also, this dissertation highlights the ways in which temporary migrants find ways to exercise agency as they negotiate a complex migration system that is designed to exclude them. Drawing on twenty-six in-depth qualitative interviews and informed by a narrative methodology, I analyze accounts of temporary migrants who work in the hog processing industry in two rural communities. Using a theoretical lens informed by segmented labour market theory and citizenship theories, the dissertation reveals how processes of social exclusion are the outcomes of both labour market positions and legal exclusion from full membership in a nation-state. As a result, temporary migrants are positioned in an uncertain state of partial legal and social belonging. Theorizing the social effects of temporary migrants' location both in the labour market and in the complex matrix of legal statuses demonstrates the nuanced ways that temporary migrants understand how they can and do fit in Canadian society and make decisions based on such understandings. A significant empirical finding from this research is that having options for permanent residency is not a panacea for temporary migrants' unequal and marginalized social locations. In fact, the promise of permanent residency can contribute to an imbalance of power where employers have control over the futures of temporary migrants and their families. Pervasive effects of non-permanent status persist long after transitions to permanent resident status and are compounded by social dimensions such as language, class, gender, and race to shape temporary migrants' ability to engage in Canadian society. My analysis reveals the ways in which government designations (legal status) lack the ability to entirely erase social markers, making it questionable whether such classifications can restructure the social interactions and experiences of temporary migrants. / February 2016

Since the late 1980's, China has experienced the world's largest peacetime out-migration of its rural labor force to urban areas. The temporary nature of the labor migration complicates the control on this mobile population, and its multi-faceted influence on the whole economy makes the migration policy controversial. Based on cross-sectional Chinese rural household survey data, this study analyzes the effects of migration on rural areas and explores the determinants of the participation and duration of the temporary migration. The first chapter investigates how parental migration affects the decision of enrolling children in high school through migration's effects on household income and the opportunity cost of schooling in rural China. The opportunity cost of schooling is approximated by the marginal productivity of children imputed from family production estimation, which controls for potential endogeneity in the time allocation decisions of family members. The empirical results show that temporary migration of parents raises their children's probability of high school enrollment by 3.2%, resulting primarily from a positive income effect. These findings suggest that reductions in barriers to migration raise rural household earnings, and foster the investment in children's education. The second chapter studies the determinants of participation and duration of temporary rural-urban migration in China highlighting the role of education and migrant networks. The Probit and Logit models are fitted to the dichotomous migration participation estimation. To correct for the sample selection bias, Heckman's two-step procedure is used to estimate the length of migratory work. Empirical results confirm the existence of a migrant network effect on both migration participation and migration length. Schooling increases migration probability non-linearly and its effect on migration length is insignificant once migration is controlled. Furthermore, the positive effect of migrant networks on migration participation is especially prominent among individuals with junior and senior high school education. / Ph. D.

The significance of flows of temporary, skilled labour migrants under conditions of globalization is widely acknowledged. Using a case study of elite cricket professionals moving from the UK to Australia for a maximum duration of 6 months, out and return migration flows and processes are examined. In doing so, this thesis exposes migration motives, notably in relation to career progression and personal development, and the processes and regulations that control temporary sojourns. Furthermore, the discussion reveals important social, cultural, economic and familial impacts of undertaking temporary, skilled, international migration. Using this case study of a sport-led migration, a largely under-researched occupational sector in migration studies, a number of theoretical, conceptual and empirical contributions are provided, which advance knowledge of skilled, international migration. First, utilising Bourdieu's (1986) notions of capital as an analytical framework, the comparative importance of migration motives are emphasised. Second, it is shown that migration can be viewed as a normalised aspect of a skilled worker's career trajectory, and that desired outcomes can be achieved during increasingly temporary stays overseas. Third, a three phase model of the migration flow is adopted to enable the development of professionalization and migration within cricket to be examined. It is asserted that cricket, as a professional sport, has changed under conditions of globalization, alongside smaller scale developments initiated by both employers and intermediaries, and the migrant cricketers. It is concluded that these connections will have salience for the other skilled occupations identified in Salt's (1997) typology of highly-skilled migrants.

ABSTRACT: Temporary migration, especially men moving to their place of work, was an intrinsic feature of the former Apartheid system in South Africa. Since the demise of Apartheid an increasing proportion of women have also been migrating to their place of work, and oscillating between work place and home. Temporary migration can be defined as oscillating migration between a home base and at least one other place, usually for work, but also for other reasons like education. This study demonstrates that in the Agincourt study population, in the rural northeast of South Africa, adult female temporary migration is an increasing trend. By conducting a survival analysis, the study evaluates the mortality outcomes, specifically infant and child mortality rates, of children born to female temporary migrants compared with children of non-migrant women. Based on the findings presented we accept the null hypothesis that there is presently no discernable impact (positive or negative) of maternal temporary migration on infant and child mortality. There seems to be a slight protective factor associated with mother’s migration when tested at a univariate level. However, through multivariate analysis, it is shown that this advantage relates to the higher education status of migrating mothers. When women become tertiary educated there is a survival advantage to their children and these women are also more likely to migrate. The study highlights greater child mortality risks associated with settled Mozambicans (former refugees) and unmarried mothers. Both of these risk factors reflect the impact of high levels of social deprivation.

Les migrations intérieures en Chine sont régulées par le système du Hukou. Celui-ci distingue la population rurale de la population urbaine et matérialise le droit d’accès aux biens publics du lieu d’enregistrement. Deux types de migration sont à distinguer selon que l’individu a pu convertir/ transférer ou non son Hukou en déplacement : migration permanente et migration temporaire. Notre recherche adopte donc une approche dichotomique et comparatiste en vue d’avoir une vue plus intégrale de la migration intérieure en Chine.D’abord, nous nous interrogeons sur les déterminants du choix de la localisation. Le résultat économétrique montre que la migration temporaire est plus déterminée que la migration permanente par les caractéristiques du marché du travail (salaire et chômage). Par ailleurs, les afflux de l’IDE et le développement de l’entreprise rurale représentent un attrait significatif pour les migrants temporaires, contrairement aux migrants permanents. L’autre remarque consiste dans l’attraction des régions autonomes de minorité à l’égard des migrants permanents.Ensuite, nous nous demandons si les deux types de migration créent des différences en termes de profils individuels et d’insertions professionnelles des migrants. Les permanents sont plus qualifiés que les natifs urbains alors que les temporaires sont loin derrière. Quant aux insertions professionnelles, deux indicateurs sont choisis : accès à l’emploi et rémunération. Les temporaires gagnent de 14 à 20% de moins, même si les attributs du capital humain sont contrôlés. Sans discrimination institutionnelle, ils verraient leur proportion dans l’auto-recrutement baisser de 34 %, alors qu’elle augmenterait de 11% pour l’employé et de 50% pour l’ouvrier, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Or, les permanents sont beaucoup mieux insérés. Ils connaissent seulement une légère discrimination salariale, mais une « discrimination positive » pour l’accès à l’emploi par rapport aux natifs.A la fin de la thèse, nous nous intéressons aux rationalités du système du Hukou. D’une part, la ville d’accueil se sert du Hukou, grâce à la migration permanente, pour attirer les facteurs de production dont elle a besoin : capital et travail qualifié. D’autre part, elle peut bénéficier de la main-d’oeuvre de moindre coût, sans assumer les coûts sociaux à travers la migration temporaire. La Chine en a retiré des gains considérables, tels que la sécurité alimentaire, l’industrialisation à faible coût et la diminution du chômage urbain. Mais les coûts du maintien de ce système sont devenus plus préoccupants à l’heure actuelle, dans la mesure où il renforce la disparité économique, restreint la demande intérieure et forme une attention insuffisante sur les droits et l’égalité. C’est pourquoi nous proposons des mesures de réforme en insistant sur le rôle du gouvernement central. / In China, internal migrations are governed by the Hukou system. This system distinguishes between rural and urban residents and gives citizens' right to public service of the place of registration. We distinguish two types of migration depending on whether the individual was able to convert/transfer his/her Hukou during his/her moves: permanent and temporary migrations. This study will adopt a dichotomous and comparatist approach so as to have a more comprehensive view of internal migrations in China.First of all, we will analyze the determining factors of location purposes. The econometric result suggests that, compared to permanent migration, temporary moves are caused by variations in the labour market (wages, unemployment). Furthermore, the FDI inflows, and EVB (village enterprise) development are great incentives for temporary migration unlike permanent migration. Another observation is related to the attractiveness of autonomous minority regions for permanent migrants.Secondly, we wonder if both types of migration generate some differences in the individual profiles and the integration of workers. Permanent migrants are more qualified than urban residents, while temporary migrants are far behind them. As far as vocational integration is concerned, two indicators have been selected: access to employment and wages. The temporary workers earn 14 to 20% less than the others; their ratio in self-recruitment would otherwise be 34% lower but it would be 11% higher for the employee and 50% for the worker, all things being equal. On the other hand, the permanent migrants are only faced with low wage discrimination, and to a “positive discrimination” as far as access to employment is considered.At the end of the thesis, we will focus on the rationale of the Hukou system. The host towns resort to the Hukou system to attract permanent migrants in order to obtain the production factors they need: investment and skilled labour. Through temporary migration, they can take benefit from low-cost manpower without accepting the social costs. It is obvious that China has substantially gained by the contemporary Hukou system: food security, low-cost industrialization, and control over urban unemployment. However, the cost of maintaining it is increasingly worrying since it reinforces economic disparity, reduces domestic demand, and causes the policy to depart from aim of right and equality. In this case, it will be an opportunity to propose reforms while emphasising the role of the central government.

Orientador: Alice Yatiyo Asari / Banca: Eliseu Savério Sposito / Banca: Ruth Youko Tsukamato / Resumo: Procuramos analisar as migrações internacionais a partir da concepção da mobilidade do trabalho, ou seja, acreditamos que estas ocorrem, somente, impulsionadas pelo mercado e que estão inseridas dentro de um contexto político, econômico e social que propicia a mobilidade espacial de trabalhadores. Estas migrações assumem um caráter temporário, uma vez que o migrante se desloca por um período determinado almejando melhores rendimentos que lhe possibilite melhores condições de vida ao retornar ao país de origem. A pesquisa aborda o grupo de descendentes de japoneses de Londrina que vão trabalhar no Japão, na qualidade de trabalhadores não especializados, aproveitando a falta deste tipo de mão-de-obra naquele país, realizando o fluxo inverso de seus pais e avós que chegaram ao Brasil no início do século com perspectivas semelhantes, ou seja, poder retornar ao país e iniciar uma vida com melhores condições materiais. Procuramos, assim, trabalhar os dois momentos migratórios da comunidade nipo-brasileira; o de imigração, com a chegada dos japoneses no início do século e o de emigração com a partida de seus descendentes para o Japão. Acreditamos que, nas duas situações, a busca por melhores condições de vida foi determinante na decisão da partida, sendo um atrativo para a mobilidade da força de trabalho. Verificamos que ao migrar, o nikkei passa por algumas... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: We tried to analyze the international migrations starting from the conception of the mobility of the work, that is, we believe that they occur only impelled by the market and that they are inside a politic, economic and social context which propitiates the workers the space mobility. These migrations assume a temporary aspect, since the migrant moves for a determined period of time trying to achieve better income, which will allow him/her better life condition upon arriving to his/her origin country. The research approaches the group of Japanese descendants from Londrina that goes to Japan to work as non-specialized workers, taking advantage of the lack of labor in that country, taking the opposite flow from their parents and grandparents who arrived in Brazil in the beginning of the century with the same perspectives, that is, returning to their country and begin a new life with better conditions. We tried to work on the two migratory moments of the nippo-brazilian community, the immigration, with the arriving of the Japanese in the beginning of the century, and the emigration, with the departure of their descendants to Japan. We believe that in the two situations, the search for better life conditions was determinant for the departure, attracting the mobility of the work power. We verified that when migrating, the nikkei goes through some difficulties related to the adaptation to the new country, with the relationship with the Japanese and the other Brazilian dekasseguis who assume a position of competitivity... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 melchior_l_me_prud.pdf: 3678462 bytes, checksum: 358427388c06c2850c970a5c6c5c43bd (MD5) / Procuramos analisar as migrações internacionais a partir da concepção da mobilidade do trabalho, ou seja, acreditamos que estas ocorrem, somente, impulsionadas pelo mercado e que estão inseridas dentro de um contexto político, econômico e social que propicia a mobilidade espacial de trabalhadores. Estas migrações assumem um caráter temporário, uma vez que o migrante se desloca por um período determinado almejando melhores rendimentos que lhe possibilite melhores condições de vida ao retornar ao país de origem. A pesquisa aborda o grupo de descendentes de japoneses de Londrina que vão trabalhar no Japão, na qualidade de trabalhadores não especializados, aproveitando a falta deste tipo de mão-de-obra naquele país, realizando o fluxo inverso de seus pais e avós que chegaram ao Brasil no início do século com perspectivas semelhantes, ou seja, poder retornar ao país e iniciar uma vida com melhores condições materiais. Procuramos, assim, trabalhar os dois momentos migratórios da comunidade nipo-brasileira; o de imigração, com a chegada dos japoneses no início do século e o de emigração com a partida de seus descendentes para o Japão. Acreditamos que, nas duas situações, a busca por melhores condições de vida foi determinante na decisão da partida, sendo um atrativo para a mobilidade da força de trabalho. Verificamos que ao migrar, o nikkei passa por algumas... / We tried to analyze the international migrations starting from the conception of the mobility of the work, that is, we believe that they occur only impelled by the market and that they are inside a politic, economic and social context which propitiates the workers the space mobility. These migrations assume a temporary aspect, since the migrant moves for a determined period of time trying to achieve better income, which will allow him/her better life condition upon arriving to his/her origin country. The research approaches the group of Japanese descendants from Londrina that goes to Japan to work as non-specialized workers, taking advantage of the lack of labor in that country, taking the opposite flow from their parents and grandparents who arrived in Brazil in the beginning of the century with the same perspectives, that is, returning to their country and begin a new life with better conditions. We tried to work on the two migratory moments of the nippo-brazilian community, the immigration, with the arriving of the Japanese in the beginning of the century, and the emigration, with the departure of their descendants to Japan. We believe that in the two situations, the search for better life conditions was determinant for the departure, attracting the mobility of the work power. We verified that when migrating, the nikkei goes through some difficulties related to the adaptation to the new country, with the relationship with the Japanese and the other Brazilian dekasseguis who assume a position of competitivity... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise Miranda de Figueiredo.pdf: 907332 bytes, checksum: 359b400b33ab1251d2e5084d6818d4ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This doctoral thesis submitted to the Program of Postgraduate Studies in Clinical Psychology at the Catholic University of São Paulo aims to understand the unique experiences of displacement of college students to the capital city of São Paulo, from different regions of the African continent, enrolled in institutions of Higher Education. In this research we opted for a qualitative approach to present this as the most appropriate, since it is based on a paradigm that involves the human subjectivity, enabling participants to build relationships that allow greater access to the meanings of experiences for them. As a tool, we use the semi-structured interview, which allows the creation of a field in which conversational participants can bring their personal experiences, narrating them in a natural and peaceful form. To cope with this challenge, we interviewed six young men who live this experience. Two of these young people are from Angola, two from Guinea-Bissau, one student is Nigerian and another, from Cape Verde. In conducting the interview transcript we look at the recurring lines between the narratives of young people and the central themes that emerged them, thus guiding the construction of our categories and subcategories that were analyzed. Namely: Category I: My network in Africa; Where did I come from? Category II: Where am I? Who can I count on? Who do I think about? Category III: The Brazil experienced and the Brazil reported. Category IV: Prejudice and its different shades. And as subcategories: The difficult art of identifying veiled prejudice, ignorance reinforcing prejudice, blackness in Brazil and its impact on migration of young people, prejudice among Africans themselves and the different nuances of feeling alone. Category V: Marks imprinted by the migration experience / Esta tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Psicologia Clínica da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo tem como objetivo compreender experiências singulares de deslocamento de estudantes universitários para a cidade de São Paulo, capital, provenientes de diferentes regiões do Continente Africano, matriculados em instituições de Ensino Superior. Nesta pesquisa optamos pela abordagem qualitativa por esta se apresentar como a mais adequada, visto que está baseada num paradigma que contempla a subjetividade humana, possibilitando construir relações com os participantes, que permitem maior acessibilidade aos significados das experiências vividas por eles. Como instrumento, utilizamos a entrevista semiestruturada, a qual permite a criação de um campo conversacional em que os participantes poderão trazer suas experiências pessoais, narrando-as de forma natural e tranquila. Para dar conta deste desafio, entrevistamos seis jovens que vivem essa experiência. Dois destes jovens são provenientes de Angola, dois, da Guiné-Bissau, uma estudante é nigeriana e outra, proveniente de Cabo Verde. Na realização da transcrição das entrevistas nos atentamos às falas recorrentes entre as narrativas dos jovens e para os temas centrais que delas surgiram, norteando assim a construção das nossas categorias e subcategorias que foram analisadas. A saber: I Categoria: Minha rede na África; De onde venho? II Categoria: Onde estou? Com quem conto hoje? De quem me lembrarei? III Categoria: O Brasil noticiado e o Brasil experimentado. IV Categoria: O preconceito e suas diferentes tonalidades. E como subcategorias: A difícil arte de identificar o preconceito velado, a ignorância reforçando o preconceito, a negritude no Brasil e seu impacto na migração dos jovens, o preconceito entre os próprios Africanos e as diferentes nuances de sentir-se só. V Categoria: Marcas impressas pela experiência de migração

Background: The study is based in post-apartheid South Africa and looks at the health and well being of households in the rural northeast. Temporary migration remains important in South Africa because it functions as a mainstay for income and even survival of rural communities. The economic base of rural South Africans is surprisingly low because there is high inequity at a national level, within and between racial groups. There has now been a democratic system in place for 15 years and there is no longer restriction of mobility, but there remain high levels of poverty in rural areas and rising mortality rates. Migration patterns did not change after apartheid in the manner expected. We need to examine consequences of migration and learn how to offset negative impacts with targeted policies. Aims: To determine a relevant typology of migration in a typical rural sending community, namely the Agincourt sub-district of Mpumalanga, South Africa, and relate it to the urban transition at a national level – Paper (I) . To evaluate the dynamics of socio-economic status in this rural community and examine the relationship with migration – Paper (II). To explore, using longitudinal methods, the impact of migration on key dimensions of health, including adult and child mortality, and sexual partnerships, over a period of an emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic – Papers (III), (IV) and (V). Methods: The health and socio-demographic surveillance system (HDSS) is a large open cohort where the migration dynamics are monitored as they unfold. They are recorded as temporary or permanent migration. Settled refugees are captured using nationality on entry into the HDSS. Longitudinal methods, namely a household panel and two discrete time event history analyses, are used to examine consequences of migration. Results: Migration features prominently and different types have different age and sex profiles. Temporary migration impacts the most on socio-economic status (SES) and health, but permanent migration and the settlement of former refugees are also important. Remittances from migrants make a significant difference to SES. For the poorest households the key factors improving SES are government grants and female temporary migration, while for less poor it is male temporary migration and local employment. Migration has been associated with HIV. Migrants that return more frequently may be less exposed to outside partners and therefore less implicated in the HIV epidemic. There are links between migration and mortality including a higher risk of dying for returnee migrants compared to permanent residents. A mother’s migration can impact on child survival after accounting for other factors. There remains a higher mortality risk for children of Mozambican former refugee parents. Interpretation: Migration changes the risks and resources for health with positive and negative implications. Measures such as improved transportation and roads should be seen as a positive, not a negative intervention, even though it will create more migration. Health services need to adapt to a reality of high levels of circular migration ranging from budget allocation to referral systems. Data should be enhanced at a national level by accounting for temporary migration in national censuses and surveys. At individual level we can offset negative consequences by treating migrants as persons striving against adversity, instead of unwelcome visitors in our better-off communities.

This thesis is concerned with the ways in which the laws and policies governing labour migration shape the relationship between migrant workers, employers, and labour markets in advanced industrialised countries. Specifically, it elucidates the intersections of immigration and labour market regulatory norms, structures, and processes that have salient implications for migrants’ work relations. The notions of ‘hyper-dependence’ and ‘hyper-precarity’ are developed as the main analytical and normative lenses in this thesis for examining the particular vulnerabilities associated with migrants’ precarious statuses under contemporary labour migration regimes. Hyper-dependence refers to an acute dependence that transcends the immediate context of an employment relationship, where other aspects of a worker’s life critically depend on that employer. For migrant workers, hyper-dependence may arise where their legal statuses is tethered to a specific employer sponsorship, accompanied by other de jure and de facto restrictions on their labour mobility. Hyper-precarity seeks to capture the multifaceted insecurities and uncertainties in migrants’ work relations and their broader migration projects, which are linked to their exclusion, in law and in practice, from a wide array of social, economic, and civil rights in the host state. Engaging with the various and often competing goals and concerns of immigration law and labour law, the two concepts of hyper-dependence and hyper-precarity are developed and applied through an in-depth comparative analysis of the legal and regulatory architectures of two contemporary temporary migrant workers’ programmes (TMWPs): Australia’s Temporary Work (Skilled) Subclass 457 Visa (‘457 visa’) scheme and the United Kingdom’s Tier 2 (General) visa scheme. In recent years, TMWPs in advanced industrialised countries have been touted by global and national policymakers as a desirable labour migration instrument that delivers ‘triple wins’ for host states, home states, and migrants and their families. I situate the normative concerns of the legally constructed hyper-dependence and hyper-precarity in the ethical debates on TMWPs in liberal states. I also consider how the worst extremes of the two ‘hyper’ conditions combined in highly exploitative work relations could be ameliorated, and in doing so propose some ideas for reforming key features of current TMWPs to enable migrants to exit any employment relationship and to resort to a range of voice mechanisms in the workplace.