This paper aims to study, from a legal dogmatic method, the Swedish legislation on fixed-term work related to the EU directive 99/70/EC 1. In particular, the directives demand to prevent abuse of frequent temporary employment. An employer may, in agreement with the Swedish legislation combine different types of temporary employment, to prolong the time in the temporary employment. In this proceeding an employer can avoid employing an employee in a permanent position. For example, an employee can be employed in a probationary period of six months, in a general temporary employment for a maximum of 24 months, and thereafter in a temporary position for a maximum of 24 months before the employment turns into a permanent position. This provided that the employments were made by the same employer, and within five years. The EU Commission has requested Sweden to change its legislation in harmony with the fixed-term work directive requirements to prevent abuse of repetitive fixed-term contracts. Sweden now has two months to implement the Directive otherwise the Commission may bring an action against Sweden at the European Court of Justice. The Ministry of Employment and the TCO have presented a legislative draft on how the Swedish law should instead be designed. In 2012 there were 661,000 people with fixed-term contracts in Sweden, 288,000 of them were men and 373,000 were women. There are mostly women who have fixed-term employments. This may result in women being more vulnerable than men in terms of for example the economy. Fixed-term employments can cause difficulties in obtaining loans or gaining access to the housing market. For society, temporary jobs lead to higher costs compared to permanent employment. If fixed-term employments are increasing, it will lead to more short periods of unemployment and rising costs including unemployment insurance.

Background: It is debated whether temporary employment compared to permanent employment entails an elevated risk of illness or not, as the empirical studies have not shown a unified picture. Since a significant part of the Swedish workforce is currently working under temporary employment contracts, it is important for public health research to pay close attention to what the implications in terms of illness might be. Therefore the aim of this thesis was to explore the relationship between temporary employment and illness. Methods: This thesis was based on data from the Northern Swedish Cohort, consisting of all pupils in grade 9 in Luleå in 1981 (n=1083). The cohort was followed with extensive questionnaires. The latest follow-up was performed in year 2007, when 94% participated. To analyse the quantitative questionnaire data, logistic regression and trajectory analysis were used. A qualitative method, Grounded Theory, was also applied in this thesis to analyse interviews performed in 2011, with a strategic selection of 12 participants from the cohort. Results: Quantitative data showed that temporary employees had overall higher odds ratios for illness in terms of psychological distress and non-optimal self-rated health compared to permanent employees. This general difference in odds ratios was evident irrespective of how temporary employment was measured as well as after control for earlier health status and confounders. The qualitative analysis gained insight into temporary employment as social processes of: underling the driving force for employment; working hard for a job. The structural conditions emerged in terms of, being used and exploited on the labour market and these conditions were related to the individual strategies of adaptation and coping. In the intersection of agency, structural conditions and adaption, emotional and bodily reactions emerged, such as being worn out, worried and wrathful. Conclusion: Illness is unevenly distributed between temporary and permanent employees, with temporary employees being the unfavourable group. Striving for good and evenly distributed health conditions in the population, policy makers should aim at reducing the number of employees working in temporary contracts. In addition, there is a need to improve surveillance of the health situation among temporary employees and to reduce unfavourable conditions, such as job and financial insecurity and unemployment, among temporary employees.

The primary aim of the thesis is to explain informality with the help of labor market segmentation theory in the case of Turkey. In so doing, the informalization process in Turkey is discussed with reference to not only the definitional confusions in different conceptualizations of the informal sector in the literature, but also trade liberalization, privatization, subcontracting relationships and the notion of &ldquo / flexible firm&rdquo / , as well. In order to find an answer to the question of &ldquo / how the dimensions of informality fit into the perception about labor market segmentation theory&rdquo / , the field surveys conducted by different authors are analyzed. The findings of these field surveys confirm a possible explanation of informalization via labor market segmentation theory in Turkey.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Mainz.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [131]-139).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le dualisme contractuel existant sur le marché du travail français.Je m'intéresse aux flux ayant lieu sur le marché du travail français en mettant en lumière l'importance des contrats à durée déterminée dans ces flux.La législation française sur la protection de l'emploi semble a priori claire et concise et les entreprises soumises à des règles strictes en ce qui concerne la gestion de leur main d’œuvre.Toutefois, il semblerait qu'en pratique, les contraintes pesant sur les firmes en terme d'utilisation de contrats temporaires ne soient pas si claires et que la vision du contrat à durée indéterminée comme forme ``normale" de relation de travail ne soit pas si évidente pour les firmes.En effet, l'on observe que leur utilisation est très fréquente et concerne des emplois dont la durée est de plus en plus courte. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du marché du travail français et l'impact du dualisme contractuel. A cette fin, cette thèse est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitreévalue l'ampleur des flux d'emplois et de travailleurs sur la période 1998-2012 en mettant en évidence l'impact de la crise de 2008 sur ces flux ainsi que le potentiel renforcement du dualisme contractuel après cette date.Je tiens compte des spécificités sectorielles en isolant les secteurs autorisés à utiliser les contrats dits d'usage afin d'étudier le comportement des firmes en terme d'embauche dans ces secteurs particuliers.Je détaille également l'évolution de ces flux d'emplois et de travailleurs en fonction de la taille des firmes. De plus, j'étudie l'évolution de la durée des contrats à durée déterminée sur cette même période. Enfin, je mets en œuvre un modèle économétrique visant à mettre en lumière les principaux déterminants de l'embauche en contrat à durée déterminée. Dans le second chapitre, je mesure les transitions d'état à état ayant lieu sur le marché du travail français ainsi que leur impact sur la volatilité du taux de chômage. A cette fin, j'utilise un modèle à trois états (en emploi, au chômage, inactif) ainsi qu'un modèle à quatre états (en contrat à durée indéterminée, en contrat à durée déterminée, au chômage, inactif) permettant de prendre en compte le dualisme contractuel caractérisant beaucoup de marchés du travail européens. Ce type de modèle à quatre états constitue une réelle nouveauté dans le sens où celui-ci n'a jamais été mis en œuvre pour la France. Enfin, le troisième article pour objectif d'analyser les conséquences de l'introduction d'une taxe sur les contrats à durée déterminée dans le but d'inciter les firmes à embaucher davantage en contrat à durée indéterminée et à augmenter la durée des contrats. Cette mesure a récemment été mise en place, sous diverses formes, dans plusieurs pays européens. En ce qui concerne la France, cette taxe a été instaurée par l'Accord National Interprofessionnel signé en 2013.Pour ce faire, un modèle d'appariement est estimé sur des données françaises provenant de l'UNEDIC s'appuyant sur le modèle proposé par Cahuc, Charlot et Malherbet (2016). / This thesis study the dualism existing on the French labor market. Especially, I study job and worker flows and the role played by temporary contracts in those flows. The employment protection legislation is stringent in France then firms are subject to important rules when they adjust their workforce. However, it seems that the employment legislation governing the use of temporary contracts is not so binding in practice since this type of contract is widely used and that their duration is more and more shorter. In order to have a better knowledge of the French labor market and of the dualism, this thesis is divided in three chapters. The first one quantifies job and worker flows over the 1998-2012 period and explores the possible impact of the 2008 crisis on those flows taking into account industry characteristics. In addition, I study the evolution of contracts' duration and I propose an econometric analysis that highlight the determinants of temporary hirings.The second chapter quantifies transitions existing on the French labor market and their impact on unemployment volatility. I use a three-state (employed, unemployed, inactive) and a four-state model (permanently employed, temporary employed, unemployed, inactive). This latest model has never been studied for the French case yet.Finally, the last chapter analyzes the consequences of the implementation of a tax on short-term contracts that is supposed to encorage firms to hire with permanent contracts and increase the duration of contracts. This kind of reform has been in several european countries. In France, this tax was implemented by the Interprofessional agreement in july 2013. A search and matching model is estimated on French data from UNEDIC using the model proposed by Caguc, Charlot and Malherbet (2016).

The impact of labor market insecurity on immigrants’ mental health is understudied. This current study investigated whether labor market insecurity, as measured by different employment arrangements, has detrimental impact on immigrants’ depression, and if so, how it compares to the role of unemployment. Furthermore, this study investigated whether labor market insecurity had more detrimental impact on immigrants than non-immigrants. To do so, data from seventh wave of European Social Survey (2014/2015) was divided into three separate immigrant groups; first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants and non-immigrants. The results shows that labor market insecurity among immigrants had detrimental impact on mental health. The effects were not restricted to the first- generation immigrants’ mental health, they could also be observed in the second-generation immigrants and among non-immigrants. The results presented in this thesis show that not only unemployment, but also insecure employment arrangement have negative impact on mental health, both among immigrants and non-immigrants.

Over decades, job satisfaction has generated active empirical research. Similarly, organizational commitment, another attitudinal variable in the work domain, strongly related to, but distinctly different from job satisfaction, received comparatively equal research scrutiny. However, research on the impact of labour broking on employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment is nonexistent in Namibia. Using a quantitative approach, within a positivist paradigm, the purpose of this thesis was to examine the impact of labour broking on employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment as well as to determine the dynamics that mediate such experiences. These experiences were examined through a 5-dimensional, 72-item Job Descriptive Index and a 3-dimensional, 12-item Organizational Commitment Questionnaire over a sample size of 108 temporary and permanent employees, drawn through random probability sampling in a number of Namibian organizations that make use of labour hire services. These experiences were further amplified by face-to-face interviews over a sub sample of 20 employees. Data analysis was carried out using the chi-square, correlation, t-tests and multiple regression techniques of the STATISTICA software. Drawing on the principles of the multi dimensional theory of organizational commitment, the Cornell dispositional theory of job satisfaction and the temporary employee stigmatization model, results revealed that variables of employment status, tenure, inadequate income, inappropriate supervision and fear of job losses ahead of a newly proposed piece of legislat st labour hire ractices significantly influenced job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employees. Estimates indicate that for a mere change in tenure, job satisfaction levels will significantly rise by 0.26 units, whereas organizational commitment will augment by 0.03 units. However, for every N$ fall in employees’ pay, we can expect job satisfaction levels to decrease by 26%, but with significant effects. The study recommends that organizations must adopt policies that grant permanent tenure to all their employees, position them in respected and challenging jobs in which they will grow skills and ensure that all employees are remunerated with pay that signals their contribution to the organizations. In doing so, the negative effects of labour broking will disappear and employees will be satisfied with their jobs and Tommitted to their organizations.

The core of the research focuses on the Temporary Employment Services (TES) Industry and its ability to provide labour flexibility for a number of client firms. The underlying notion that work is changing and becoming more flexible creates an exploratory realm for the concept of non-standard employment. The thesis draws on the conceptual model of the „flexible firm‟ and argues that the rise in non-standard forms of employment, particularly temporary employment within the TES industry, is primarily a result of the demand for labour flexibility. The TES industry that offers „labour on demand‟ is found to be an extremely secretive industry that is diverse in both its structure and services. The thesis reveals that the clients within the triangular employment relationship (TER) are reaping the most benefits especially with regard to escaping their obligations as the employer. The thesis explores human resource practices, unfair labour practices and the extensive loopholes exploited by the TES industry because of poor regulation. Consequently, the industry creates an „underclass‟ that is unprotected, insecure and easily exploitable. Qualitative research techniques were used in the form of semi-structured interviews. The thesis provides insights into the demand and supply of temporary workers in Port Elizabeth and addresses the problems associated with a TER and the TES industry as a whole.