This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between morphological tense forms of Japanese, such as (r)u ("non-past") and ta ("past"), and their temporal interpretation. The goal of the research reported here is to establish a simple overall theory. The analysis focuses on the following sentence types: simple sentences, complex sentences (without conditional sentences), conditional complex sentences and sentences with an embedded clause. We will show here a few examples of problems as to temporal interpretations. In simple sentences, there are cases such as (1), which deviate from the norm of "normal" interpretation. Sentence (1) (with the “past” form of ta) can be uttered felicitously even in a situation where the bus in question has not yet arrived. (1)Busu ga ki-ta! Bus nom come-ta ‘The bus is coming.’ Or ‘The bus has come.’ In complex sentences, the antecedent clause in sentences with toki 'when', can take either (r)u or ta forms in sentence (2), while it cannot take the ta form in sentence 93), although the antecedent clauses in both sentences are interpreted as non-past. (2) Kondo a-u/at-ta toki, hanashi-ma-su. Next-time see-(r)u/see-ta toki talk-polite-(r)u ‘Next time when (I) see (you), (I) will tell (it to you).’ (3)Yuushoku o su-ru/*shi-ta toki, biiru o nom-u. supper acc do-(r)u/do-ta toki beer acc drink-(r)u ‘When (I) take supper, (I) will drink beer.’ In regard to conditional complex sentences, there can be a problem interpreting ta, as in hypothetical sentence (4) below. The ta of the consequent clause in example (4) cannot be evaluated (interpreted) as being the same as the ta in example (5) where we have an indicative sentence. (4) Taroo wa benkyoo shi-ta ra, shaken ni pasu shi-ta (no ni). Taro top study do-ta ra exam in pass do-ta (SFP-‘wishing’) ‘Had Taro studied, he should/would have passed the exam.’ (5) Taroo wa shiken ni pasu shi-ta. ‘Taro passed the exam.’ In this account the morphemes (r)u and ta will be associated with a single interpretation. Therefore, the difference between (2) and (3) will be attributed to two distinct modes of composition. In order to solve the problem of simple sentences wuch as (1) (which deviate from the norm of "normal interpretations"), a pragmatic (contextual) approach will be introduced. In regard to conditional sentences, interpretations will be classified on the basis of truth relations and temporal interpretations of antecedent and consequent. In order to treat the range of observed truth relations, a model of time and worlds will be introduced. In summary, in order to solve the problematic phenomena of relationships between the tense forms and their interpretations, the following approaches will be taken: (i) Use of a time model; (ii) Analysis of lexical properties; (iii) Sentence composition; (iv) Contextual analysis for pragmatic aspects.

Thesis (DLitt)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the morpho-syntactic and semantic properties, specifically tense and aspectual properties, of deficient verbs in Xitsonga. Various properties of deficient verbs have given rise to a distinction in verbal categories. Among these a range of features are explored in the study with the aim of establishing whether they playa significant role in relevant linguistic questions: The research on the deficient verb involves questions from three theoretical areas, namely Syntax, Morphology and Semantics. Deficient verbs in Xitsonga and related African languages are generally subcategorized for a clausal complement as illustrated in the following example: [a-hi-hamba [hi-rima laha]] [We-did-usually [plough here]] In the above sentence the deficient verb is hamba and it is followed by a compulsory clause as complement. The main properties of deficient verbs explored in this study relate to the following phenomena: • The deficient verb determines the selection of the mood in Inflection of the clausal complement. • The clausal complement of a deficient verb must have compulsory agreement of its subject with the subject of the matrix clause. • The deficient verbs lack the property which is characteristic of the autonomous verbs i.e. that they may be extended by derivative affixes such as the applicative or causative. • Deficient verbs have distinctive semantic features which are related to two inflectional categories, i.e. aspect and tense. This study concludes that the deficient verbs may express several meanings, including meanings related to duration, habitual, frequentative, progressive, obligative, manner, continuative, concessive and completive. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die sintaktiese en semantiese, in die besonder die tydvorm- en aspek-eienskappe van hulpwerkwoorde in Xitsonga. 'n Verskeidenheid kenmerke van hulpwerkwoorde het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat 'n onderskeid getref word ten opsigte van werkwoordkategorieë. Hieronder word 'n verskeidenheid kenmerke ondersoek ten einde vas te stelof dit 'n beduidende rol speel in relevante linguistiese vrae. Die navorsing van hierdie studie behels vrae vanuit drie teoretiese velde, naamlik die morfologie, sintaksis, en semantiek. Hulpwerkwoorde in Xitsonga en verwante Afrikatale word gesubkategoriseer vir 'n sinskomplement, soos geïllustreer in die volgende voorbeeld: [A-hi-hamba [hi-rima laha]] [Ons het gewoonlik [ons ploeg hier]], d.i. ons het gewoonlik hier geploeg In die bogenoemde sin is hamba die hulpwerkwoord en dit word gevolg deur 'n verpligte sinskomplement. Die sentrale kenmerke van hulpwerkwoorde wat in hierdie studie ondersoek word hou verband met die volgende verskynsels: • Die hulpwerkwoord bepaal die seleksie van modus in die Infleksie van die sinskomplement. • Die sinskomplement van 'n hulpwerkwoord moet verpligte kongruensie toon van die subjek daarvan met die subjek van die matriksin. • Die hulpwerkwoord kort die eienskap wat kenmerkend is van outonome werkwoorde, naamlik, dat hulle afleidingsuffikse kan neem, soos die applikatief -el- en die kousatief -is. • Hulpwerkwoorde het onderskeidende semantiese kenmerke wat verband hou met twee infleksie kategorieë, nl. aspek en tydvorm. Die studie kon tot die gevolgtrekking dat hulpwerkwoorde 'n verskeidenheid betekennis kan uitdruk, insluitende betekenisse wat verband hou met tydsduur, habitueel, frekwentatief, progressief, verpligting, wyse, voortdurendheid, toegewing en kompletief.

This thesis examines the L2 acquisition and L1 attrition of aspectual properties in Spanish. Specifically, it investigates preterite versus imperfect distinctions and the ongoing value of the Spanish present tense among English-speaking L2 learners and long-term Spanish immigrants. In contrast to previous research which explains L2 learners’ difficulties as a result of either maturational constraints or morphosyntactic development, this study provides a supplementary explanation focusing on L1 transfer of the semantic patterns of tense morphemes. The study proceeds by comparing data from L2 learners with that of long-term Spanish immigrants. Unlike what is argued for L2 acquisition difficulties, the difficulties immigrants may have with tense and aspect cannot stem solely from impairment reasons. These immigrants acquired the L2 as adults. Therefore, to the extent that L2 learners share similar patterns of errors with adult immigrants, L2 speakers’ difficulties cannot be unequivocally linked to causes related to impairment. Instead, following a selectional approach to aspectual variation (De Swart, 1998), it is argued that transfer of the selectional patterns of tense morphemes offers a more encompassing explanation of the difficulties L2 speakers face with tense and aspect. Data collection involved two truth-value judgment tasks, two acceptability judgment tasks and two elicited production tasks. Twenty long-term immigrants, twenty English-speaking L2 learners of Spanish, and twenty native speakers of Spanish serving as control participants took part in the study. Results show incorrect activation of aspectual patterns by both experimental groups and similar patterns of difficulties in some of the conditions under investigation. I conclude that transfer from the other language offers a more adequate explanation of the difficulties L2 learners face

An aspect of the Romance languages that defies neat linguistic analysis is tense usage. In particular, students of Romance languages as well as grammarians have found it difficult to provide a consistent explanation for the imperfect - preterite opposition. Two main points of contention concern (i) the question of whether the two forms have an inherent aspectual content and (ii) the structure and role of lexical aspectual information in determining the overall meaning of a sentence. While the attempts at explaining French and Spanish usages of the imperfect and the preterite are numerous, hardly any work has been done in the interpretation of Romanian data. Furthermore, a general assumption that the same form - function opposition holds across Romance languages has led to cross-linguistic differences rarely being examined. I argue that the imperfect and the preterite do have an inherent aspectual content. However, in opposition to previous accounts, I maintain that the preterite does not provide a ‘closed’ viewpoint and that an atelic eventuality described by the verb phrase in the preterite can continue up to the present moment. I propose a description of the imperfect - preterite opposition that includes finer distinctions of lexical aspect based on its constituent stage structure. These finer lexical aspectual distinctions allow the identification of an area of divergence in the use of the two forms in French, Spanish, and Romanian: the preterite was found to be used more widely with states in Romanian than in French and Spanish.

in English Expression of Posteriority in Spanish through Indicative and Subjunctive The aim of this thesis is to study those paradigms in indicative and subjunctive which express the absolute and relative posteriority in Spanish. Our thesis is based on the literature related with the topic and also on the language corpora. We study the particular paradigms, their contexts and the possibilities of their mutual alternation. A considerable part of the thesis is dedicated to the absolute posteriority. We study the paradigms in indicative not only with respect to the time delimitation but also in term of the context and attitude of the speaker. As for the paradigms in subjunctive, we focus on the types of subordinate clauses. In the chapter dedicated to the relative posteriority, we demonstrate which paradigms correspond to the paradigms in absolute posteriority. We briefly compare the situation in Spanish with the one in Czech. Based on the results of our case studies and information from literature, we came to the conclusion that it is not possible to simply classify the particular uses of the paradigms and that is important to take several factors into consideration, not only the distance of action from the moment of speech.

About fifty out of approximately 250 irregular English verbs have regular alternatives in the past tense and/or the past participle. There are often marked preferences for using the irregular or the regular form of the verbs, influenced by several factors. The present corpus-based study investigates the distributions in contemporary British (BrE) and American English (AmE) of the two alternative past tense forms for the two verbs “light”, and “speed” as well as the two past participle variants for the verb “prove”. The factors which are considered in the study are (1) language variety, (2) past tense vs. past participle, and (3) transitive vs. intransitive use of the verbs. It is demonstrated that there are (verb specific) significant differences in frequencies across the factors. Some issues for the study are discussed, in particular unreliable tagging in the corpora used as well as potential sources for random or systematic errors. Some avenues for additional research are proposed.

Ce travail est une étude des erreurs commises par les apprenants tunisiens en 4è année secondaire (baccalauréat) concernant le mode, le temps et l’aspect, à travers un exercice scolaire important, la rédaction d’un essai. Le travail comprend trois parties. La première est réservée à l’examen de la situation sociolinguistique en Tunisie en vue de dégager les spécificités langagières des apprenants ainsi que des éléments en rapport avec les questions de mode, de temps et d’aspect en français et en arabe, langue maternelle des apprenants. En outre, cette partie englobe aussi une présentation de certaines notions-clés telles que celles de l’erreur ou de l’interférence, etc. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’analyse des erreurs commises par les apprenants en ce qui concerne l’expression modale, verbo-temporelle dans leurs productions argumentatives. Elle commence par une description des erreurs constatées. Ensuite, une phase de recherche des origines éventuelles de ces erreurs est envisagée en vue de tenter d’avancer certaines propositions didactiques susceptibles d’améliorer la maîtrise de ces catégories verbales par les apprenants tunisiens arabophones dans le cadre de la production textuelle, seul cadre capable de mettre en œuvre toute la complexité du système verbal. La dernière partie du travail est réservée à quelques propositions didactiques. Outre une analyse des nouveaux manuels tunisiens, issus de la dernière réforme de l’enseignement du français, cette partie comprend une séquence didactique portant sur la rédaction d’un texte argumentatif et l’emploi de certaines formes verbales. / This work is a study of the errors made by Tunisian learners in 4th secondary year (baccalaureate) concerning the mode, tense and aspect, through a very important school exercise namely the essay writing. This work includes three main parts. The first, primarily theoretical, it examines the sociolinguistic situation in Tunisia so that to give an idea about the environment in which our learners-authors develop. In this part also, different elements which are in connection with the questions of mode, tense and aspect in French as well as in Arabic- the mother tongue of Tunisian learners- are advanced. In addition to the linguistic elements described above, this part also includes a presentation of certain key concept mentioned in our work; they are of didactic order; we quote of them those of error, interference, transfer, etc. The second part is devoted to error analysis made by the learners concerning modals, verbo-temporal expressions in their written productions of argumentative texts. This part starts with a description of the noticed errors. Then, a phase of research of the possible origins of these errors is considered in order to try to put forward certain didactic suggestions likely to improve the mastery of the mode, tense and aspect in French by the Tunisian Arabic-speaking learners in the framework of textual production, only that framework that is able to implement all the complexity of the verbal. We keep the third and the last part for some didactic suggestions. Also, this part does comprise an analysis of the new Tunisian manuals, resulting from the last reform of French teaching. It also includes a didactic sequence carrying in particular the writing of an argumentative text and including certain zones of resistance noted at the analysis phase.

This study explores a category of expressions akin to not yet, already, still and no longer, called PhasalPolarity (PhP) expressions and builds on the work of Löfgren (2018). PhP expressions encode the domainsof phasal values, polarity and speaker expectations and have previously been described in Europeanlanguages (van der Auwera: 1998) and in a small, genealogically diverse sample (van Baar: 1997).Using reference grammars as the primary source of information the aim of this study is to describe PhPexpressions in Bantu languages. The results confirm the findings in Löfgren (2018), the distribution andbehaviour of PhP expression in Bantu differs from both European languages and the genetically diversesample of van Baar. The markers are found to be morphologically diverse and the verbal morphotax indicatesthat the markers are, or are in the process of, being incorporated into the tense-aspect systemsof their respective language. Furthermore, the cross-linguistic frequency of PhP expressions seem tohave areal or genealogical tendencies.

Esta pesquisa investiga o comportamento temporal de sentenças com os verbos modais poder, dever e ter que no português brasileiro (PB). Tomamos como ponto de partida as noções de perspectiva e orientação temporal, de Condoravdi (2002), que podem ser definidas, grosso modo, como o momento de avaliação modal de uma sentença e o momento de realização da proposição sob o escopo do modal. Os dois objetivos principais deste trabalho são (i) identificar as fontes da perspectiva e orientação temporal de sentenças modais e (ii) identificar e explorar a natureza de potenciais restrições à interpretação temporal dessas sentenças. Em relação à fixação da perspectiva temporal, os dados do PB corroboram a proposta amplamente aceita na literatura de que modais epistêmicos são interpretados acima de TP e de AspP, ao passo que modais raiz são interpretados abaixo dessas duas projeções funcionais. Devido a essa diferença de altura, modais epistêmicos sempre ancoram sua perspectiva temporal no momento de fala, enquanto modais raiz fixam sua perspectiva a partir do Tempo e aspecto da oração. Quanto à orientação temporal, mostramos que as propriedades de cada classe de modais também podem ser facilmente derivadas dessa diferença sintática. Modais epistêmicos podem ter orientações verdadeiramente passadas, que surgem quando o núcleo temporal sob seu escopo é pretérito. Modais raiz, por outro lado, utilizam apenas operadores aspectuais alojados em seus prejacentes para definir sua orientação temporal, o que explica por que esses modais só podem ter orientações presentes, futuras ou perfeitas. Com respeito às restrições à interpretação temporal de sentenças modais, propomos que elas são muito mais circunscritas do que sugerem trabalhos anteriores (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), entre outros). Assumimos que tendência de modais raiz terem orientação futura é de natureza extralinguística: as noções normalmente transmitidas por esses modais são naturalmente orientadas ao futuro, mas em contextos adequados, orientações presentes e perfeitas podem ser obtidas. A única restrição realmente atestada é a impossibilidade de modais epistêmicos universais serem orientados ao futuro. Seguindo Giannakidou e Mari (2018), explicamos essa restrição como sendo um efeito de bloqueio causado pela competição com o auxiliar do futuro perifrástico ir, que seria a forma especializada de expressão de necessidade epistêmica futura. / This research investigates the temporal behavior of modal sentences with the verbs poder, dever and ter que in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We take as a starting point the notions of temporal perspective and temporal orientation (Condoravdi (2002)), which can be roughly defined as the moment of modal evaluation of a sentence and the moment of realization of the proposition under the scope of the modal. The two main objectives of this work are (i) to identify the sources of temporal perspective and orientation of modal sentences and (ii) to identify and explore the nature of potential constraints to the temporal interpretation of these sentences. When it comes to the source of temporal perspective, the data from BP corroborates the widely-accepted assumption that epistemic modals are interpreted above TP and AspP, while root modals are interpreted below these two functional projections. Because of this difference in height, epistemic modals always anchor their temporal perspective in the speech time, whereas root modals use tense and aspect to define theirs. As for temporal orientation, we have shown that the properties of each class of modals can also be easily derived from this syntactic difference. Epistemic modals can have truly past orientations, which arise when the tense head under their scope is past. Root modals, on the other hand, use only the aspectual operadors hosted in their prejacents to define their temporal orientation, which explains why these modals can only have present, future or perfect orientations. With respect to constraints to the temporal orientation of modal sentences, we propose that they are far more circunscribed than what previous works have suggested (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), among others). We assumed that the tendency of root modals to be future-oriented is extralinguistic: the notions normally conveyed by these modals are naturally oriented to the future, but, given an appropriate context, present and perfect orientations can be obtained. The only constraint we actually identified is the impossibility of universal epistemic modals being oriented to the future. Following Giannakidou e Mari (2018), we explained this constraint as a blocking effect caused by competition with the perifrastic future auxiliary ir, which would be the specialized form for the expression of future epistemic necessity

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T12:49:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ÁLVARO AUGUSTO BOLZAN CATELAN.pdf: 1102778 bytes, checksum: ffe1588ec9cb835932d48aacc892e6de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T12:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ÁLVARO AUGUSTO BOLZAN CATELAN.pdf: 1102778 bytes, checksum: ffe1588ec9cb835932d48aacc892e6de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / The objects of the research are the stories “Amor’, “Uma galinha”, “Feliz Aniversário” and “Os laços de família”, in Laços de família (2009); “Felicidade clandestina”, “Miopia progressiva”, in Felicidade clandestina (1998), both by Clarice Lispector, and the paintings O terapeuta (1941) and A invenção da vida (1928), by René Magritte. The elements of tenseness and extensiveness of literary and pictorial works are part of the resources used by artists. The circular character of events establishes the meanings of the plurality of tensions in each art. The stylistic traits of the writer and the painter point to ecstasy with varying points of intensity and extensiveness. The feelings of the characters reveal the eagerness to live in function of the other that undergoes a metamorphosis of the being in search of their happiness. The general objective is to analyze the encounter that the characters have with themselves, discovering themselves to live their happiness intensely. Specific objectives correlate the plural languages of the literary and pictorial arts. Theorists who give support to the study are Julio Cortázar (1974); Mikhail Bakhtin (2011); Roland Barthes (1972; 2004); Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guatarri (1997); Martin Heidegger 1989); A. J. Greimas (1972; 1996); J. P. Sartre (1977); Claude Zilberberg (2006; 2007; 2011), among others. The poetics of tensivity in language reveals the transformation of signs, the plurality of meanings manifested in each line, point and color, forming isotopias of the process of construction of art. / Os objetos da pesquisa são os contos “Amor”, “Uma galinha”, “Feliz Aniversário” e “Os laços de família”, da obra Laços de família (2009); “Felicidade clandestina” e “Miopia progressiva”, do livro Felicidade clandestina (1998), ambos de Clarice Lispector, e as pinturas O terapeuta (1941) e A invenção da vida (1928), de René Magritte. Os elementos da tensividade e extensividade das obras literárias e pictóricas fazem parte dos recursos usados pelos artistas. O caráter de circularidade dos acontecimentos estabelece os sentidos de pluralidade das tensões em cada arte. Os traços estilísticos da escritora e do pintor apontam para o êxtase com pontos variantes de intensidade e extensividade. Os sentimentos dos personagens revelam a ânsia de viver em função do Outro, que sofre uma metamorfose do ser em busca de sua felicidade. O objetivo geral consiste em analisar o encontro que as personagens têm com elas mesmas, descobrindo-se para viverem intensamente a sua felicidade. Os objetivos específicos correlacionam as linguagens plurais das artes literária e pictórica. Os teóricos que dão suportes ao estudo são Julio Cortázar (1974); Mikhail Bakhtin (2011); Roland Barthes (1972; 2004); Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guatarri (1997); Martin Heidegger (1989); A. J. Greimas (1972; 1996); J. P. Sartre (1977); Claude Zilberberg (2006; 2007; 2011), entre outros. A poética da tensividade, na linguagem, revela a transformação dos signos, a pluralidade de sentidos manifestados em cada linha, ponto e cores, formando isotopias do processo de construção da arte.