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Магистерская диссертация выполнена на тему: «Исследование износа и стойкости токарных резцов с алмазоподобным покрытием». Расчётно-пояснительная записка содержит 94 листа, 86 рисунков, 6 таблиц, 23 источника, 1 приложение. Объектом исследования данной работы являются токарные резцы с алмазоподобным покрытием. Цель работы – определить наиболее благоприятные условия работы токарных резцов с алмазоподобным покрытием. В результате выполнения работы были проведены исследования износа алмазоподобного покрытия на токарных резцах, построены и проанализированы графики зависимостей этих износов. Проведен анализ полученных результатов и выдвинута гипотеза об еще одной возможной причине разрушения покрытия, в то время как остальные известные причины устранены. Разработаны конструкции токарных резцов и проведено исследование предлагаемой гипотезы. По результатам исследования проведен расчет прочности и подтверждена предлагаемая гипотеза. / The master's dissertation is carried out on the topic: "Investigation of wear and resistance of cutting tools with a diamond-like coating". The settlement and explanatory note contains 94 sheets, 86 figures, 6 tables, 23 sources, 1 attachment. The object of research in this work is diamond-coated lathe tools. The purpose of the work is to determine the most favorable working conditions for lathe tools with a diamond-like coating. In the course of the work, the study of the wear of the diamond-like coating on lathe tools at various cutting modes was carried out, the graphs of the dependences of these wear in time were built and analyzed. The analysis of the results obtained is carried out and a hypothesis is put forward about another possible cause of the destruction of the coating, while the other known causes have been eliminated. To confirm the hypothesis, the designs of lathe tools were developed and a study was carried out. According to the results of the study, the strength calculation was carried out, the proposed hypothesis was confirmed.

Объектом исследования данной работы являются концевые фрезы с алмазоподобным покрытием. Цель работы – определить наиболее благоприятные условия работы концевых фрез с алмазоподобным покрытием. В результате выполнения работы были проведены исследования износа алмазоподобного покрытия на концевых фрезах, построены и проанализированы графики зависимостей этих износов. Проведен анализ полученных результатов и выдвинута гипотеза об еще одной возможной причине разрушения покрытия, в то время как остальные известные причины устранены. Проведено исследование предлагаемой гипотезы. По результатам исследования проведен расчет прочности и подтверждена предлагаемая гипотеза. / The object of research in this work is diamond-coated end-milling cutters. The purpose of the work is to determine the most favorable working conditions for end-milling cutters with a diamond-like coating. In the course of the work, the study of the wear of the diamond-like coating on end-milling cutters at various cutting modes was carried out, the graphs of the dependences of these wear in time were built and analyzed. The analysis of the results obtained is carried out and a hypothesis is put forward about another possible cause of the destruction of the coating, while the other known causes have been eliminated. To confirm the hypothesis a study was carried out. According to the results of the study, the strength calculation was carried out, the proposed hypothesis was confirmed.

В данной работе были рассмотрены различные испытательные машины, изучен принцип и особенности работы разрывной машины для статических испытаний металлов Р-10. Проведены расчеты геометрических параметров гидроцилиндров (основного рабочего и захватов), прочностной и расчет на устойчивость. Также, исходя из перечисленных расчетов подобран рабочий насос и среда – масло. Смоделированы детали модели в пакете программ SolidWorks, а в пакете MATLAB Simscape составлена сборка разрывной машины и добавлена система с гидроприводом. В результате исследования была получена имитационная модель статической разрывной машины для металлов, при помощи которой было проведено моделирование испытания на растяжение. Для этого был выбран образец стали известной марки с заранее определенными геометрическими параметрами. После чего к образцу были приложены различные усилия, и сняты показания удлинения образца. На основе этого был получен график. Затем с помощью данных усилие/перемещение и начальных геометрических параметров были рассчитаны пределы пропорциональности, текучести, прочности на основании которых и был определен материал образца. Данный пример демонстрирует правильность разработки подобных моделей в системе MATLAB, которые могут позволить провести детальные исследования процессов работы механизмов машины во время испытаний, в том числе оценить характеристики гидравлической системы разрывной испытательной машины. / In this dissertation, various testing machines were considered, the principle and features of the operation of a tensile testing machine for static testing of metals R-10 were studied. Calculations of the geometrical parameters of hydraulic cylinders (main working and grippers), strength and stability calculations were carried out. Also, based on the above calculations, a working pump and a medium - oil were selected. The details of the model were modeled in SolidWorks, and the tensile testing machine assembly was assembled in MATLAB Simscape and the hydraulic actuator system was added. As a result of the study, a simulation model of a static tensile testing machine for metals was obtained, with the help of which a simulation of a tensile test was carried out. For this, a sample of well-known brand steel with predetermined geometric parameters was selected. After that, various forces were applied to the sample, and indications of the elongation of the sample were taken. Based on this, a graph was obtained. Then, using the force / displacement data and the initial geometric parameters, the limits of proportionality, yield, strength were calculated, on the basis of which the sample material was determined. This example demonstrates the correctness of developing such models in MATLAB. They can make it possible to conduct detailed studies of the operation of the machine mechanisms during testing, including the evaluation of the characteristics of the hydraulic system of the tensile testing machine.

INTRODUÇÃO: O surgimento da tomografia computadorizada quantitativa periférica de alta resolução (HR-pQCT) tornou possível medir a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) volumétrica e a microarquitetura óssea tridimensional in vivo, bem como avaliar a resistência óssea através da análise de elemento finito (FE). Como não há na literatura um banco de dados para a população masculina brasileira, o objetivo principal deste estudo transversal e estabelecer valores de referência para os parâmetros ósseos obtidos por HR-pQCT em homens, categorizados por décadas e ajustados por peso e altura, na região distal do rádio e da tíbia. Como objetivo secundário, correlacionar o parâmetro de resistência óssea - rigidez do tecido ósseo (S), com os demais parâmetros medidos por HR-pQCT, e com parâmetros obtidos por absorciometria de raios- X de dupla energia (DXA), incluindo escore de osso trabecular (TBS). METODOS: Homens brasileiros saudáveis (n = 340) entre as idades de 20 e 92 anos foram incluídos neste estudo. O antebraço não dominante e a perna esquerda foram imobilizados, e foram realizados métodos de segmentação padrão e avançado para as análises da região distal do rádio e da tíbia por HRpQCT. A partir das imagens HR-pQCT, a DMO volumétrica e microestrutura do osso trabecular e cortical foram avaliadas, e a resistência óssea foi estimada usando analise de FE. Também foi realizada medição da coluna lombar e fêmur por DXA para obtenção dos valores de DMO e TBS. Os dados foram descritos em mediana e quartis (IQR). Modelos de regressão linear múltipla em função da idade, peso e altura foram desenvolvidos e ilustrados por diagramas de dispersão com intervalos de 95% de normalidade. Foram calculadas as correlações de Pearson entre alguns parâmetros de interesse. RESULTADOS: Tanto na região distal do rádio como na tíbia, os parâmetros de DMO volumétrica, estrutura e de resistência óssea apresentaram relação estatisticamente significativa com a idade (p < 0,05). As correlações entre S com os demais parâmetros de DMO volumétrica e microarquitetura, bem como com DMO areal e TBS, foram mais fortes na região da tíbia, exceto com espessura trabecular, que foi melhor na região do rádio. As correlações entre TBS com os parâmetros de densidade (trabecular e cortical), número e espessura trabecular, e espessura cortical nas regiões periféricas, foram significativas (p < 0,05), exceto com espessura cortical na tíbia. Quando o TBS foi avaliado de acordo com a categoria de risco, e correlacionado com a rigidez do tecido na região distal do rádio e da tíbia, e com DMO da coluna lombar, apenas o grupo de baixo risco (TBS ³ 1.310) apresentou correlações significativas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSOES: Este trabalho estabeleceu valores de referência para os parâmetros ósseos obtidos por HR-pQCT, com base em uma população saudável miscigenada do sexo masculino. As correlações entre os parâmetros ajudam a compreender o papel de cada variável em relação ao risco de fratura. Pesquisadores e clínicos poderão utilizar esses dados como uma ferramenta adicional para avaliar a saúde óssea e alterações na qualidade óssea / INTRODUCTION: The availability of high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) has made it possible to measure volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) and three-dimensional bone microarchitecture in vivo, as well as to evaluate bone strength through finite element (FE) analysis. As there is no database for Brazilian male population, the main objective of this cross-sectional study was to establish reference values for the bone parameters obtained by HR-pQCT in men, categorized for decades and adjusted for weight and height, of the distal radius and tibia. As a secondary objective, to correlate the bone strength parameter - stiffness (S) and other parameters measured by HR-pQCT and parameters obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), including trabecular bone score (TBS). METHODS: Healthy Brazilian men (n = 340) including ages of 20 to 92 years were included in this study. The non-dominant forearm and left leg were immobilized, and standard and advanced segmentation methods were performed for the distal radius and tibia analyzes by HR-pQCT. From HR-pQCT images, volumetric BMD and bone microstructure of trabecular and cortical were evaluated, and bone strength was estimated using FE analysis. Measurements of the lumbar spine and femur by DXA were also performed to obtain BMD and TBS values. The data were described as median and quartiles (IQR). Multiple linear regression models according to age, weight and height were developed and illustrated by dispersion diagrams with 95% normality intervals. Pearson correlations were calculated between some parameters of interest. RESULTS: Parameters of volumetric BMD, structure and bone strength, at distal radius and tibia, showed a significant association with age (p < 0.05). The correlations between S with the other parameters of volumetric BMD and microarchitecture, as well as with areal BMD and TBS, were stronger in the tibia except for trabecular thickness, which was better in the distal radius. The correlations between TBS and density parameters (trabecular and cortical), number and trabecular thickness, and cortical thickness in the peripheral sites were significant (p < 0.05), except with cortical thickness in the tibia. When TBS was evaluated according to risk category, and correlated with S in the distal radius and tibia, and lumbar spine BMD, only the low risk group (TBS ³ 1.310) had significant correlations (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This work developed reference values for the bone parameters obtained by HR-pQCT, based on a healthy population for males. Correlations between the parameters support to understand the role of each variable and the relationship with fracture risk. Researchers and clinicians can use these data as an additional tool to assess male bone health and changes in bone quality

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To assess the long-term effect of a 2% aqueous chlorhexidine (CHX) solution on bond strength to artificially eroded dentin compared to sound dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flat mid-coronal dentin surfaces of extracted third molars (n = 28) were subjected only to grinding with a 600-grit SiC paper for 1 min (sound dentin S, n = 14) or additionally to erosive pH cycling with a cola-based soft-drink (eroded dentin E, n = 14). After acid etching, rinsing, and air drying, S and E were rehydrated with 1.5 μl of 2% CHX (S2%, n = 7; E2%, n = 7) or of distilled water (control SC, n = 7; EC, n = 7). Composite buildups were incrementally constructed with Filtek Z350 following Adper Single Bond 2 application. Specimens were sectioned into beams, which were subjected to microtensile testing immediately or after 6 or 12 months of aging. Fractured surfaces were observed under a digital microscope (50X magnification). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) (MPa) was analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05) and failure mode by the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Compared to sound dentin, eroded dentin was consistently related to lower μTBS. Immediately and after 12-month aging, the effect of CHX was insignificant, but it was significant after 6-month aging, when it conserved the bond strength to both eroded and sound dentin. The percentage of adhesive and mixed failures were equivalent, and significantly more frequent than cohesive failures, whether in dentin or in composite. CONCLUSION: The 2% CHX effect on bond strength conservation to both eroded and sound dentin was not found to be persistent. / Revisión por pares

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in different concentrations on bond strength to eroded dentin up to 6 months, using normal dentin as a control. METHODS: Exposed flat dentin of extracted third molars was only ground with 600-grit SiC paper/1 minute (normal dentin - N), or subsequently eroded by a regular-cola soft-drink (eroded dentin - E). N and E were acid-etched, washed, dried and rehydrated with 1.5 μL, respectively, of distillated water (control - NC / EC); of 0.004% CHX (N0.004% / E0.004%); or of 2% CHX (N2% / E2%). Adper Single Bond 2 was applied in all specimens and resin composite buildups were constructed with Filtek Z350. Specimens were sectioned in beams, which were tested (μTBS) immediately or after 6 months of aging. RESULTS: Microtensile bond strength to eroded dentin was always significantly lower than that to normal dentin. Application of tested CHX solutions did not exert a significant effect immediately; however, after aging, the 2% CHX prevented abrupt bond strength loss both to eroded and normal dentin. / Revisión por pares

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To assess the influence of simulated oral erosive/abrasive challenges on the bond strength of an etch-and-rinse two-step bonding system to enamel using an in situ/ex vivo protocol. METHODS: Bovine enamel blocks were prepared and randomly assigned to four groups: CONT - control (no challenge), ABR - 3x/day-1 minute toothbrushing; ERO - 3x/day - 5 minutes extraoral immersion into regular Coca Cola; and ERO+ABR - erosive protocol followed by a 1-minute toothbrushing. Eight blocks were placed into an acrylic palatal appliance for each volunteer (n = 13), who wore the appliance for 5 days. Two blocks were subjected to each of the four challenges. Subsequently, all the blocks were washed with tap water and Adper Single Bond 2/Filtek Z350 were placed. After 24 hours, 1 mm2 beams were obtained from each block to be tested with the microtensile bond strength test (50 N load at 0.5 mm/minute). The data were statistically analyzed by one-way RM-ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: No difference was detected among the ABR, ERO, and CONT groups (P > 0.05). ERO+ABR group yielded lower bond strengths than either the ABR and ERO groups (P < 0.0113). / Revisión por pares

Neste trabalho foi feito o estudo sobre o efeito de elementos microligantes na composição química, microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas de metais como soldado produzidos por arco submerso com adição de pó de ferro em aço de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL). Foram feitos dois cordões de solda utilizando os aços BS - 4360 - 50 e USI - SAC - 50, o arame EM - 12K, o pó de ferro ESAB 400 e o fluxo experimental 10.71P. Utilizando-se a corrente de 600 A, tensão de 34 V, velocidade de soldagem de 30 cm/min e vazão de pó de ferro de 6,7 Kg/h foram produzidos os metais como soldado com um único passe e chanfro em \"V\", que mostraram características de boa temperabilidade e estrutura refinada. O microconstituinte em maior porcentagem nos dois cordões de solda foi a ferrita acicular. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados foram a dureza, tração e impacto. O cordão de solda com nióbio e vanádio obteve maiores valores de dureza e resistência à tração em relação ao cordão com cobre, cromo e níquel. Entretanto os altos teores de manganês presentes fizeram com que o endurecimento por solução sólida reduzisse significativamente a resistência ao impacto dos dois cordões de solda. A natureza das inclusões não metálicas foi investigada por microscopia eletrônica e análise por EDAX. / The study of the effect of microalloying elements in the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-welded metaIs obtained by submerged are welding with iron powder addition in High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel were done. Two weld metaIs were made using, BS - 4360 - 50 and USI - SAC - 50 steels, EM - 12K wire, ESAB 400 iron powder and 10.71P experimental flux. Using welding current of 600 A, arc voltage of 34 V, travel speed of 30 cm/min and iron powder flow of 6,7 Kg/h were obtained as-welded metals by single pass into V - groove, that showed good hardenability and refined microstructure. The higher percentage microstructure in the two weld metals was the acicular ferrite. The mechanical tests done were hardness, tensile strength and impact. The weld metal with niobium and vanadium achieve better values of hardness and yield strength than with copper, chromium and nickel weld metal. However, the hardening by solid solution, induced by the high levels of manganese, decreased the impact strength of the two weld metaIs. The non - metallic inclusions nature was investigated by electronic microscopy and EDAX analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FELIPE GUTIERREZ REYES.pdf: 2973646 bytes, checksum: 0e8c702449c97c861e9f0314e3b69e2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of addition of copper nanoparticles at different concentrations into a simplified etch-and-rinse (ER) adhesive system (Ambar [AM]) on antimicrobial activity (AMA), degree of conversion of adhesives discs (DC-d) and dentin-resin interface (DC-i), the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 28-day cumulative water sorption (WS), solubility (So) and copper release (CR) as well as immediate (IM) and 1-year (1Y) resin–dentine bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL). Methods: Seven experimental adhesive systems were formulated according to the addition of copper nanoparticles (0 [control], 0.0075, 0.015, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%) in AM adhesive system. We tested the antimicrobial activity of synthesized adhesives against Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion assays. For DC-d, specimens were constructed and tested after 24 h for FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy. For UTS, specimens were tested after 24 h and 28 days. For WS and So, after specimens build-up, they were stored in water and the properties measured for 28 days. For CR, specimens were stored in 2% nitric acid solution and the properties were measured for 28 days. The occlusal enamel of thirty-five molars was removed and adhesives were applied to dentine surface after 37% phosphoric acid etching. After composite resin build-ups, specimens were longitudinally sectioned to obtain resin–dentine bonded sticks (0.8 mm2). Specimens were tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min in IM or 1Y (μTBS). For NL, 2 bonded sticks from each tooth were prepared and analyzed under SEM in IM or 1Y. For DC-i, 2 bonded sticks were prepared and analyzed under micro-Raman spectroscopy. The μTBS and NL data of each adhesive were subjected to two-way repeated measures ANOVA. For UTS, WS, So, copper release, DC-d and DC-i data of each adhesive were subjected to a one-way ANOVA. Tukey’s post hoc test was used for pair-wise comparisons (α = 0.05). Results: The addition of copper nanoparticles provided antimicrobial properties to the adhesives at all concentrations (p < 0,05), and did not influence UTS, WS and SO (p > 0.05). Higher CR was observed in adhesives with higher concentration of copper nanoparticles (p < 0.05). The addition of 1% of copper nanoparticles decreased the DC-d and DC-i significantly. After 1Y, significant reductions of μTBS and increases of NL were observed in the control group (p < 0.05). Reductions of μTBS and increase of NL over time were not observed for copper-containing adhesives.Conclusions: The addition of copper nanoparticles in concentrations up to 0.5% in the simplified ER Ambar adhesive system may be an alternative to provide antimicrobial properties, increase the long-term stability of resin–dentine interfaces, 12 without reducing adhesives’ mechanical properties evaluated. / Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou o efeito da adição de nanopartículas de cobre, em diferentes concentrações, em um sistema adesivo convencional (CON) simplificado Ambar [FGM] sobre a atividade antimicrobiana (AAM), grau de conversão de corpos de prova de adesivos (GC-c) e na interface de união a dentina (GC-i), resistência máxima à tração (RT), sorção cumulativa de água (SO), solubilidade (SB) e liberação de cobre (LC) durante 28 dias, bem como a resistência de união (RU) e nanoinfiltração (NI) na interface de união à dentina nos tempos imediatos (IM) e após 1 ano (1A). Material e métodos: Sete sistemas adesivos experimentais foram formulados de acordo com a adição de nanopartículas de cobre (0 [controle], 0,0075, 0,015, 0,06, 0,1, 0,5 e 1%) no sistema adesivo Ambar. Foi testada a atividade antimicrobiana dos adesivos formulados contra Streptococcus mutans por meio de ensaios de difusão em ágar. Para GC-c, as amostras foram construídas e testadas após 24 h por meio de espectrofotometria no infravermelho com Transformação de Fourier (FTIR) e espectroscopia de micro-Raman. Para RT, as amostras foram testadas depois de 24 horas e 28 dias. Para SO e SB, depois de confeccionados os espécimes, eles foram armazenados em água e as propriedades medidas por 28 dias. Para LC, as amostras foram armazenadas em solução de ácido nítrico a 2% e as propriedades medidas durante 28 dias. O esmalte oclusal de trinta e cinco molares foi removido e os adesivos foram aplicados na superfície da dentina depois de condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 37%. Depois de restaurações de resina composta, os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente para se obter espécimes (palitos) de resina-dentina (0,8 mm2). Os espécimes foram testados em tensão a 0,5 mm/min no IM ou 1A (RU). Para NI, 2 espécimes de cada dente foram preparadas e analisadas em MEV e testados no IM ou 1A. Para GC-i, 2 espécimes foram preparados e analisados sob espectroscopia de micro-Raman. Os dados do RT foram analisados por uma análise de variância de 2 fatores. Para AAM, SO, SB, e liberação de cobre, os dados foram analisados por análise de variância de fator único, e para RU e NI os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância de 2 fatores para medidas repetidas. Também foi feito o teste post hoc de Tukey para múltiplas comparações. A significância estatística foi predefinida em α = 0,05.Resultados: A adição de nanopartículas de cobre adicionou propriedades antimicrobianas aos adesivos em todas as concentrações (p < 0,05), e não influenciou a RT, SO e SB (p > 0,05). LC elevadas foram observadas em adesivos com maior concentração de nanopartículas de cobre (p < 0,05). A adição de 1% de 10 nanopartículas de cobre diminuiu significativamente o GC-c e GC-i. Após 1 ano, decréscimos significativos de RU e aumentos de NI foram observados no grupo controle (p < 0,05). Decréscimos significativos de RU e aumentos de NI não foram observados nos adesivos contendo cobre (p > 0,05). Conclusões: A adição de nanopartículas de cobre em concentrações de até 0,5% no sistema adesivo convencional simplificado Ambar pode ser uma alternativa para adicionar atividade antimicrobiana e aumentar a estabilidade a longo prazo das interfaces resina-dentina, sem comprometer as propriedades mecânicas dos adesivos.