A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, School of Physiology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine. Johannesburg, 2014 / Sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary choices are the major cause of the global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in children. The high cost and limited access to conventional drugs by poor communities make them depend on ethnomedicines. Terminalia sericea (T. sericea) contains phytochemicals that give its extracts hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic properties hence its use in ethnomedicine to treat diabetes mellitus. Using weanling Wistar rat pups fed a high fructose diet to model growing children exposed to high-sugar diets, this study sought to evaluate the effects of aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts on their growth performance, glucose homeostasis, visceral morphometry and their general health profile. Forty 21-day old male Wistar pups were randomly allocated to five treatment regimens. Each group had ad libitum access to a commercially supplied rat chow. Group 1 pups were given plain drinking water and plain gelatine cubes, group 2: 12% fructose solution and plain gelatine cubes, group 3: 12% fructose solution and gelatine cubes containing fenofibrate at a dosage of 100 mg.kg-1 per day, group 4: 12% fructose solution and gelatine cubes with a low dose (100 mg.kg-1 per day) of the T. sericea extract and group 5: 12% fructose solution and gelatine cubes with a high dose (400 mg.kg-1 per day) of the T. sericea extract. The pups were maintained on the regimens for 12 weeks after which they under went an oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting blood metabolite content was then determined after which the rats were killed and tissues collected for visceral morphometrical, linear growth and surrogate markers’ of health determinations. T. sericea extracts had no negative effect on growth performance (body mass and indexes of long bone growth) but rats given fenofibrate had lighter empty carcasses and shorter tibiae. vi The administration of T. sericea extracts neither improved glucose homeostasis nor caused derangement of glucose handling by rats given a high fructose diet following an oral glucose challenge. However, the administration of fenofibrate to rats given a high fructose diet resulted in decreased glucose handling following an oral glucose challenge. With the exception of the administration of fenofibrate which resulted in a significantly high (P < 0.05) fasting blood glucose concentration, treatment regimens had no effect on fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. Rats given fructose with either plain gelatine cubes or low T. sericea dose had significantly higher (P < 0.05) liver lipid content compared with the control treatment. Administration of T. sericea extracts to rats given a high fructose diet had no effect on the GIT, other abdominal viscera and markers of general health. The administration of fenofibrate to rats given a high fructose diet caused increased relative mass of GIT organs (stomach, small intestine and caecum), increased absolute mass of other viscera (liver and kidney); increased serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase concentration. Results from the study revealed that administration of a high dose of aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts has potent phytochemicals properties that has helped to prevent high fructose diet-induced deposition of fat in the in the liver (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), without compromising growth, visceral morphometry and general health of growing Wistar rats.

Thesis (doctoral)--Polytechnic College. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 61).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lp_me_botib.pdf: 563622 bytes, checksum: 1127f9077b3edb602419139bfa626408 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Terminalia catappa Linn é uma espécie comumente utilizada para arborização nas regiões tropical e subtropical. Essa espécie é também utilizada, em países da Ásia, como Taiwan, Índia, Flipinas e Indonésia, para tratamento de distúrbios hepáticos e do trato gastrointestinal. A literatura aponta que seus constituintes encontrados nos extratos polares das folhas são principalmente compostos polifenólicos, em especial os taninos. A partir desses dados e da ausência de registros na literatura sobre a ação antiulcerogênica desta espécie foram realizados estudos para avaliação dessa atividade das frações e caracterização da fração mais ativa, assim como a determinação do mecanismo de ação gastroprotetor e cicatrizante da fração ativa. A partir do extrato etanólico bruto das folhas, que em estudo anterior realizado pelo grupo demonstrou atividade gastroprotetora, antisecretória e cicatrizante, foi feita a partição com três solventes de diferentes polaridades (hexano, acetato de etila e metanol/água). As três frações oriundas destas extrações apresentaram ação gastroprotetora em úlcera induzida por etanol absoluto, porém a fração mais efetiva foi a aquosa na dose de 25 mg/Kg, selecionada para caracterizar os mecanismos de ação envolvidos na ação antiulcerogênica como: óxido nítrico (NO), prostaglandinas (PG), aumento de muco e atividade antioxidante por meio da manutenção dos níveis de glutationa e redução da atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO). Não foram observadas a participação dos grupamentos sulfidrila e ação antisecretória. Foi constatada atividade cicatrizante tanto com 7 como com 14 dias de tratamento, consecutivos, da fração aquosa. Durante o tratamento com a partição aquosa ocorreu uma... / Terminalia catappa Linn is a specie commonly used for afforestation in tropical and subtropical regions. It is used, in Asian countries, as Taiwan, India, Filipines and Indonesia, for treatment of hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders. Studies point to poliphenols as main components of polar leaves extract, specially the tannins. Based on this and in the lack of information about a possible gastroprotective action of this specie, studies for avaliation of this activity were done with fractions of the ethanolic extract, and gastroprotective action mechanisms were characterized in the most active fraction. A previous study done by our group showed the ethanolic extract as gastroprotective, antisecretory and healing. The ethanol extract were partitioned with three different solvents, hexane, etil acetate and methanol/water. The three fractions showed gastroprotective action in the model of ulcer induced by ethanol, but the most effective was aquous fraction in a dose of 25 mg/Kg, which was the one selected to the characterization of the mechanisms involved in the antiulcerogenic activity as: nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PG), mucus and antioxidant activity by maintenance of glutathione levels and reduction in mieloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity. No participation of sulphidryls compounds and antisecretory activity were detected. The aquous fraction also showed healing action in the treatment for 7 and 14 days, in both of them was detected a down-regulation in metalloproteinase-2 (MPP-2). In a subchronic toxicity avaliation, the aquous fraction in 25 mg/Kg doesn´t presented a toxic potential. In the model of gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin, the aquous fraction in a dose of 50 mg/Kg, aggravated the lesions, which showed an evidence for antiinflamatory activity, it was confirmed in Formalin test and ear edema induced by... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima / Banca: Wagner Villegas / Banca: Walter Toma / Resumo: Terminalia catappa Linn é uma espécie comumente utilizada para arborização nas regiões tropical e subtropical. Essa espécie é também utilizada, em países da Ásia, como Taiwan, Índia, Flipinas e Indonésia, para tratamento de distúrbios hepáticos e do trato gastrointestinal. A literatura aponta que seus constituintes encontrados nos extratos polares das folhas são principalmente compostos polifenólicos, em especial os taninos. A partir desses dados e da ausência de registros na literatura sobre a ação antiulcerogênica desta espécie foram realizados estudos para avaliação dessa atividade das frações e caracterização da fração mais ativa, assim como a determinação do mecanismo de ação gastroprotetor e cicatrizante da fração ativa. A partir do extrato etanólico bruto das folhas, que em estudo anterior realizado pelo grupo demonstrou atividade gastroprotetora, antisecretória e cicatrizante, foi feita a partição com três solventes de diferentes polaridades (hexano, acetato de etila e metanol/água). As três frações oriundas destas extrações apresentaram ação gastroprotetora em úlcera induzida por etanol absoluto, porém a fração mais efetiva foi a aquosa na dose de 25 mg/Kg, selecionada para caracterizar os mecanismos de ação envolvidos na ação antiulcerogênica como: óxido nítrico (NO), prostaglandinas (PG), aumento de muco e atividade antioxidante por meio da manutenção dos níveis de glutationa e redução da atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO). Não foram observadas a participação dos grupamentos sulfidrila e ação antisecretória. Foi constatada atividade cicatrizante tanto com 7 como com 14 dias de tratamento, consecutivos, da fração aquosa. Durante o tratamento com a partição aquosa ocorreu uma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Terminalia catappa Linn is a specie commonly used for afforestation in tropical and subtropical regions. It is used, in Asian countries, as Taiwan, India, Filipines and Indonesia, for treatment of hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders. Studies point to poliphenols as main components of polar leaves extract, specially the tannins. Based on this and in the lack of information about a possible gastroprotective action of this specie, studies for avaliation of this activity were done with fractions of the ethanolic extract, and gastroprotective action mechanisms were characterized in the most active fraction. A previous study done by our group showed the ethanolic extract as gastroprotective, antisecretory and healing. The ethanol extract were partitioned with three different solvents, hexane, etil acetate and methanol/water. The three fractions showed gastroprotective action in the model of ulcer induced by ethanol, but the most effective was aquous fraction in a dose of 25 mg/Kg, which was the one selected to the characterization of the mechanisms involved in the antiulcerogenic activity as: nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PG), mucus and antioxidant activity by maintenance of glutathione levels and reduction in mieloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity. No participation of sulphidryls compounds and antisecretory activity were detected. The aquous fraction also showed healing action in the treatment for 7 and 14 days, in both of them was detected a down-regulation in metalloproteinase-2 (MPP-2). In a subchronic toxicity avaliation, the aquous fraction in 25 mg/Kg doesn't presented a toxic potential. In the model of gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin, the aquous fraction in a dose of 50 mg/Kg, aggravated the lesions, which showed an evidence for antiinflamatory activity, it was confirmed in Formalin test and ear edema induced by... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Fungal diseases of trees are serious impediments to forest expansion and productivity. While the adverse effects of diseases of non-native plantation forest trees are increasingly recognized in Africa, the health of native trees has been virtually ignored. This is especially acute as many commercially propagated trees are related to native woody plants and recurrent movement of pathogens between native and non-native trees is increasingly being recorded. The genus Terminalia accommodates important indigenous tree species in Africa that provide a variety of valuable wood and non-wood products. Despite the importance of Terminalia spp., very little information has been recorded on their health problems. Research for this dissertation aimed at studying some of the fungal diseases of native and non-native Terminalia species in Africa. Special reference was provided to fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae, a group of pathogens that infect host plants without always producing clear symptoms. A literature review, presented in Chapter One, highlighted the limited information available on the pathogens and pests associated with these trees. Most disease reports include minimal detail. Often the causal agents had been identified based only on morphology and were not classified to the species level. Studies performed in chapter two compared the assemblages of endophytic species of the Botryosphaeriaceae from T. catappa in Cameroon, South Africa and Madagascar. Five species were identified and two of these are new to science and provided with the names N. batangarum and L. mahajangana. The assemblage of the Botryosphaeriaceae varied from one country to another, however, colonization patterns in the three areas were similar. Greenhouse inoculation trials performed on young T. catappa trees showed variation among isolates tested, with L. pseudotheobromae being the most pathogenic. Chapter three represents the first investigation of the Botryosphaeriaceae on native Terminalia trees in Cameroon and Africa. Morphological and DNA sequence data were used to identify these species as L. theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae, L. parva and E. endophytica. Pathogenicity trials performed on young T. mantaly and T. catappa trees revealed that L. pseudotheobromae was the most virulent species. In chapter four, species of Botryosphaeriaceae on native Terminalia spp. in Southern Africa were studied. Nine species were identified from T. sericea and T. sambesiaca. Seven of these, L. crassispora, L. pseudotheobromae, D. alatafructa, P. olivaceum, N. parvum, N. kwambonambiense and N. vitifusiforme represented previously described species and two, L. cryptotheobromae and N. terminaliae, were described as new. The genetic analyses of populations of L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae presented in chapter five showed clear genetic divergence between L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae supporting their distinction as separate species. Both L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae populations possessed high gene diversity, moderate degrees of genotypic diversity, and high levels of gene flow between isolates from T. cacao and Terminalia spp. Both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction were found. The last chapter of this dissertation presents the description of a new genus in the Cryphonectriaceae, Aurifilum marmelostoma, using a combination of molecular and morphological tools. This fungus is the second genus in this family described from Terminalia spp. Pathogenicity tests conducted to assess its ability to cause disease revealed that the fungus is a possible pathogen of this tree. An extensive number of potentially pathogenic fungi, including five new species were found associated with native and non-native Terminalia spp. in Africa. As some of these fungal species could serve as sources of inoculum onto economically important crops, research presented in this dissertation provides a foundation for understanding health issues affecting Terminalia and related genera in selected regions in Africa. Hopefully, results of this study will serve as valuable tools in forestry management in Africa. Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / Unrestricted

Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a series of metabolic conditions associated with hyperglycemia and caused by defects in insulin secretion, and/ insulin action. Exposure to chronic hyperglycemia may result in microvascular complications in the retina, kidney or peripheral nerves. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) global burden of disease, more than 176 million people are diabetic with about two thirds of these living in developing countries. With a long course and serious complications that often result in high incidences of mobility and mortality rate, the treatment of diabetes is often costly. The management of this disease is not without side effects and this is a challenge to the medical system. This has led the researches to seek new antidiabetic agents from plants. Acetone extract of 8 plants namely Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex DC, Euclea natalensis A.DC, Warbugia salutaris Bertol.f.) Chiov., Artemisia afra Jacq.ex Willd., Aloe ferox Mill, Sclerocarya birrea (A.Richi.) Hochst. subsp. caffra , Spirostachys Africana Sond and Psidium guajava L were evaluated for antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. In addition extracts were tested for cytotoxicity. Different parts of all these plants are traditionally used in South Africa for diabetes treatment. Plants were selected based on ethnobotanical information and phytochemical constituents. For determining inhibitory activity against each enzyme (α-glucosidase and α- amylase), all extracts were tested at concentration that ranged from 2x10-5 to 0.2mg/ml for α-glucosidase and 0.025 to 1.25mg/ml for α-amylase and fifty percent inhibition or higher was taken as significant (p<0.05). The extracts of A. ferox and S. africana showed no inhibition against α-glucosidase at the highest concentration tested (0.2mg/ml) whereas A. afra showed weak inhibition (47.15%). T. sericea showed to be a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase exhibiting 97.44 % inhibition of the enzyme (p<0.05). W. salutaris, S birrea and E. natalensis also showed good activity on α-glucosidase as they demonstrated 71.84; 97.44 and 92.60 % inhibition respectively (p<0.05). Other plant extracts such as A. ferox and S. africana did not exhibit any activity on α-glucosidase. T. sericea and S. birrea showed the best inhibitory activity on α-amylase enzyme, exhibiting 91.91 and 94.94 % inhibition respectively at 1.25mg/ml. A. afra, E. natalensis, P. guajava and W. salutaris also showed good inhibitory activity on -amylase enzyme at 1.25mg/ml which was the highest concentration tested (p<0.05). Low levels of plasma antioxidants is a risk factor associated with diabetes therefore, it has been suggested that plant-based medicines that contain antioxidant properties add an advantage in curbing complications that arise during DM aetiology. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was carried out using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Six plant extracts which showed good α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity were evaluated for antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging activity was measured in terms of the amount of antioxidants necessary to decrease the initial DPPH absorbance (EC50). The EC50 is the amount of antioxidants necessary to decrease initial DPPH absorbance by 50%. All 6 tested plant extracts showed good activity. W. salutaris and T. sericea demonstrated the highest activity exhibiting EC50 values of 5.08 and 5.56βg/ml respectively as compared to ascorbic acid/Vitamin C (EC50=2.52μg/ml), a well- known potent antioxidant. This was followed by P. guajava (EC50=6.97μg/ml); E. natalensis (EC50=8.46μg/ml) and S. birrea (EC50=9.41μg/ml). A. ferox showed EC50 value of 48.53μg/ml. It has been suggested that plant extracts and compounds must undergo toxicity test for safety before drug discovery is taken into consideration. Due to the large number of plants screened in this study and limited resources in our laboratory, only the acetone extract of T. sericea (which demonstrated good α-glucosidase and -amylase inhibitory activities) was tested for cytotoxicity. Acetone extract of T. sericea demonstrated moderate toxicity against primary vervet monkey kidney cells (VK) cells exhibiting IC50 values of 20.94 μg/ml when tested at 400μg/ml. Consequently, the acetone extract of T. sericea was selected for the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds. A bio-assay guided fractionation of the acetone extract of T. sericea led to the isolation of 4 pure compounds namely β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-acetate, lupeol and 3-onestigmasterol and two sets of mixtures of isomers (epicatechin-catechin; MI1 and epigallocatechingallocatechin; MI2). Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of isolated compounds were evaluated. μ–Sitosterol and lupeol showed best inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase exhibiting 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 54.50 μM and 66.48 μM respectively (p<0.05). This was followed by the MI2; epigallocatechin-gallocatechin (IC50=119.34 μM); β-sitosterol-3-acetate (IC50=129.34 μM); 3-one-stigmasterol (IC50=164.87 μM) and the MI1; epicatechin-catechin (IC50=255.76 μM). During the evaluation of purified compound’s inhibitory activity on α-amylase, compounds of interest were lupeol and β-sitosterol which exhibited IC50 values of 140.72 μM and 216.02 μM respectively as compared to the positive drug-control acarbose (IC50=65.25 μM). Epicatechincatechin and epigallocatechin-gallocatechin also demonstrated α-amylase inhibitory properties and the IC50 values were found to be lower than 100μg/ml. Epigallocatechin-gallocatechin, epicatechin-catechin and lupeol showed good free radical scavenging activity as they inhibited DPPH by 98.19; 96.98 and 70.90 % at 100ìg/ml respectively (p<0.05). The DPPH scavenging activity was very low in case of 3-one-stigmasterol (21.5% inhibition), whilst β-sitosterol and its derivative β-sitosterol-3-acetate did not show any activity. During cytotoxicity evaluation of pure compounds against monkey kidney cells, all the compounds except β-sitosterol did not inhibit the growth of these cells lines at the highest concentration tested (200μg/ml). β-Sitosterol showed moderate toxicity exhibiting IC50 values of 197.72 μM. β- Sitosterol-3-acetate, epicatechin-catechin, lupeol and epigallocatechin-gallocatechin were found to be non-toxic to Vero cells as 100% cell viability was observed when Vero cells were exposed to these samples at 200μg/ml. The compounds isolated and the extract of T. sericea demonstrated significant antidiabetic and antioxidant properties as compared to well known drugs acarbose (a known -glucosidase and α- amylase inhibitor) and Vitamin C (a well known antioxidant). This study is the first to report α- glucosidase, α-amylase and antioxidant properties of epicatechin-catechin, epigallocatechingallocatechin, β-sitosterol-3-acetate and stigma-4-ene-3-one isolated from T. sericea. In addition, epicatechin-catechin, epigallocatechin-gallocatechin, β-sitosterol-3-acetate and stigma-4-ene-3-one are isolated from T. sericea for the first time. Overall all results scientifically validated the traditional use of the bark of T. sericea for diabetes in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Plant Science / unrestricted

As plantas medicinais constituem importante fonte para descoberta de novos fármacos. A Terminalia argentea Mart. & Succ e a Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina (Benth.) Brenan, popularmente conhecidas como capitão do campo e angico vermelho respectivamente, são usadas na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias do trato respiratório. Entretanto, muito pouco se conhece sobre a constituição química e a atividade biológica destas plantas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade e o efeito anti-inflamatório dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de T. argentea e A. colubrina var. colubrina in vitro e in vivo. Empregando macrófagos da linhagem J774.1 mostramos que ambos os extratos nas concentrações de 31,25; 62,5; 125; 250; 500 ou 1000 ?g/mL não são tóxicos. Além disso, empregando células J774.1 estimuladas com LPS antes ou depois da adição dos extratos (protocolo preventivo ou terapêutico) encontramos que os mesmos reduziram significativamente a produção de NO, IL-6, TNF-? e IL-1?, e aumentaram a de IL-10, por mecanismo dependente da inibição da ativação de NF-kB. Empregando camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 e dois protocolos para avaliar toxicidade in vivo, o TG 423 (OECD, 2001) e o preconizado pela ANVISA (2013), encontramos que nas doses únicas de 300, 2000 e 5000 mg/kg, ou doses repetidas de 300 e 1000 mg/kg, nenhum dos extratos foi toxico para os animais. Quando avaliamos a atividade anti-inflamatória in vivo, empregando o modelo de bolha de ar inoculadas com LPS e tratadas localmente com os extratos nas doses de 5, 60 e 300 mg/kg, observamos que tanto o extrato hidroalcoólico de T. argentea como o de A. colubrina var. colubrina, na dose de 300 mg/kg, inibiram o extravasamento plasmático e a migração celular reduzindo a produção de citocinas inflamatórias e aumentando a produção de IL-10. Nossos dados nos permitem concluir que os extratos hidroalcoólicos de T. argentea e A. colubrina var. colubrina são anti-inflamatórios e apresentam potencial para serem empregados no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos anti-inflamatórios. / Medicinal plants are an important source for the discovery of new drugs. The Terminalia argentea Mart. & Succ and the Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina (Benth.) Brenan, commonly kwon as capitao do campo and angico vermelho, are used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. However, very little is known about the chemical constitution and biological activity of these plants. This study evaluated the toxicity and the anti-inflammatory effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts of T. argentea and A. colubrina var. colubrina in vitro and in vivo. Using macrophages of the cell line J774.1 it was shown that both extracts in the concentrations of 31,25; 62,5; 125; 250; 500 or 1000 ?g/mL are not toxic. Moreover, by using J774.1cells stimulated by LPS before or after the addition of the extracts (preventive or therapeutic protocol) it was detected that both reduced significantly the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-? and IL-1?, but increased the one of IL-10 by a mechanism dependent on the inhibition of the activation of NF-kB. While using C57BL/6 mice and two protocols to evaluate the in vivo toxicity, the TG 423 (OECD, 2001) and the one recommended by ANVISA (2013), it was found that neither in the single doses of 300, 2000 or 5000 mg/kg, nor in the repeated doses of 300 or 1000 mg/kg the extracts were toxic in vivo. When the anti-inflammatory activity is evaluated in vivo by using the inoculated by LPS air bubble model and treated locally with the extracts in the doses of 5, 60 or 300 mg/kg it was possible to observe that both, the hydroalcoholic extract of T. argentea and the A. colubrina var. colubrina in the dose of 300 mg/kg, inhibited plasma extravasation and cell migration by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines and increasing the production of IL-10. These data allow the conclusion that the hydroalcoholic extracts of T. argentea and A. colubrina var. colubrine are anti-inflammatory and have potential to be used in the production of new anti-inflammatory medicines.

Orientador: Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima / Resumo: A espécie Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) é uma planta conhecida no Brasil como “amendoeira”, “amendoeira da praia” ou “chapéu-de-Sol” e é utilizada popularmente na Ásia para o tratamento de hepatite, diarreia e disenteria. Essa planta medicinal faz parte da Farmacopeia Caribenha para o tratamento de gastrite e infecção urinária. A partir de sua indicação popular, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antiulcerogênico da infusão das folhas de Terminalia catappa (IFTC) no combate aos efeitos lesivos gástricos promovidos pelo uso do etanol, anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINE) e isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) em ratos. Para tanto, foram utilizados modelos experimentais agudos em que os animais receberam diferentes doses de IFTC e depois foram submetidos a indução de lesão por agente deletério (etanol, AINE ou I/R). A avaliação do efeito curativo ocorreu a partir da implantação da lesão gástrica nos animais e posteriormente foi realizado o tratamento pela via oral nos diferentes grupos experimentais por períodos que variaram de 3 à 6 dias consecutivos. Foram analisados os parâmetros macroscópicos como a área de lesão e parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados aos sistemas antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios (superóxido dismutase, glutationa reduzida, catalase, mieloperoxidase, peroxidação lipídica). Foi possível constatar que o tratamento prévio com IFTC não é capaz de prevenir o surgimento das lesões gástricas induzidas por etanol ou I/R mas é capaz de reduzir as lesões... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The species Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) is a plant known in Brazil as "amendoeira", "amendoeira da praia" or "chapeu de sol" and is popularly used in Asia for the treatment of hepatitis, diarrhea and dysentery. This medicinal plant is part of the Caribbean Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of gastritis and urinary infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiulcerogenic effect of the infusion of leaves of Terminalia catappa (IFTC) against the gastric lesions promoted by the use of ethanol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in rats. For this, acute experimental models were used in which the animals received different doses of IFTC and then were subjected to injury induction by etanol, NSAID or I/R. The healing model occurred after implantation of the gastric lesion in the animals and afterwards the oral treatment was carried out in the different experimental groups for periods ranging from 3 to 6 consecutive days of treatment. Macroscopic parameters such as lesion area and biochemical parameters related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory systems (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase, myeloperoxidase, lipid peroxidation) were analyzed. It was possible to verify that the previous treatment with IFTC is not able to prevent the appearance of the gastric lesions induced by ethanol or I/R but it is able to reduce the lesions by NSAID in the dose of 300 mg/kg. However, treatment with IFTC for 3 ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A procura por novas alternativas terapêuticas, como as que utilizam as plantas medicinais, tem despertado grande interesse da comunidade científica na busca por tratamentos mais eficientes para as doenças causadas por microrganismos patogênicos e terapias mais eficazes contra o câncer. Terminalia fagifolia Mart. et Zucc é uma planta medicinal encontrada no Cerrado brasileiro, usada popularmente no tratamento de aftas e tumores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante dos extratos brutos etanólicos da casca e das folhas da Terminalia fagifolia, avaliar a atividade citotóxica dos extratos em linhagens celulares normais NIH 3T3 e L929 e em linhagens celulares tumorais PC3 e B16F10. A atividade antibacteriana foi determinada pelo método de difusão em ágar pela técnica dos poços e pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). No método de difusão em ágar pela técnica dos poços o extrato da casca da Terminalia fagifolia apresentou melhor atividade antibacteriana do que o extrato das folhas. Na determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima, tanto o extrato da casca quanto o extrato das folhas apresentaram CIM de 75 mg/mL, possuindo dessa forma uma boa atividade antimicrobiana, pois nessa concentração inibiram o crescimento de 100% e mais de 90% do inoculo bacteriano, respectivamente. A avaliação da atividade citotóxica foi investigada através do ensaio MTS. Os resultados adquiridos mostraram que os extratos apresentam viabilidade celular para as células normais NIH 3T3 e L929 e citotoxicidade para as células tumorais PC3 e B16F10. Dessa forma, tornase necessária a continuidade dos estudos com essa planta, pois ambos os extratos apresentaram atividades antimicrobianas e antitumorais muito promissoras. / The search for new therapeutic approaches, such as the ones with medicinal plants, has been raising great interest of the scientific community in the search for more effective treatments for diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and more effective cancer therapies. Terminalia fagifolia Mart. et Zucc is a medicinal plant found in the Brazilian Cerrado, commonly used in the treatment of cancer sores and tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the rough ethanolic extracts of the barks and leaves of Terminalia fagifolia and assay the cytotoxic activity of the extracts in normal cell lineages NIH 3T3 and L929 and tumor cell lineages PC3 and B16F10. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar diffusion method by well technique and by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). In the agar diffusion technique the Terminalia fagifolia bark extract showed better antibacterial activity than the extract of the leaves. In the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, both bark and leave’s extract showed MIC of 75 mg/ml, having thus a good antimicrobial activity, once, in this concentration, they inhibited the growing of bacterial inoculum in 100% and more than 90%, respectively. The evaluation of the cytotoxic activity was investigated by MTS assay. The obtained results showed that the extracts has cell viability for normal cells NHI 3T3 and L929 and cytotoxicity for tumor cells PC3 and B16F10. Thus, it becomes necessary to continue the studies with this plant, once both extracts showed very promising antimicrobial and antitumor activities.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-100). / xi, 100 leaves, bound ill., map 29 cm