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La tesis tiene como objetivo analizar la constitución de identidades y otredades en el discurso de la administración George W. Bush durante lo que fue dado en llamar "Guerra global contra el Terror". A tal fin, plantea como hipótesis que la política exterior hacia Medio Oriente durante la mencionada administración fluctuó entre una política de corte hegemónico y una de corte imperialista. Ambas son definidas utilizando herramientas tanto del pensamiento de Carl Schmitt como de Michel Foucault. Para graficar la política hegemónica, la tesis toma como ejemplo la política de la Casa Blanca hacia el Egipto de Hosni Mubarak y, a partir, de allí realiza el pertinente análisis del discurso, concluyendo que el gobierno de dicho país fue construido como un "amigo" del cual se reconocían sus particularidades. Respecto a la identidad de Estados Unidos, en el marco de esta política, también ésta fue construida dando cuenta de su particularidad. Por su parte, con el fin de graficar la política imperialista, la tesis toma como caso de estudio la política de Washington hacia el Irak de Saddam Hussein, el cual fue construido como enemigo a exterminar. Respecto a la identidad de Estados Unidos, se concluye que la misma fue construida a través de una homologación con conceptos universales tales como "libertad".

Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) is one of the most influential social psychological theories of group behavior and intergroup relations. Early social identity research focused on many different group processes; however, the motivation behind group identification was not fully explored. Researchers have proposed a variety of accounts for why people join and identify with groups. This dissertation unravels the relationship between, on the one hand, mortality salience, self-related uncertainty and self-esteem, and on the other group identification and ingroup defense. The general hypothesis derived from uncertainty-identity theory (Hogg, 2010) is that uncertainty and not fear of death or pursuit of self-esteem motivate people to identify with and defend their groups, and that identification mediates the relationship between uncertainty and defense of the group. Experiment 1 (N = 112) tested the relationship between uncertainty and self-esteem on defense of the ingroup, with the additional test of the mediating effects of identification with the group between uncertainty and ingroup defense. Results showed that uncertainty and not self-esteem motivate people to identify with a group, to defend their group, and that group defense is mediated by identification. Experiment 2 (N = 112) provided a replication of the typical TMT study, which suggests that self-esteem will buffer the effects of mortality salience on ingroup defense, with the additional test of the mediating effects of identification between mortality salience and defense of one's group. As predicted, mortality salience only increased identification and defense of the group when self-esteem was not enhanced, as well, the interactive effects of mortality salience and self-esteem on defense was mediated by identification. Experiment 3 (N = 294) was a combination of both Experiments 1 and 2 and tested the hypothesis that uncertainty would moderate the relationship between self-esteem and mortality salience on group identification and ingroup defense. Exactly as predicted, only under high uncertainty the typical TMT results are demonstrated. Results across these three experiments demonstrate that self-uncertainty plays a significant role in reactions to mortality salience, and support uncertainty-identity theory's analysis of the role of self-uncertainty in ideological conviction and group behavior.

The subject of this paper is of cultures of terror, and more specifically of the possibility of resistance in a context of extreme fear. The focus is upon ways in which survivors of the Pol Pot regime devise strategies of embodied resistance, and rebuild notions such as identity and bodily integrity, within a Buddhist framework, to the dominant discourse of terror in contemporary Cambodian society. / The paper problematizes the concept of "order" and questions its validity as a dominant paradigm in anthropology. Further, in searching for new ways of theorizing and writing about resistance and terror, it suggests that a more power conscious analysis of popular religion and ritual may prove enlightening. / A theoretical framework is derived from a review of anthropological studies of terror and political violence. Of particular interest is the concept of "spaces of resistance" and the notions of "spaces of violence" and "bodily resistance" which it invokes. From within this framework the Dhammayietra, or peace walk, is considered as an embodied symbol of resistance and empowerment. It is hypothesized that the Dhammayietra may provide a way in which, through the symbolic "washing away" of Khmer Rouge memories; through the creation of new collective memories; and through the reclaiming of a physical manifestation (Angkor Wat) of the Buddhist-centered world view, some Cambodians may be able, at least in part, to emerge from the sensorially numb space which they created in order to survive the bodily, intellectual, and emotional assault upon their persons, culture, and religions by the Khmer Rouge.

Abstract This thesis addresses the issue of the effects of (repeated) exposure to death-related news content systematically and programmatically through a four-phase research project using a Terror Management Theory (TMT) framework. The central research questions that are posed include, ‘What are the effects for individuals of exposure to death in TV news?’; ‘When will individuals personalise death-related TV news as opposed to feel desensitised to it?’; and, ‘How do individuals cope with repeated exposure to death in TV news?’ The first three chapters provide an extensive literature review that integrates current research from the media effects and mass communication literature with that of experimental findings based on TMT. This leads to an overview of the research program. Then, a series of empirical chapters present findings from six experiments, using a mixed methods approach that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data and analyses. Finally, in Chapter 9 trends within the quantitative and qualitative data across the studies are discussed along with the theoretical and broader implications of the findings. Overall, there are three primary aims of the research. (1.) To examine a) whether death in news media can prime personal mortality salience, thus eliciting death thought accessibility and cultural worldview fluid compensation defensive outcomes as theorised by TMT (increased nationalism, endorsement of affiliation needs and self-esteem bolstering), and b) whether it is only particular portrayals of death in news media that work this way (i.e., whether there are critical factors such as viewer-victim similarity or level of exposure, as identified in the media effects literature) that play a significant moderating role. (2.) To explore whether it is necessary for the outcomes of exposure to death in news media to be defensive or whether there are alternative and more pro-social outcomes related to the extent that the viewer elaborates cognitively on the content or views more rationally (as implicated in Cozzolino, Staples, Meyers, & Sambceti, 2004). This could be as a function of individual differences (e.g., in cognitive thinking style) or as a function of the situational or contextual factors that prompt one to consider death-related news content more personally (emotionally) versus rationally. (3.) To ask about the “repeated” nature of death primes in news media, given that news media is unique in its daily emphasis on death-related content. Towards this aim we seek to answer the following: Does repeated exposure lead to accentuation of the defensive fluid compensation effects or does it lead to diminished effects because of desensitisation and depersonalisation? This third aim is potentially the most complex and is an under-researched area with important real-world implications. Specifically, Study 1 addresses reactions to death in TV news using a written stimulus task for a range of dependent variables– namely, death thought accessibility, cultural worldview endorsement, and cultural worldview defence. Examining the same dependent variables, Studies 2 and 3 explore the effects of actual TV news footage of a bus crash with multiple fatalities and the role of viewer-victim similarity. Study 4 examines what happens when explicit instructions to imagine your own death are given while watching the same TV news footage. Next, Study 5 examines whether more pro-social effects rather than the typical TMT defensive reactions are possible when a method by Cozzolino et al. (2004) that involves deeper death reflection and the role of cognitive elaboration are explored. Finally, Study 6 addresses the question of repeated exposure to death in TV news, with a focus on whether prior death exposure leads to attenuation or heightening of typical TMT defensive outcomes. Together, results from the six studies indicate that exposure to death-related TV news does not lead inevitably to defensive reactions. While there is strong evidence that death in TV news increases death thought accessibility (especially compared to a non-death TV news control), critically, whether personal mortality salience (as evidenced by self and other death thoughts) is resultant is more variable. Qualitative data shows that people have a range of defensive strategies and resources available to them and that we are honed at detecting personal relevance. Rather than viewing desensitisation as a negative by-product of TV news consumption it seems that the self-protective features of desensitisation are note-worthy. Detachment or neutrality seems to help individuals cope with the barrage of death-related images and sound bytes broadcast via TV news. Conversely, a sensitivity to detect personal relevance helps serve an important surveillance function also geared towards self-protection and meaning making. When there is maximal similarity with the victims of TV news stories portraying death, we can expect viewers to perceive high personal relevance, to personalise news content and to process the content more emotionally, as opposed to feeling desensitised. Although the buffering role of high rational thinking was weak overall, contrary to TMT-based predictions higher rational thinkers were found to be more prone to cultural worldview defence in a number of instances. The theoretical implications for TMT, social identity-based theories, Cozzolino et al.s (2004) work, and relevant media effects literature are discussed. The primary implication for TMT is evidence that death-related TV news footage has the capacity to make personal mortality salient and that higher death thought accessibility often can be evoked by death-related TV news. However, when subsequent measurement of cultural worldview defence is undertaken after a three-minute delay, higher death thought accessibility does not necessarily lead to consistent evidence of defensive fluid compensation effects. These two dependent variables have not been measured together in the literature to date, so these findings provide a significant theoretical distinction for TMT. While death in TV news more likely promotes procreation or family-related defensiveness than national bias, a range of factors (such as detecting self-relevance, viewer-victim similarity, and one’s ability to adopt a rational thinking style) moderate effects in various situations. In particular, factors such as contextual news features, rational thinking, shock value or spontaneous realisation of relevance, and reminders of one’s own family or of one’s own or others’ death are important.

This study aims to investigate how the swedish newspaper Aftonbladet frame terrorist attacks, depending on if the attack took place in the West or the East. Aftonbladet is one of the largest digital news media in Sweden with a large reader base, and was used to gain an understanding of how framing could affect the Swedish reader’s perception of the West and the East in conjunction with terrorism. The study used a critical discourse analysis to investigate four different terrorist attacks, namely four different news articles. Two of these attacks took place in the West; Manchester and Brussels, and two in the East; Kabul and Baghdad. The analysis showed that the different attacks were framed in different ways, were the articles for the attacks in the East showed signs of orientalism and “othering”, which according to previous studies could lead to “islamophobia” and a division between cultures. This study showed that a stereotypic way of thinking still exist in a post-colonial society and is deeply rooted, even in one of Sweden's largest digital news media, Aftonbladet.

Submitted by Flávio Renato dos Santos (flavioguap@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-03T21:51:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - FLÁVIO RENATO DOS SANTOS - FINALIZADO.pdf: 3662521 bytes, checksum: 5c4c1aa3cb5b99a4f276d0d3f26499c2 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br), reason: Prezado Flávio, O documento enviado para a coleção Campus Unesp Rio Claro foi recusado pelo(s) seguinte(s) motivo(s): - Falta o local de defesa na capa, elemento obrigatório. Agradecemos a compreensão e aguardamos o envio do novo arquivo. Atenciosamente, Biblioteca Campus Rio Claro Repositório Institucional UNESP https://repositorio.unesp.br on 2018-10-04T17:29:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Flávio Renato dos Santos (flavioguap@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-04T18:48:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - FLÁVIO RENATO DOS SANTOS - FINALIZADO.pdf: 3662521 bytes, checksum: 5c4c1aa3cb5b99a4f276d0d3f26499c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-10-04T19:12:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fr_me_rcla.pdf: 3662521 bytes, checksum: 5c4c1aa3cb5b99a4f276d0d3f26499c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T19:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fr_me_rcla.pdf: 3662521 bytes, checksum: 5c4c1aa3cb5b99a4f276d0d3f26499c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-15 / A presente pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, discute a escrita de gêneros textuais por alunos do último ano do Ensino Fundamental I, procurando avaliar sobretudo os componentes formais do gênero escrito, tais como estrutura composicional, estilo de linguagem e conteúdo temático. Este estudo divide-se em duas fases: 1. Discussão teórico-bibliográfica e levantamento de estudos acadêmicos; 2. Estudo de campo com a análise dos textos escritos pelos alunos. A bibliografia estudada apontou para a necessidade do letramento escolar e, portanto, para a obrigatoriedade do ensino dos gêneros textuais nas escolas de modo sistematizado (de seus componentes internos e externos), uma vez que seu aprendizado propicia a participação dos sujeitos em práticas sociais de uso da escrita. Constatou-se também, pela leitura de teses, dissertações e artigos acadêmicos, que os alunos escreveram gêneros textuais funcionais nas escolas, contudo, houve diferentes problemas na construção de seus componentes internos que comprometeram o uso social de tais textos. Para resolvê-los, essas pesquisas sugeriram o uso das Sequências Didáticas, já que, por meio delas, é possível identificar os problemas de escrita do gênero e construir atividades direcionadas à sua solução. No mesmo sentido, também estão os resultados obtidos no estudo de campo, constatou-se, na escrita de poemas e de narrativas de terror, a capacidade escritora de gêneros textuais pelos alunos, porém, com fragilidades no desenvolvimento de seus componentes internos. As análises dos textos permitiram traçar uma relação direta entre as atividades desenvolvidas pelas docentes e os resultados das escritas. O desenvolvimento do conteúdo temático, por exemplo, foi 100% alcançado na escrita dos poemas, cujo trabalho com o tema foi sistematizado pela Professora A; já o desenvolvimento verossímil do terror e do medo nos contos de terror, não trabalhado pela outra docente, foi alcançado apenas por 27,2% dos alunos. O trabalho feito pela professora A com a estrutura do poema, em versos e em estrofes, também propiciou resultados satisfatórios nas escritas, diferente do que ocorreu com a linguagem, cujo estilo conotativo, necessário aos poemas, não foi trabalhado pela docente e, portanto, quase não aconteceu nos textos dos alunos. Da mesma forma, os contos de terror, para os quais a Professora B não propôs nenhuma intervenção, apresentaram muitos problemas relativos ao uso da norma padrão da língua, dentre eles, 22,7% tiveram o entendimento de excertos dos textos comprometido pelas dificuldades de escrita apresentadas. Diante disto, conclui-se que a criação das Sequências Didáticas, destinadas ao atendimento das dificuldades dos alunos, é necessária para o avanço na construção dos componentes internos dos gêneros textuais escritos, já que se observou que, quando trabalhados sistematicamente pelas professoras, houve progresso na escrita. / The present research, of a qualitative nature, discusses the writing of textual genres by students of the last year of Elementary School I, trying to evaluate, in particular, the formal components of the written genre, such as compositional structure, language style and thematic content. This study was divided into two phases: 1. Theoretical - bibliographic discussion and survey of academic studies; 2. Field study with the analysis of texts written by the students. The bibliography studied pointed to the necessity of school literacy and, therefore, to the compulsory teaching of the textual genres in schools in a systematized way (of their internal and external components), since their learning provides the participat ion of the subjects in social practices of use of the writing. It was also verified by reading theses, dissertations and academic articles, that students wrote functional textual genres in schools; however, there were different problems in the construction of its internal components that compromised the social use of such texts. In order to solve them, these researches suggested the use of Didactic Sequences, since, through these, it is possible to identify the problems of writing of the genre and the const ruction of activities directed to its solution. In this way, are also the results obtained in the field study; it was verified, in the writing of poems and horror narratives the writing ability of textual genres by the students; however, with weaknesses in the development of its internal components. The analysis of the texts allowed to draw a direct relation between the activities developed by the teachers and the results of the writing. The development of the thematic content, for example, was 100% achieve d in the writing of the poems, whose work with the theme was systematized by Professor A, and the verisimilar development of terror and fear in the tales of terror, not worked by the other teacher, was reached by only 27.2% of the students. The work done b y teacher A with the structure of the poem, in verses and in stanzas, also provided satisfactory results in the writings. Different from what happened with language, whose connotative style, necessary to the poems, was not worked by the teacher and, theref ore, almost did not happen in the texts of the students. Similarly, the horror stories, for which Professor B did not propose any intervention, presented many problems related to the use of the standard language, among them, 22.7% had an understanding of e xcerpts from texts compromised by the difficulties of presented. From this, it was concluded that the creation of Didactic Sequences, at addressing the difficulties observed, are primordial to obtain improvements in the construction of internal components of written text genres, since it was observed that, when they were systematically worked by the teachers, there was progress in writing.

O objetivo da presente dissertação consiste em analisar o sublime, um conceito estético que vem sendo estudado desde os primeiros séculos. Tomamos como base a definição do sublime como algo paradoxal que cria o prazer e o medo ao mesmo tempo. Porém, o sublime apresenta especificidades que variam de acordo com o filósofo analisado. Neste trabalho, três críticos foram estudados: Longinus, Edmund Burke e Immanuel Kant. Assim, o sublime pode ser representado através da imensidão da natureza, do poder de uma criatura sobrenatural ou, até mesmo, através da sexualidade feminina. E, com o intuito de exemplificar essas diferentes perspectivas do sublime, buscamos obras da Literatura Gótica. Sendo esta uma vertente literária que buscava a oposição ao racionalismo trazido pelo movimento iluminista, as características sublimes foram essenciais para enfatizar a emoção. Para tal exemplificação, utilizamos trechos de dois romances góticos dos séculos XVIII e XIX, respectivamente: The Monk escrito por Matthew Lewis e Dracula escrito por Bram Stoker / The objective of the present work is to analyze the sublime, an aesthetic concept which several theorists have been studying since the first centuries. Taking into consideration a definition which considers the sublime as something paradoxical raising pleasure and pain at the same time. However, there are some specificties which vary according to the philosopher being analyzed. This work deals with three of them: Longinus, Edmund Burke and Immanuel Kant. So, the sublime can be represented by the vastness of nature, the power of a supernatural creature or, even, by the female sexuality. And, in order to exemplify these different perspectives of the sublime, we chose important novels in the Gothic literature. Since this type of fiction is aimed at opposing to the rationality brought by the Enlightenment, the sublime characteristics were essential to emphasize emotions. In order to exemplify this, two gothic novels were taken into consideration: The Monk written by Matthew Lewis in the 18th century and Dracula by Bram Stoker in the 19th century

The White Terror in Taiwan was a 43-year period during which the Kuomintang (KMT) regime, with significant support from the United States during the Cold War era, persecuted its political opponents, imprisoning tens of thousands of people and executing some 1200. In the wake of democratisation since the 1980s, Taiwan has instituted a scheme of transitional justice to acknowledge and atone for the past political oppression and to promote national reconciliation. As this initiative was undertaken by the same regime that perpetrated the White Terror, questions of objectivity and transparency arise. Accordingly, this thesis aims to assess the progress of transitional justice in Taiwan by examining the official discourse on the subject and also analysing the non-official discourses amongst survivors of the White Terror in present-day Taiwan. Tensions between the different discourses are identified. This thesis focuses on the construction of the past in the present, which refers to contestation of the past in the context of present-day society in Taiwan. Drawing on discursive analysis of Taiwan’s transitional justice initiatives since the late 1990s, as well as in-depth interviews with 24 former political prisoners, it discerns how the official transitional justice discourse is circumscribed and limits our knowledge of the White Terror. Since the implied fall of communism, the aim of reconciliation has not embraced the former socialists and communists at the global level, enabling the KMT government to elude accountability in its transitional justice efforts by rationalising the White Terror in the name of anti-communism. As a result, Taiwan’s socialist dissidents remain stigmatised in the official discourse, which offers redress only to those individuals who disassociate themselves with subversion and identify as ‘political victims’. This restriction in the official discourse suggests that the government wishes to reconcile only with those who were ‘innocent’ of treason. By the same token, the identity of White Terror victims is de-politicised, distorting the content of their trauma and shame and their survivorhood in present-day Taiwan. Informants’ non-official discourses, which point up the contradictions in the government discourse, reveal that survivors tend to feel profound shame owing to the failure of their political projects, viewing themselves as inept revolutionaries. Much of their interest in transitional justice lies in seeking opportunities to advocate for the causes to which they still adhere. Thus, their identity as survivors is focused less on persecution than on sustaining their political activism in the era of reconciliation. Thus, the tension between the official and non-official transitional justice discourses in Taiwan is not only a contestation of the past but, more profoundly, a contestation of the vision for the nation’s future.

Orientador: Ester Myriam Rojas Osorio / Banca: Maira Angélica Pandolfi / Banca: Karin Volobuef / Resumo: As narrativas de terror no Brasil ficaram apáticas até o momento em que a internet permitiu a ampla divulgação de novos trabalhos, sem que estes estivessem ligados ao mercado editorial. A exemplo, temos a obra do escritor acreano Henry Evaristo, que obteve espaço somente com o auxilio da internet e sua democracia, tendo posteriormente publicado parte de sua obra em livro. Obra esta que se destacou pelas narrativas de lobisomem, criatura que está incrustada na cultura popular, ao visar este aspecto propomos a interpretação do mito nas obras de Henry Evaristo dialogando, munida com as teorias bakhtinianas, com outras manifestações da literatura do medo. Percebendo a simbologia que adere o mito, os contos A Coisa no Jardim Zoológico, Algo Selvagem, Virgílio e A Longa Espera de Leonard, serão analisados, compondo também as teoria que versam sobre o excedente de visão de Bakhtin. Portanto as idéias irão se desenvolver em torno dos aspectos referentes ao mito do lobisomem encontrado nos contos, e como as novas mídias possibilitaram o conhecimento das novas literaturas do medo, incluindo a obra de Henry Evaristo / Résumé: Les récits d'horreur en Brésil étaient apathiques jusqu'au moment où l'internet a permit une large diffusion de nouvelles ouevres qui n'étaint pas liées au marché editorial. Par exemple, nous avons l'ouevre d'auteur Henry Evaristo, qui n'a obtenu une espace qu'avec l'aide de l'internet et sa démocratie ; une partie de son travail a été publié postérieurement sous forme de livre. Son travail est ressorti grâce aux récits de loup-garou, ancrée dans la culture populaire. En envisageant cet aspect, nous proposons l'interprétation du mythe dans les œuvres d'Henry Evaristo, en dialoguant, à partir des théories bakhtinienne avec d'autres manifestations de la littératures de la peur. En comprenant le symbolisme qui adhère au mythe, les contes A Coisa no Jarddim Zoológico, Algo Selvagem, Virgílio et A Longa Espera de Leonard, seront analysés, en composant aussi les théories qui traitent de l'excédent de la vision de Bakhtine. Donc, les idées se développeront autour des questions liées au mythe du loup-garou trouvé dans les contes, et comment les nouveaux médias rendent possible la sensibilisation de la nouvelle littérature de la peur, y compris le travail d'Henry Evaristo / Abstract: The horror stories in Brazil were apathetic till the moment that the Internet allowed the wide dissemination of new works, without these were related to publishing. As an example, we have the writer's production Acre Henry Evaristo, who got space only with the assistance of the Internet and its democracy, and subsequently published part of his production in book; its production that stood out because of the werewolf narratives creature that is embedded in popular culture. By targeting this aspect, we propose the interpretation of the myth in the works of Henry Evaristo dialoguing, provided with Bakhtinian theories with other literature of fear. Realizing the symbology that adheres to the myth, the tales "A Coisa no Jardim Zoológico", "Algo Selvagem", "Virgílio" and "A Longa Espera de Leonard", will be analyzed, also composing the theories that deal with Bakhtin's vision surplus. So, the ideas will develop around issues related to the werewolf myth found in the tales, and how new media enabled the knowledge of new literatures of fear, including the production of Henry Evaristo / Mestre