The purpose of this study was to analyze geometry problems in a widely used sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade Turkish elementary mathematics textbooks series based on the cognitive assessment frameworks of the most recent TIMSS, the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2003. To compare geometry problems in the textbooks and TIMSS 1999, in which Turkish students poorly performed, the cognitive behaviors that the problems required were determined and categorized. After the analysis, it was found that the two most frequent behaviors that the problems require are computing and applying with a total percentage of 72, in case of the textbooks. In TIMSS 1999 geometry problems case, however, applying and analyzing are the most frequent cognitive behaviors with a total percentage of 47. It was also found that a great majority of 22 behaviors of the framework were either not represented or underrepresented by the textbooks geometry problems. When we consider the four major categories of behaviors, 86 percent of the textbooks geometry problems required behaviors belong to two cognitive domains: Knowing Facts and Procedures or Solving Routine Problems. TIMSS 1999 geometry problems, however, mostly belong to Solving Routine Problems or Reasoning with a percentage of 65. In both the textbooks and TIMSS 1999 cases, a relatively small part of the problems required behaviors belong to Using Concepts. The results are discussed in the light of Turkey&amp / #8217 / s performance in TIMSS 1999 and some suggestions related to the textbook problems were given.

迎接21世紀的來臨與世界各國之教改脈動，自1997年起，台灣政府致力教育改革，以期提升國民素質及國家競爭力。因此，教育部依據行政院核定之「教育改革行動方案」，進行國民教育階段課程與教學改革。隨著「九年一貫課程綱要」的公佈，台灣正式開啟一連串的教育革新。而對岸的中國，也於2001年啟動第八次基礎教育課程改革。兩國教育改革的內容皆涉及到課程目標、課程內容、課堂教學、學生學習等各層面，因此教科書、教材教法皆產生了巨大的變化。現有關於兩岸教育相關研究相當多，但兩岸課程的比較研究多停留在國小階段；且針對教科書的研究多半是以教科書的制度、審定為主，幾乎未有針對兩岸國中階段教科書的內容比較。 本研究先簡略介紹兩國教育背景並進行九年義務教育課程目標的分析，再對台灣康軒版、中國人教版國中數學課本、習作、教師手冊做出比較，得出結果如下： 一、在課程目標方面，兩者都強調數學與生活、其他學科的連結，也強調學生創新能力的培養；不同的是，中國人教版較強調數學各主題中的深耕，台灣康軒版則偏向各主題間的橫向連結；而中國人教版也較注重傳統的數學運算能力，台灣康軒版則較重視數學在生活中的運用。 二、在數學課本課程內容中，台灣課程偏向主題集中學習，而中國課程則偏向主題分散學習，每一學年課程都有代數、幾何、資料統計與機率。除此之外，中國人教版不論是代數或幾何，習題數約是台灣康軒版的三倍，但台灣康軒版在代數部份，課程較為流暢；中國人教版在幾何部份題目題材較多元。 三、在課本編輯方面，兩者架構都相當類似，皆具備章前圖、多元正文欄目、重點整理、補充知識等，但台灣康軒版部分章節，列中字數過多，且沒有數學名詞的中英文對照 四、在習作排版方面，中國人教版像是一本濃縮參考書，但台灣康軒版全版彩色，計算空間大，版面整齊，但中國人教版排版密集，閱讀上較為辛苦。 基於以上結論，針對台灣教科書提出以下建議： 1.幾何部份可以增加動手操作的機會，如折紙。 2.可以增加課本中的習題數，讓學生有多一點練習的機會。 3.增加數學史課程，適當說明前人在解決日常問題中的數學智慧。 4.增加統整課程的題型，題目的題材可以結合理化、美術等，增加多 元類型，提供學生思考的空間。 / To welcome the 21st century and catch up with other countries’ educational efforts, the government in Taiwan has engaged itself to educational reform since 1997. The purpose is to enhance the quality of its people and the ability to compete with other countries. Hence the Ministry of Education has tried to reform the compulsory education curriculum and teaching according to the “Action Proposal for Educational Reform,” authorized by the Executive Yuan. After the publication of “Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines,” Taiwan has formally initiated a series of educational reforms. Similarly, Mainland China has started its eighth reform on Basic Education Curriculum. The reforms in both countries include the curriculum target, the curriculum content, classroom teaching, and students’ learning. They unavoidably exert a huge impact on the textbooks and teaching materials. Related researches on the education in both countries abound. However, the comparison of curriculum in both countries basically focuses on elementary school curriculum. Also, most researches on textbooks focus on the system or authorization. Seldom do we find research that focuses on the textbooks in junior high school. This research will first briefly introduce the education background in both countries and then analyze the target of compulsory education curriculum. The Kang Xuan version of Taiwan and the People’s Education version of China are taken as examples. We get the following conclusion after comparing their mathematics textbooks, workbooks, and teacher’s manuals. First, in terms of curriculum target, both versions emphasize the connection between mathmatics and life or other subjects. Both aim to cultivate the students’ creativity, too. Differently, People’s Education version goes deeper within one single topic, while Kang Xuan version focuses on the horizontal connection between different topics. People’s Education version puts more emphasis on the traditional arithmetic, while Kang Xuan version puts more emphasis on the application of math in everyday life. Second, according to the content of these two versions, when a new topic is introduced, the curriculum in Taiwan prefers concentrative learning, while the other version favors learning at different phases. Take People’s Education for example, every school year students have to learn algebra, geometry, data statics, and probability. Besides, in terms of algebra or geometry, People’s Education version provides exercises three times than Kang Xuan version does. Kang Xuan version, however, has a smoother curriculum design in terms of algebra. As for geometry, People’s Education version offers more different types of exercises. Third, speaking of the editing, both versions have similar curriculum structure. We can find in both versions pictures before each chapter, multiple columns presenting the main idea, arrangements of important points, and appended knowledge. However, some chapters of Kang Xuan version have too many words in one line, and it lacks Chinese-English terminology of math. Fourth, in terms of the workbooks, People’s Education version looks like a condensed reference book, while Kang Xuan version is bigger and more colorful. Kang Xuan version provides space for calculation and has neater arrangement, while People’s Education version is too wordy and takes more time to read the questions. Based on the conclusion above, this study offers some suggestions for future compilation of the Taiwanese mathematics textbooks: 1. For geometry, a good mathematics textbook should provide students with more opportunities to have hands on experiences, for example, by way of paper folding. 2. There should be more exercises in the textbook, hence giving the students more chances to practice. 3. History of mathmatics can be added. Students may have a better idea how ancient people used their wisdom to solve everyday mathmatics problems. 4. Exercises related to integrated curriculum should be added, too. Different subjects like science, art, etc…, can be combined together to provide multiple elements and a wider space for students’ ideas.

This thesis reports a series of studies into textbook authors', teachers' and students' use of analogies to improve students' understanding of abstract chemistry concepts. The five research problems considered: (a) the nature and extent of analogy use in textbooks; (b) the views of textbook authors and editors concerning analogies; (c) how, when, and why analogies were used by experienced chemistry teachers; (d) the development of an instrument to determine chemistry students' understanding of analogies; and (e) how chemistry students use the analogies presented as part of their chemistry instruction.Study One reports the findings of an investigation of ten chemistry textbooks used by Australian students for the nature and extent of analogy inclusion. The study found that, while used sparingly, analogies were employed more frequently in the beginning of textbooks and that the analogies used concrete analog domains to describe abstract target concepts. There was considerable use of pictorial-verbal analogies although simple analogies comprised a substantial proportion and stated limitations or warnings were infrequently employed.Study Two involved interviews with the authors of eight of the above mentioned textbooks to determine authors' views on analogies and their use in textbooks and teaching. The study identified a relationship between how frequently analogies were used by the author and what he or she considered to be the characteristics of a good chemistry teacher. Each author had a good understanding of the nature of analogy and each sought a flexible environment for its use - most arguing that analogies are better used by teachers than printed in textbooks. They appeared to favour analogies embedded in text or placed in margins rather than as post-synthesisers or advance organisers.Study Three reports an investigation into six chemistry teachers' use of ++ / analogies in Western Australia and England. This study found that the teachers drew upon their experiences and professional reading as sources of the analogies that tended to be spontaneously used when they felt their students had not understood an explanation. The analogies tended to map functional attributes of abstract target concepts with some teachers using the blackboard to illustrate pictorial analogies and some including statements of limitations.Study Four describes the development of analogy maps - instruments used to determine the effectiveness with which students map given analogies. The iterative development process engaged classroom-based research methods to develop an instrument of value both for teaching and for school-related research. A rating system enables researchers to compare students' effectiveness at mapping analogies with variables such as analogy type.Studies Five and Six describe how a combination of interviews and analogy map surveys were used to investigate how students used analogies in chemistry. The study found that students felt more confident with pictorial-verbal analogies although they were not necessarily able to map these analogies better than verbal (only) analogies. Also, student mapping confidence appeared not to depend upon the level of enrichment supplied and added enrichment did not necessarily aid mapping performance. Further, the analogy maps were useful as a means to identify alternative conceptions and there was little evidence that the analogy maps contributed to the formation of alternative conceptions in the learners.The final chapter draws together and discusses the assertions made in all of the previous studies before considering the contribution of the thesis to theory building. The implications of the research are discussed and suggestions made for future research on analogies in chemistry education. The chapter ++ / concludes by outlining examples of how and where the findings of this research have begun to be disseminated.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Toronto, 2005. / References in English and Japanese. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-174).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-202). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Supervisors: Sherry L. Field and Mary S. Black. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förekomsten av de matematiska kompetenserna i läroböcker för Matematik A. Centralt i studien är de sex matematiska kompetenser, som Palm <em>et al.</em> (2004) analyserat fram ur de nationella styrdokumenten. Dessa kompetenser är: kommunikationskompetens, modelleringskompetens, resonemangskompetens, begreppskompetens, problemlösningskompetens och algoritmkompetens. För att nå syftet genomfördes en analys av uppgifter i två läroböcker för Matematik A.</p><p>Undersökningens resultat visar att alla sex matematiska kompetenser finns representerade i läroböckernas uppgifter. Begrepps- och algoritmkompetenserna dominerar starkast i båda läroböckerna (85-95 %) medan de övriga kompetenserna är svagt representerade. Resultatet som också relaterats till strävansmålen för matematik i gymnasieskolan, visar att det blir svårt att utveckla samtliga kompetenser och nå alla strävansmål enbart genom arbete i läroboken.</p><p> </p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to study how mathematical competences appear in text books for Mathematics A. The main objective is the six mathematical competences, which Palm <em>et al.</em> (2004) analysed from the national curriculum. These competences are: communication competence, modelling competence, reasoning competence, concept competence, problem solving competence and algorithm competence. To reach the purpose, an analysis of tasks in two Mathematics A text books was conducted.</p><p>The result of the analysis shows that all six mathematical competences are represented in the textbooks, but the concept and algorithm competences appear extensively more in both textbooks (85-95 %) while the other competences appear briefly. The result which also is connected to the curriculum, may result in difficulties not only in developing the competences but also in reaching all curriculum goals by working solely with the textbooks.</p>

No description available.

In the light of Swedish pupils' declining understanding of non-fiction, as well as the abolition of textbook examination, the idea for this study was born. The purpose was to explore two reading comprehension textbooks in the subject of Swedish and compare them to PIRLS reading test from 2011. Furthermore, the overall aim has been to analyze the coherence between them (alignment). The study was focused on highlighting the similarities and differences among the texts and tasks provided in the materials. With particular focus on the text's prose, genre and format, as well as on the reading comprehension strategies that were practiced and tested in the tasks. Through text analysis, theories of alignment (Biggs, 2003) and reading comprehension strategies (Andreassen 2008; Reichenberg 2014; Westlund 2015) the following questions were answered: Which similarities and differences regarding the text's prose form, genre and design can be discerned in the two textbooks compared to PIRLS reading test?  Which similarities and differences exist between the reading comprehension strategies that are practiced in the textbooks' tasks compared to those tested in PIRLS reading test?  Which preconditions are given the pupils to perform at PIRLS through the work of these two reading comprehension textbooks? The results showed both similarities and differences among all of the materials. The distribution of the text's prose form differed. In one textbook the most common form was fictional prose, whereas in the other book non-fiction occurred more. However the distribution was even in PIRLS reading test. Results also revealed that the extent of the texts was significantly longer in the reading test than in either one of the textbooks. Additionally the results indicated that the tasks, in PIRLS and in the textbooks, require a use of different reading comprehension strategies. In the textbooks multiple strategies were needed to solve the tasks, in contrast to PIRLS, where there were no use of several of them. These findings suggest a lack of alignment between the analyzed materials.

Submitted by Denize Lourenço (biblicfp@cfp.ufcg.edu.br) on 2017-12-29T14:02:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOCEILTON CANDIDO ROCHA - DISSERTAÇÃO PROFLETRAS 2015.pdf: 17746003 bytes, checksum: 82c2e068bc42ea3f9b057bcb6983647b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-29T14:02:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOCEILTON CANDIDO ROCHA - DISSERTAÇÃO PROFLETRAS 2015.pdf: 17746003 bytes, checksum: 82c2e068bc42ea3f9b057bcb6983647b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-19 / Esta pesquisa se propôs analisar propostas de produção texto no livro didático de Língua Portuguesa com base no Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo. A relevância de discutir essa temática se dá pelas seguintes razões: a atividade de produção textual revela-se um campo de investigação sugestivo, desafiador, ao mesmo tempo em que ocupa centralidade nas orientações normativas do ensino, também representa uma importante dimensão para o desenvolvimento da competência comunicativa e para o exercício da cidadania. O Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo tem se caracterizado como uma abordagem que concebe o ensino dos gêneros, chamando atenção para os aspectos contextuais que influenciam a qualidade desse ensino, tais como a noção de contexto sociossubjetivo proposto por Bronckart (2012). Além do mais, as pesquisas têm revelado a importância do livro didático como recurso indispensável ao ensino da linguagem, além de ser uma das principais ferramentas pedagógicas de apoio ao professor. Dessa forma, nos propomos a responder de que modo os pressupostos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo são aplicados em propostas de produção de texto nos livros didáticos, especificamente, o contexto sociossubjetivo? Buscamos responder esse questionamento apoiando-nos, além de Bronckart, em Schneuwly e Dolz, nas orientações gerais de Bakhtin, Vygotsky e teóricos que seguem a abordagem sociodiscursiva, a exemplo de Marcuschi. O caminho metodológico trilhado é o de natureza aplicada e de abordagem quali-quantitativa. O corpus foi constituído pela coleção de livros didáticos dos anos finais do ensino fundamental: Português Linguagens de Willian Roberto Cereja e Thereza Cochar Magalhães. A partir do levantamento e classificação das propostas escritas da coleção, realizamos por amostragem, a análise de seis propostas. Os critérios de análise coadunam com os nossos objetivos específicos: investigar se nas propostas de produção textual há a indicação do gênero a ser produzido; e verificar se as propostas de produção de textos enfocam o contexto sociossubjetivo (lugar social, posição social do emissor, posição social do receptor e objetivo). Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que o livro não leva em consideração o contexto comunicativo de forma plena, pois apenas 25% das propostas contemplam todas as categorias de análise. Concluímos que ainda há a necessidade de ampliação e diversificação de estratégias para o ensino de gêneros, pois não basta apenas a exploração de aspectos estruturais, mas, sobretudo os contextuais. Assim, elaboramos uma proposta de intervenção com base nos pressupostos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo, redimensionando atividades retiradas do livro, uma vez que consideramos extremamente importante essa direção. / This study intended to analyze text production proposals in the textbook of Portuguese based on Sociodiscursive Interactionism Theory. The relevance of discussing this issue occurs for the following reasons: the textual production activity proves to be a suggestive and challenging research field, while occupying centrality in guidelines established by the school, it also represents an important dimension to the development of communicative competence and citizenship. Sociodiscursive Interactionism Theory has been characterized as an approach that conceives the teaching of genres focusing on contextual factors that influence the quality of the teaching, such as the notion of sociosubjetive context proposed by Bronckart (2012). Furthermore, the researches have revealed the importance of the textbook as an essential resource to language teaching as well as being one of the main pedagogical tools to support teacher. Thus, we propose to answer how the Sociodiscursive Interactionism Theory assumptions are applied in text production proposals in textbooks, specifically, the sociosubjetive context? We seek to answer this question by supporting us, besides Bronckart apud Schneuwly and Dolz, the general guidelines of Bakhtin, Vygotsky and theorists who follow the sociodiscursive approach, like Marcuschi. The methodological path followed is the applied nature and qualitative and quantitative approach. The corpus was constituted by the collection of textbooks for the final years of elementary school: Português Linguagens by Willian Roberto Cereja and Thereza Cochar Magalhães. From the survey and classification of the written proposals of the collection, we conducted by sampling the analysis of six proposals. The analysis criteria are in line with our specific objectives: to investigate whether the textual production of proposals contains an indication of its genre to be produced; and to verify that the texts production proposals focus on the sociosubjetive context (social position, social position of the issuer, social position of the receiver and goal). The results confirmed the hypothesis that the book does not take into account the communicative context fully, because only 25% of the proposals include all the categories of analysis. We conclude that there is still the need for expansion and diversification of strategies for teaching genres, it is not enough just exploring structural aspects, but mainly contextual ones. So, we prepared a proposal for intervention based on the assumptions of Sociodiscursive Interactionism Theory, by redimensioning activities from the book, since we consider extremely important to following that direction.