Introdução. Nos últimos a função motora vem sendo associada com a atenuação sensitiva e de dor, logo antes, durante e apos a contração muscular. No entanto as vias anatômicas e funcionais deste fenômeno não são conhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo é o de criar um modelo animal e investigar o efeito da estimulação subliminar do córtex motor (ECM) no limiar nociceptivo e na atividade neuronal subcortical. Método. O limiar nociceptivo foi avaliado por teste plantar e reflexo de retirada da cauda antes e após o implante dos eletródios epidurais sobre o córtex motor da pata posterior orientado por mapa funcional na mesma cepa de ratos. Os mesmos testes foram repetidos antes, durante e após a ECM. Antagonismo sistêmico do por naloxona foi incluído neste protocolo para investigar a relação com mediação opióide. O registro neuronal multiunitário do núcleo centro mediano (CM) e ventral posterolateral (VPL) do tálamo e da substância periaqüeductal (SPM) foi realizado antes, durante e após ECM ipso e contralateral. Resultados. O implante per se não causou alterações no limiar nociceptivo. ECM induziu significativa antinocicepção seletiva na pata contralateral mas não na ipsolateral. Este efeito não mais foi observado 15 minutos após o término da estimulação. Nenhuma alteração motora e comportamental foi observada nos testes de campo aberto. A mesma estimulação no córtex sensitivo e parietal posterior não causou quaisquer alterações de limiar nociceptivo. Administração sistêmica de naloxone reverteu completamente o efeito antes observado com a ECM. O registro neuronal multiunitário evidenciou diminuição na atividade do CM durante e após a ECM contra e ipsolateral. O ritmo de disparos neuronais no VPL também mostrou diminuição apenas com a ECM ipsolateral. No entanto os neurônios da SPM aumentaram significativamente a freqüência de disparos com ECM ipsolateral e não com a contralateral. Conclusão. A ECM subliminar está relacionada consistentemente com a atenuação sensitiva durante o comportamento, provavelmente mediado por inibição talâmica e ativação da SPM. / Background. The motor function has been associated to sensory and pain attenuation, before during and shortly after the muscle activity. How ever the anatomical and functional basis of this phenomenon is not yet defined. The present study was designed to set an animal model and investigate the effect of subthreshold electrical stimulation of motor cortex (MCS) on pain threshold and neuron activity of thalamus and periaqüedutal gray. Method. Nociceptive thresholds of hind paws and the tail flick reflex were evaluated before and after surgical placement of epidural electrodes; before during and after electrical stimulation of motor cortex. Opioid antagonism was also included in this protocol in order to define neurotransmitter mediation of this process. Multiunit recording of thalamic median center (CM) and ventral posterolateral nuclei (VPL) and lateral periaqüedutal gray (SPM) were performed before and after electrical stimulation of ipso and contralateral motor cortex. Results. The procedure itself did not induce any threshold changes. MCS induced selective antinociception of contralateral paw, but no changes were detected in the nociceptive threshold of the ipsolateral side. This effect disappeared completely 15 minutes after the stimulation was ceased. No behavioral or motor impairment were observed during and after the stimulation session in the open field test. The same stimulation on sensory and posterior parietal cortex did not elicit any changes in behavioral and nociceptive tests. Systemic administration of naloxone completely reversed the previous observed antinociceptive effect. Multiunit recording evidenced decrease in spontaneous neuron firing in CM with short recovery time during ipso and contralateral MCS. Neuron activity in VPL was also significantly decreased during ipsolateral MCS but not with contralateral stimulation. How ever, neuron firing in SPM was significantly increased during and long after ipsolateral MCS but not with contralateral stimulation. Conclusion. Subthreshold MCS is consistently related to sensory attenuation during behavior, probably through thalamic inhibition and SPM activation.

Dans le système nerveux central, le principal effecteur de la voie de transduction de l'AMPc<br />est la protéine kinase activée par l'AMPc (PKA). L'activation de la PKA est impliquée dans de<br />nombreux processus comme la modulation de l'excitabilité neuronale par phosphorylation de<br />canaux ioniques, de l'homéostasie cellulaire par phosphorylation de cibles cytosoliques et de la<br />régulation génique par phosphorylation de facteurs de transcription. La régulation de l'activité de la<br />PKA ainsi que son activation spatiale et temporelle sont des paramètres indispensables à la<br />compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires à l'origine des effets de cette voie de seconds messagers.<br />Faute d'approches méthodologiques adaptées, très peu d'études se sont intéressées à la dynamique<br />spatiale et temporelle, à la spécificité et à la régulation de l'activité de la PKA dans les neurones.<br />Grâce aux sondes fluorescentes codées génétiquement, il est possible maintenant d'avoir<br />accès à ces paramètres. A l'aide d'un vecteur viral, nous avons fait exprimer une sonde sensible à<br />l'activité PKA (sonde AKAR pour A-kinase activity reporter) dans des préparations de neurones en<br />tranches. Cette sonde utilise le principe du transfert d'énergie par résonance (FRET) et permet de<br />mesurer par imagerie ratiométrique l'activité kinase de la PKA. Nous avons montré que la sonde<br />AKAR2, exprimée dans les neurones, modifie son spectre d'émission en réponse à une stimulation<br />de la voie AMPc. L'utilisation d'une sonde mutante, dont le site de phosphorylation a été modifié,<br />démontre que les changements observés dans le spectre d'émission de la sonde AKAR2 sont bien<br />attribuables à une phosphorylation.<br />Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié la phosphorylation de protéines cibles de la<br />PKA dans différents compartiments subcellulaires en réponse à différentes stimulations<br />extracellulaires. La phosphorylation de la sonde AKAR2, nous a permis de suivre en temps réel<br />l'activité de la PKA dans le cytosol. Afin de mesurer l'activité de la PKA dans le noyau, nous avons<br />adressé la sonde AKAR2 en utilisant un signal de localisation nucléaire (NLS). Enfin, la mesure de<br />l'activité de la PKA à la membrane a été réalisée grâce à l'étude de la phosphorylation des canaux<br />responsables du courant de l'AHP lente (IsAHP). Nous avons montré que la phosphorylation des<br />canaux ioniques est plus rapide que la phosphorylation des cibles cytosoliques, elles-mêmes plus<br />rapide que la phosphorylation des protéines nucléaires. De plus, nous avons montré que l'activité de<br />la PKA stimulée par l'activation de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) est différente de<br />l'activation directe des adénylyl cyclases (AC). En effet, l'activation de la PKA résultant de la<br />stimulation des RCPG produit des amplitudes de phosphorylation plus faible de la sonde AKAR2<br />dans le cytosol et le noyau.<br />Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié le rôle des phosphodiestérases de type 4<br />(PDE4) dans la régulation des réponses β-adrénergiques. L'inhibition des PDE4 produit une<br />activation de la PKA dans les neurones traduisant ainsi une activité tonique des AC. Nous montrons<br />également que l'inhibition des PDE4 permet de potentialiser l'activité de la PKA en réponse à de<br />faibles concentrations d'agonistes β adrénergiques. Cette famille de PDEs, en dégradant l'AMPc,<br />participe donc à la régulation et la propagation des signaux PKA dans les neurones.<br />Enfin, au cours de ma thèse, je me suis également intéressé au γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)<br />composé qui est utilisé pour soigner certains troubles du sommeil et provoque chez le rat<br />l'apparition de signes comportementaux et de tracés encéphalographiques similaires à ceux observés<br />chez l'humain lors de crises d'épilepsie de type absence. L'ensemble de ces effets du GHB passe<br />probablement par une action sur la boucle thalamocorticale mais les mécanismes cellulaires à leurs<br />origines sont inconnus. Nous avons montré grâce à l'utilisation d'enregistrements<br />électrophysiologiques, que les courants post-synaptiques inhibiteurs sont beaucoup moins sensibles<br />au GHB que les courants post-synaptiques excitateurs et les courants potassiques à rectification<br />entrante (GIRK). Cette différence de sensibilité serait à l'origine d'un déséquilibre de la balance<br />excitation/inhibition reçue par les neurones thalamocorticaux ce qui participerait à la genèse d'une<br />activité oscillante du potentiel membranaire de ces neurones.

Parkinson’s disease patients present with the highest risk of dementia development. The thalamus, integral to several functions and behaviours is involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this thesis was to determine if anatomical abnormalities in the thalamus are associated with the development of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. We examined the thalamus using macro and microstructural techniques and the white matter pathways that connect the thalamus with areas of the surrounding cortex using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based tractography. T1-weighted magnetic resonance and DT images were collected in 56 Parkinson’s disease patients with no cognitive impairment, 19 patients with mild cognitive impairment, 17 patients with dementia and 25 healthy individuals who acted as control subjects. An established automated segmentation procedure (FIRST FSL) was used to delineate the thalamus and a modified k-means clustering algorithm applied to segment the thalamus into clusters assumed to represent thalamic nuclei. Fibre tracts were determined using DTI probabilistic tracking methods available in FIRST. Microstructural integrity was quantified by fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity (MD) DTI measures. Results show that microstructural measures of thalamic integrity are more sensitive to cognitive dysfunction in PD than macrostructural measures. For the first time we showed a progressive worsening of cellular integrity (MD) in the groups who had greater levels of cognitive dysfunction. Thalamic degeneration was regionally specific and most advanced in the limbic thalamic nuclei which influenced executive function and attention, areas of cognition that are known to be affected in the earliest stages of PD. The integrity of the fibre tracts corresponding to these thalamic regions was also compromised. Degeneration of fibre tracts was most evident in the dementia group, indicating that they may be more protected against Lewy pathology than the nuclei of the thalamus. Our findings confirm previous histological, animal and lesion studies and provide a reliable estimate of cortical degeneration in PD that can be applied non-invasively and in vivo. A longitudinal study is needed to monitor the progression of cognitive decline in PD but we have provided the basis for further investigation into the predictive validity of thalamic degeneration for cognitive dysfunction. In the future, the microstructural changes of the thalamus could be used as biomarkers for the identification of individuals with a higher risk for dementia development and for the longitudinal monitoring of any interventions into cognitive decline.

Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d’étudier le rôle de l’hippocampe (HPC) ventral et des noyaux reuniens (Re) et rhomboïde (Rh) du thalamus dans les processus cognitifs qui sous-tendent la mémoire spatiale chez le Rat. Par l’utilisation d’approches complémentaires combinant l’imagerie cérébrale, la lésion excitotoxique, l’inactivation fonctionnelle réversible et des évaluations comportementales, nos résultats ont mis en évidence : (1) l’implication spécifique de l’HPC ventral uniquement dans le rappel d’informations spatiales ; (2) un rôle-clé des noyaux Re et Rh dans la persistance d’un souvenir spatial ; (3) l’implication des noyaux Re et Rh dans le labyrinthe du double-H, un nouveau test nécessitant d’une part, l’utilisation d’informations spatiales dépendant de l’intégrité de l’HPC dorsal, et d’autre part, une flexibilité comportementale, impliquant le cortex préfrontal médian. Ainsi, l’ensemble de ces résultats permet de proposer l’existence d’un circuit HPC-préfronto-thalamique impliqué dans divers aspects du traitement des informations spatiales. / The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the role of the ventral hippocampus (HPC) and the reuniens (Re) and rhomboid (Rh) thalamic nuclei in the cognitive processes underlying spatial memory in the Rat. If our results first confirmed, in the Morris water maze, the role of the dorsal HPC in the acquisition and retrieval of a spatial reference memory, we demonstrated the specific involvement of the ventral HPC only in the recall of spatial information. In addition, by using complementary approaches combining brain imaging, excitotoxic lesion and reversible functional inactivation, we were able to show for the first time a key role for the Re and Rh in the persistence of a spatial memory (25 days). Finally, the third set of experiments has highlighted the involvement of the Re and Rh in a mnemonic task performed in a new test, the double-H maze, which requires the use of spatial information depending on the integrity of the dorsal HPC, and a behavioral flexibility, involving the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, taken together, these results suggest the involvement of a HPC-prefronto-thalamic network in various aspects of spatial information processing.

O Colículo Superior (SC) é conhecido por apresentar diversas funções que modulam a caça predatória. Neste estudo, investigamos as funções do SC em ratos expostos a caça de insetos. Primeiramente, verificamos que o comportamento predatório induz uma distinta ativação da porção lateral do SC (SCl). Para entender as potenciais funções dessa região colicular, foi analisado o comportamento predatório antes e após lesões bilaterais iontoforéticas por NMDA do SCl. Animais com SCl lesados ficaram menos motivados a perseguirem as baratas, falharam para se orientarem na direção do movimento das presas e quando tentaram capturar as presas, eles apresentaram sérios déficits para capturá-las e segurá-las eficientemente. Por outro lado, animais com lesões da porção medial do SC (SCm) apresentaram apenas um aumento da latência para iniciar a caça, enquanto os outros parâmetros não diferiram significantemente dos animais intactos. Posteriormente, examinamos as conexões eferentes do SCl e do SCm usando como traçador anterógrado a leucoaglutinina do Phaseolus vulgaris. Notamos projeções densas do SCl para a região rostral da coluna lateral da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal (PAGl), um setor criticamente envolvido no controle dos aspectos motivacionais relacionados aos comportamentos de caça predatória e forrageamento. Além disso, o SCl se projeta densamente para o tálamo dorsal, especificamente para os núcleos ventral lateral, central medial e paracentral do tálamo, os quais sabemos que se projetam para setores estriatais ou para áreas motoras corticais, que provavelmente estão envolvidas no ajuste da ação motora durante a captura das presas. O SCm, por sua vez, aferenta densamente a coluna dorsolateral da PAG, núcleo cuneiforme, e núcleos reticulares mesencefálico e pontino, que são setores envolvidos na elaboração de respostas defensivas, além disso, o SCm se projeta esparsamente para os núcleos posterior lateral e suprageniculado do complexo geniculado medial / The superior colliculus is classically known to present a number of functions that fit hunting behavior. In the present study, we investigate the potential roles of the superior colliculus in rats displaying insect hunting. First, we have found that predatory hunting induces a distinct activation of the lateral region of the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SCl). To understand the potential roles of this collicular region, we analyzed the hunting performance before and after iontophoretic NMDA lesions bilaterally placed into the SCl. Animals with SCl lesions were clearly less motivated to pursue the roaches, failed to orient themselves toward the moving prey, and whenever the SCl-lesioned rats tried to catch the roaches, they presented serious deficits to capture and hold them efficiently. Next, we examined the SCl efferents connections using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer. Of particular relevance, we noted that the SCl projects to the rostral lateral periaqueductal gray, a site critically involved in controlling motivational drive to chase prey and forage. In addition, the SCl also present particularly strong projections to the dorsal thalamus, aimed at the ventral lateral, ventral medial, central medial and paracentral nuclei of thalamus, all of which known to project either to striatal sites or to cortical motor areas, likely to be involved in adjusting the motor action during prey capture. Therefore, the SCl, which seems to present cells responding to prey displacement in the temporal field, presents important arms to the periaqueductal gray and dorsal thalamic sites, influencing, respectively, the motivational drive and the motor skills to hunt

Introdução. Nos últimos a função motora vem sendo associada com a atenuação sensitiva e de dor, logo antes, durante e apos a contração muscular. No entanto as vias anatômicas e funcionais deste fenômeno não são conhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo é o de criar um modelo animal e investigar o efeito da estimulação subliminar do córtex motor (ECM) no limiar nociceptivo e na atividade neuronal subcortical. Método. O limiar nociceptivo foi avaliado por teste plantar e reflexo de retirada da cauda antes e após o implante dos eletródios epidurais sobre o córtex motor da pata posterior orientado por mapa funcional na mesma cepa de ratos. Os mesmos testes foram repetidos antes, durante e após a ECM. Antagonismo sistêmico do por naloxona foi incluído neste protocolo para investigar a relação com mediação opióide. O registro neuronal multiunitário do núcleo centro mediano (CM) e ventral posterolateral (VPL) do tálamo e da substância periaqüeductal (SPM) foi realizado antes, durante e após ECM ipso e contralateral. Resultados. O implante per se não causou alterações no limiar nociceptivo. ECM induziu significativa antinocicepção seletiva na pata contralateral mas não na ipsolateral. Este efeito não mais foi observado 15 minutos após o término da estimulação. Nenhuma alteração motora e comportamental foi observada nos testes de campo aberto. A mesma estimulação no córtex sensitivo e parietal posterior não causou quaisquer alterações de limiar nociceptivo. Administração sistêmica de naloxone reverteu completamente o efeito antes observado com a ECM. O registro neuronal multiunitário evidenciou diminuição na atividade do CM durante e após a ECM contra e ipsolateral. O ritmo de disparos neuronais no VPL também mostrou diminuição apenas com a ECM ipsolateral. No entanto os neurônios da SPM aumentaram significativamente a freqüência de disparos com ECM ipsolateral e não com a contralateral. Conclusão. A ECM subliminar está relacionada consistentemente com a atenuação sensitiva durante o comportamento, provavelmente mediado por inibição talâmica e ativação da SPM. / Background. The motor function has been associated to sensory and pain attenuation, before during and shortly after the muscle activity. How ever the anatomical and functional basis of this phenomenon is not yet defined. The present study was designed to set an animal model and investigate the effect of subthreshold electrical stimulation of motor cortex (MCS) on pain threshold and neuron activity of thalamus and periaqüedutal gray. Method. Nociceptive thresholds of hind paws and the tail flick reflex were evaluated before and after surgical placement of epidural electrodes; before during and after electrical stimulation of motor cortex. Opioid antagonism was also included in this protocol in order to define neurotransmitter mediation of this process. Multiunit recording of thalamic median center (CM) and ventral posterolateral nuclei (VPL) and lateral periaqüedutal gray (SPM) were performed before and after electrical stimulation of ipso and contralateral motor cortex. Results. The procedure itself did not induce any threshold changes. MCS induced selective antinociception of contralateral paw, but no changes were detected in the nociceptive threshold of the ipsolateral side. This effect disappeared completely 15 minutes after the stimulation was ceased. No behavioral or motor impairment were observed during and after the stimulation session in the open field test. The same stimulation on sensory and posterior parietal cortex did not elicit any changes in behavioral and nociceptive tests. Systemic administration of naloxone completely reversed the previous observed antinociceptive effect. Multiunit recording evidenced decrease in spontaneous neuron firing in CM with short recovery time during ipso and contralateral MCS. Neuron activity in VPL was also significantly decreased during ipsolateral MCS but not with contralateral stimulation. How ever, neuron firing in SPM was significantly increased during and long after ipsolateral MCS but not with contralateral stimulation. Conclusion. Subthreshold MCS is consistently related to sensory attenuation during behavior, probably through thalamic inhibition and SPM activation.

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2011-2012 / Les cellules thalamocorticales (TC) du noyau ventro-postéro-latéral (VPL) du thalamus relayent l'information du système somatosensoriel (synapses excitatrices lemniscales aux dendrites proximaux) à la région correspondante du cortex, mais reçoivent également en rétro-propagation des projections du cortex (synapses excitatrices corticothalamiques aux dendrites distaux). Afin d'étudier l'intégration synaptique aux différentes parties de la cellule TC, nous avons bâti un modèle multi-compartimental à partir de reconstructions tridimensionnelles de cellules du noyau VPL, ce qui consiste en une discrétisation spatiale des dendrites en une multitude de segments associés à des circuits RC interconnectés. Nous avons pu dégager quantitativement l'impact de la géométrie cellulaire (taille d'arborisation et diamètre dendritique) sur l'amplitude et sur la durée des réponses au soma. Nous avons par la suite comparé l'intégration synaptique pour différentes distributions des entrées aux dendrites proximaux et distaux et sous différentes conditions de courants intrinsèques et de potentiel membranaire. Dans tous les cas, la sommation des entrées proximales induisait une réponse indépendante de la distribution, alors que la réponse aux entrées distales saturait lorsqu'elles étaient localisées aux mêmes branches. Nos résultats ont permis d'apporter une explication physiologique au patron d'organisation synaptique chez les cellules TC. / Thalamocortical (TC) cells from the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus relay the somatosensory inputs (excitatory lemniscal synapses at proximal dendrites) to the corresponding cortical area, but also receive feedback excitatory inputs from the cortex (corticothalamic synapses at distal dendrites). The goal of this study was to compare the synaptic integration of inputs coming to proximal vs. distal dendrites. A multicompartmental model was drawn from fully reconstructed cells of the VPL nucleus. Dendrites were spatially discretized in multiple segments associated to interconnected RC circuits. We were able to characterize the impact of neuronal size and dendritic diameter on the amplitude and on the time course of the somatic response. We also compared the synaptic integration for different distributions of proximal or distal inputs under different conditions of membrane potential and active properties. In all cases, the summation of proximal inputs was independent of their distribution, while the response induced by distal inputs saturated when those inputs were located at the same branches. The results obtained in this study suggest a physiological explanation of the synaptic pattern at TC cells.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2008-2009 / Les troubles alimentaires sont sérieux et peuvent mettre la vie de ceux qui en souffrent en danger. Une activité anormale de Taxe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien et une dysfonction de l'hypothalamus sont d'ailleurs associées aux troubles alimentaires. En outre, les récents rapports cliniques soulignent le rôle du thalamus dans les troubles alimentaires puisqu'une lésion du thalamus dorsal, particulièrement le noyau paraventriculaire thalamique (PVT), affecte sévèrement la sensibilité des patients au stress de même que leur alimentation. Les projections réciproques du PVT à l'hypothalamus, au système limbique et au cortex préfrontal suggèrent que cette région est en bonne position pour moduler le comportement alimentaire et l'activité de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien. Ce projet visait à étudier la localisation de l'oscillateur entraîné par la prise alimentaire (FEO) en caractérisant la dynamique de l'activation neuronale dans le cerveau des rats pendant l'anticipation alimentaire et suite à la prise alimentaire et d'étudier la régulation de l'activité de l'axe HPA en fonction de la condition alimentaire. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que le FEO pourrait être représenté par un réseau neuronal distribué, le circuit septohippocampal-thalamo-hypothalamique. Les subdivisions du PVT et de plusieurs noyaux hypothalamiques ont d'ailleurs des rôles différents en fonction de la condition alimentaire. De plus, les résultats obtenus démontrent que la dynamique de l'activation neuronale de l'anticipation alimentaire est différente de celle de la prise alimentaire. Finalement, les résultats ont montré que l'activation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien au niveau périphérique n'est pas accompagnée de l'activation des neurones à corticolibérine. Ce projet a permis d'acquérir des connaissances détaillées sur la neuroanatomie et la neurophysiologie du thalamus et de l'hypothalamus impliqués dans la régulation de la prise alimentaire. En outre, ce projet a aidé à mieux comprendre les mécanismes centraux liés à l'augmentation de la prise alimentaire et à l'obésité, la pathologie considérée actuellement par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé comme une maladie de dimension pandémique.

Les recherches menées pour comprendre les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) et la schizophrénie (SZ) ont communément utilisé une approche dite descendante, partant du diagnostic clinique pour investiguer des phénotypes intermédiaires cérébraux ainsi que des variations génétiques associées. Des études transdiagnostiques récentes ont remis en question ces frontières nosologiques, et suggèrent des mécanismes étiologiques imbriqués. L’approche montante propose de composer des groupes de porteurs d’un même variant génétique afin d’investiguer leur contribution aux conditions neuropsychiatriques (NPs) associées. Les variations du nombre de copies (CNV, perte ou gain d’un fragment d’ADN) figurent parmi les facteurs biologiques les plus associés aux NPs, et sont dès lors des candidats particulièrement appropriés. Les CNVs induisant un risque pour des conditions similaires, nous posons l’hypothèse que des classes entières de CNVs convergent sur des dimensions d’altérations cérébrales qui contribuent aux NPs. L’imagerie fonctionnelle au repos (rs-fMRI) s’est révélée un outil prometteur en psychiatrie, mais presqu’aucune étude n’a été menée pour comprendre l’impact des CNVs sur la connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale (FC). Nos objectifs étaient de: 1) Caractériser l’effet des CNVs sur la FC; 2) Rechercher la présence des motifs conférés par ces signatures biologiques dans des conditions idiopathiques; 3) Tester si la suppression de gènes intolérants à l’haploinsuffisance réorganise la FC de manière indépendante à leur localisation dans le génome. Nous avons agrégé des données de rs-fMRI chez: 502 porteurs de 8 CNVs associées aux NPs (CNVs-NP), de 4 CNVs sans association établie, ainsi que de porteurs de CNVs-NPs éparses; 756 sujets ayant un diagnostic de TSA, de SZ, ou de trouble déficitaire de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDAH), et 5377 contrôles. Les analyses du connectome entier ont montré un effet de dosage génique positif pour les CNVs 22q11.2 et 1q21.1, et négatif pour le 16p11.2. La taille de l’effet des CNVs sur la FC était corrélée au niveau de risque psychiatrique conféré par le CNV. En accord avec leurs effets sur la cognition, l’effet des délétions sur la FC était plus élevé que celui des duplications. Nous avons identifié des similarités entre les motifs cérébraux conférés par les CNVs-NP, et l’architecture fonctionnelle des individus avec NPs. Le niveau de similarité était associé à la sévérité du CNV, et était plus fort avec la SZ et les TSA qu’avec les TDAH. La comparaison des motifs conférés par les délétions les plus sévères (16p11.2, 22q11.2) à l’échelle fonctionnelle, et d’expression génique, nous a confirmé l’existence présumée de relation entre les mutations elles-mêmes. À l’aide d’une mesure d’intolérance aux mutations (pLI), nous avons pu inclure tous les porteurs de CNVs disponibles, et ainsi identifier un profil d’haploinsuffisance impliquant le thalamus, le cortex antérieur cingulaire, et le réseau somato-moteur, associé à une diminution de mesure d’intelligence générale. Enfin, une analyse d’exploration factorielle nous a permis de confirmer la contribution de ces régions cérébrales à 3 composantes latentes partagées entre les CNVs et les NPs. Nos résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension des mécanismes polygéniques à l’oeuvre dans les maladies mentales, ainsi que des effets pléiotropiques des CNVs. / Research on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ) has mainly adopted a ‘top-down’ approach, starting from psychiatric diagnosis, and moving to intermediate brain phenotypes and underlying genetic factors. Recent cross-disorder studies have raised questions about diagnostic boundaries and pleiotropic mechanisms. By contrast, the recruitment of groups based on the presence of a genetic risk factor allows for the investigation of molecular pathways related to a particular risk for neuropsychiatric conditions (NPs). Copy number variants (CNVs, loss or gain of a DNA segment), which confer high risk for NPs are natural candidates to conduct such bottom-up approaches. Because CNVs have a similar range of adverse effects on NPs, we hypothesized that entire classes of CNVs may converge upon shared connectivity dimensions contributing to mental illness. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies have provided critical insight into the architecture of brain networks involved in NPs, but so far only a few studies have investigated networks modulated by CNVs. We aimed at 1) Delineating the effects of neuropsychiatric variants on functional connectivity (FC), 2) Investigating whether the alterations associated with CNVs are also found among idiopathic psychiatric populations, 3) Testing whether deletions reorganize FC along general dimensions, irrespective of their localization in the genome. We gathered rsfMRI data on 502 carriers of eight NP-CNVs (high-risk), four CNVs without prior association to NPs as well as carriers of eight scarcer NP-CNVs. We also analyzed 756 subjects with idiopathic ASD, SZ, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 5,377 controls. Connectome-wide analyses showed a positive gene dosage effect for the 22q11.2 and 1q21.1 CNVs, and a negative association for the 16p11.2 CNV. The effect size of CNVs on relative FC (mean-connectivity adjusted) was correlated with the known level of NP-risk conferred by CNVs. Consistent with results on cognition, we also reported that deletions had a larger effect size on FC than duplications. We identified similarities between high-risk CNV profiles and the connectivity architecture of individuals with NPs. The level of similarity was associated with mutation severity and was strongest in SZ, followed by ASD, and ADHD. The similarity was driven by the thalamus, and the posterior cingulate cortex, previously identified as hubs in transdiagnostic psychiatric studies. These results raised questions about shared mechanisms across CNVs. By comparing deletions at the 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 loci, we identified similarities at the connectivity, and at the gene expression level. We extended this work by pooling all deletions available for analysis. We asked if connectivity alterations were associated with the severity of deletions scored using pLI, a measure of intolerance to haploinsufficiency. The haploinsufficiency profile involved the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, and somatomotor network and was correlated with lower general intelligence and higher autism severity scores in 3 unselected and disease cohorts. An exploratory factor analysis confirmed the contribution of these regions to three latent components shared across CNVs and NPs. Our results open new avenues for understanding polygenicity in psychiatric conditions, and the pleiotropic effect of CNVs on cognition and on risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.