No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to examine the attributions and responses that managers make to poor performance using the construct of enabling from the field of substance abuse. Approximately 200 government and 55 non-government managers responded to a three-part questionnaire exploring managers' enabling behaviors, attribution of the causes of poor performance for a current or previous poor performer, and demographics of the managers and their selected poor performing subordinate. The research data showed that there was no appreciable relationship between the managers' demographics and the managers' enabling or non-enabling behaviors toward the poor performer. The data also indicated that managers attribute poor performance to internal attributions instead of external attributions. Furthermore, there was no evidence from the data that attribution played a part in which enabling or non-enabling behavior the managers exhibited toward the poor performer. Analysis of the data showed that managers chose the enabling behavior of micromanaging the poor performer by providing close, daily support; eliminating the employee's responsibilities by extending the deadline; and transferring the problem by transferring the employee to another office. Additionally, some managers indicated that they would reward the poor performance by doing things such as giving ratings commensurate with the norm of the office, before avoiding the poor performance by reducing the requirements of the task. Managers also chose non-enabling behaviors. When combined with enabling behaviors, non-enabling behaviors were the second choice, after micromanaging and before eliminating the employees' responsibilities. The top three non-enabling behaviors used by the managers were giving an oral warning, consulting with management, and giving a written warning. The research not only showed that managers exhibited enabling and non-enabling behaviors towards poor performing employees, it clearly indicated that a continuum of enabling behavior exists. At one end of the continuum are non-enabling behaviors in which managers require poor performers to accept the consequences for their poor performance. At the opposite end of the continuum are behaviors in which managers do not attempt to do anything about either the performance issue or the poor performer. / Ph. D.

Publishing software publicly is a new phenomenon for U.S. federal government agencies. In August 2016, the White House issued the Federal Source Code Policy: Achieving Efficiency, Transparency, and Innovation through Reusable and Open Source Software (FSCP). The FSCP mandated Chief Financial Officers (CFO) Act agencies to publish at least 20% of their custom developed code as open source software (OSS). The federal government has the responsibility to account for public spending, including spending for IT. The publication of OSS is one way the public can know about government spending. OSS additionally benefits the public by providing access to code, thus, making it the "People's Code." From 2016 to 2019, the progress of CFO Act agencies in implementing the policy was mixed. This study examines whether and how organizational theoretical variables – cultural beliefs, public engagement, structural dimensions, and organizational location – affect policy implementation. The study uses the publication of OSS as an indicator of effective policy implementation, and it identifies the factors that hinder or aid publishing OSS. Using metadata collected from GitHub's application programming interface (API), I created a sampling frame that included 23 of 24 executive agencies publishing OSS before and after the FSCP was published. From the sampling frame, 25 participants from 20 agencies agreed to participate in the study. These participants were from software development units that minimally, moderately, or frequently published OSS. The sample consisted of participants from units mostly located outside a Chief Information Officer (CIO) office focused on software development and data science activities. Grounded theory provided an approach for data collection with elite interviews and artifact gathering allowing for analysis in an iterative, comparative manner for generating a theory of policy implementation for OSS publication. Units more frequently published OSS when they expressed non-monolithic and advantageous cultural beliefs; practiced more and more varied public engagement through bi-directional communication, events, and electronic tools; had structures with less centralization, more formalization, more differentiation, and more coordination; and were located in the "middle" of organizations with fewer hierarchical layers. Additionally, some units expressed both cautionary and advantageous cultural beliefs suggesting beliefs alone are not enough to allow units to publish OSS. This study contributes to policy, public administration, and organization theory literatures. It enhances scholarship by examining a new phenomenon and aids practitioners by providing implications for consideration when implementing policy. / Doctor of Philosophy / Publishing software and its associated source code for public use is a new phenomenon for U.S. federal government agencies. In August 2016, the White House issued the Federal Source Code Policy: Achieving Efficiency, Transparency, and Innovation through Reusable and Open Source Software (FSCP). The FSCP mandated executive-level agencies to publish at least 20% of their custom developed code as open source software (OSS). OSS is software that can be shared within a community of developers through accompanying licenses hosted in online code sharing platforms. The federal government has the responsibility to account for public spending, including spending for IT. The publication of OSS is one way the public can know about government spending. OSS additionally benefits the public by providing access to code, thus, making it the "People's Code." From 2016 to 2019, the progress of executive branch agencies in implementing the FSCP was mixed. This study examines whether and how organizational factors – cultural beliefs, public engagement, structural dimensions, and organizational location – affect agency policy implementation. The study uses the publication of OSS as an indicator of effective policy implementation, and it identifies the factors that hinder or aid publishing OSS. To arrive at a general understanding of agency efforts at policy implementation, I collected data from GitHub's application programming interface (API) and created a list of 23 of 24 executive-level agencies that published OSS both before and after the FSCP was issued. From these agencies, 25 participants from 20 agencies agreed to participate in the study. These participants were from software development units that minimally, moderately, or frequently published OSS. The sample consisted of participants from units mostly located outside a Chief Information Officer (CIO) office that focused on software development and data science activities. Grounded theory provided an approach for data collection with interviews and document collection, leading to continuous analysis for generating a theory of policy implementation for OSS publication. Units more frequently published OSS when they expressed views complementary to those of their parent organization and held advantageous cultural beliefs; practiced more and more varied public engagement through two-way communication, events, and electronic tools; had structures with less centralization, more formalization, more differentiation, and more coordination; and were located in the "middle" of an organization with fewer hierarchical layers. Additionally, some units expressed both cautionary and advantageous cultural beliefs suggesting beliefs alone are not enough to allow units to publish OSS. This study contributes to policy, public administration, and organization theory literatures. It enhances scholarship by examining a new phenomenon and aids practitioners by providing implications for consideration when implementing policy.

Since Woodrow Wilson’s seminal essay "The Study of Administration,” when he called for educating administrators in administration in hopes of making government more business-like, scholars have been investigating the differences and similarities between government and business. Largely ignored was the education for administration; should it likewise be more focused on business? Despite the development of specialized public administration degrees, the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and its equivalents, many managers trained in business schools are employed in federal government. This, alone, should make one question whether or not graduate education in public administration is truly any better or more appropriate for public sector management careers than other graduate degrees, notably the MBA. The present study addresses the issue of degree appropriateness by comparing federal sector managers who are MPA-trained with those who are MBA-trained on ten career success indices. Data to construct the indices were collected via a mailed survey questionnaire sent to the population of federal sector managers holding the MPA or MBA from selected universities. A variety of statistical procedures in SPSS were used to analyze the data. Analysis of the data indicates that few significant differences exist between MPA's and MBA's in career success, as measured in the short term. Possible explanations for these findings are explored. A cohort analysis and t-Test indicates that MBA's receive higher starting salaries than MPA's but MPA's surpass their MBA peers approximately twelve years after completing the master's degree. A hypothetical fourth (older) cohort of MPA's would be significantly higher paid now than MBA's. Implications for individuals, institutions, and society, based on the findings, were discussed, along with limitations to the study and future topics of research. / Ph. D.

nÃo hà / A presente dissertaÃÃo trata do pregÃo eletrÃnico no Ãmbito da administraÃÃo pÃblica federal e o possÃvel impacto causado na economia creditada ao uso da referida modalidade apÃs o implemento da InstruÃÃo Normativa n 3/2011 do MinistÃrio do Planejamento, OrÃamento e GestÃo (MPOG) que impÃs um intervalo mÃnimo de 20 segundos entre os lances de um mesmo participante, num mesmo item, durante a sessÃo pÃblica e competitiva da referida modalidade. Tal instruÃÃo normativa adveio como resposta do MPOG à determinaÃÃo do Tribunal de Contas da UniÃo (TCU) que determinou ao referido ministÃrio que alterasse a plataforma que promove os pregÃes eletrÃnicos federais implementando dispositivo que pudesse impedir o que aquela corte de contas classificou como fraude ao processo licitatÃrio, referindo-se assim ao uso de software, conhecido como ârobÃâ, que permite a determinados concorrentes o envio de lances em intervalo de tempo impraticÃvel para um operador humano, o que, ainda segundo o TCU, seria uma frustraÃÃo do carÃter competitivo do processo licitatÃrio por colocar os concorrentes usuÃrios do software ârobÃâ em notÃria vantagem frente aos que nÃo o possuÃam. Para mensurar se a alteraÃÃo na dinÃmica do pregÃo eletrÃnico causada pela InstruÃÃo Normativa n 3/2011 impactou na economia ao erÃrio federal creditada ao uso do pregÃo eletrÃnico, foi utilizada a mesma metodologia jà abordada pelo Governo Federal quando este mensura a referida economia. Foram observados dados de aquisiÃÃes dos itens da cesta bÃsica nacional segundo o DIEESE dois anos antes da implementaÃÃo da IN 3/2011 e em igual perÃodo apÃs a implementaÃÃo da referida instruÃÃo normativa, o que significou 18.759 registros entre os anos de 2010 e 2013. Os resultados mostram alteraÃÃo no padrÃo da economia creditada à referida modalidade na forma eletrÃnica apÃs a implementaÃÃo da InstruÃÃo Normativa n 3/2011, apontando um impacto positivo na economia creditada ao uso do pregÃo eletrÃnico dentre o universo dos itens analisados. No final do trabalho, ensejase a elaboraÃÃo de novos estudos visando a anÃlise, possivelmente sob a Ãtica da teoria dos leilÃes, buscando avaliar as razÃes que alteraram o padrÃo na economia gerada pelo pregÃo eletrÃnico apÃs a mudanÃa na dinÃmica do mesmo. / A presente dissertaÃÃo trata do pregÃo eletrÃnico no Ãmbito da administraÃÃo pÃblica federal e o possÃvel impacto causado na economia creditada ao uso da referida modalidade apÃs o implemento da InstruÃÃo Normativa n 3/2011 do MinistÃrio do Planejamento, OrÃamento e GestÃo (MPOG) que impÃs um intervalo mÃnimo de 20 segundos entre os lances de um mesmo participante, num mesmo item, durante a sessÃo pÃblica e competitiva da referida modalidade. Tal instruÃÃo normativa adveio como resposta do MPOG à determinaÃÃo do Tribunal de Contas da UniÃo (TCU) que determinou ao referido ministÃrio que alterasse a plataforma que promove os pregÃes eletrÃnicos federais implementando dispositivo que pudesse impedir o que aquela corte de contas classificou como fraude ao processo licitatÃrio, referindo-se assim ao uso de software, conhecido como ârobÃâ, que permite a determinados concorrentes o envio de lances em intervalo de tempo impraticÃvel para um operador humano, o que, ainda segundo o TCU, seria uma frustraÃÃo do carÃter competitivo do processo licitatÃrio por colocar os concorrentes usuÃrios do software ârobÃâ em notÃria vantagem frente aos que nÃo o possuÃam. Para mensurar se a alteraÃÃo na dinÃmica do pregÃo eletrÃnico causada pela InstruÃÃo Normativa n 3/2011 impactou na economia ao erÃrio federal creditada ao uso do pregÃo eletrÃnico, foi utilizada a mesma metodologia jà abordada pelo Governo Federal quando este mensura a referida economia. Foram observados dados de aquisiÃÃes dos itens da cesta bÃsica nacional segundo o DIEESE dois anos antes da implementaÃÃo da IN 3/2011 e em igual perÃodo apÃs a implementaÃÃo da referida instruÃÃo normativa, o que significou 18.759 registros entre os anos de 2010 e 2013. Os resultados mostram alteraÃÃo no padrÃo da economia creditada à referida modalidade na forma eletrÃnica apÃs a implementaÃÃo da InstruÃÃo Normativa n 3/2011, apontando um impacto positivo na economia creditada ao uso do pregÃo eletrÃnico dentre o universo dos itens analisados. No final do trabalho, ensejase a elaboraÃÃo de novos estudos visando a anÃlise, possivelmente sob a Ãtica da teoria dos leilÃes, buscando avaliar as razÃes que alteraram o padrÃo na economia gerada pelo pregÃo eletrÃnico apÃs a mudanÃa na dinÃmica do mesmo. / The current dissertation delas with electronic trading in federal public administration field and the potential impact on economy credited to the aplication of the related modality after implementing the Normative Instruction n 3/2011 by Planning and Budget Managment Ministry (PBMM) that imposed na at least 20 seconds break between one same attendantâs bids, on a same item, during the public session of this related modality. This Normative Instruction came as na answer of PBMM to the Court Union Accountsâ determination, which led to that ministry to change the platform that promotes federal electronic trading implementing a device that could obstruct what that account court classified as cheating on bidding process, refering to a software known as ârobotâ, that allows human operator unpractical while bids, which according to Court Union Accounts, would represent a disappointment to the competitive edge by putting attendants who use the software ahead over those who did not have. To measure if the changing dynamics impacted the federal economy credited to the electronic trading use, the same federal government measurement metodology was used. Acquisition data of the national food basket were observed, according to DIEESE, two years before the NI 3/2011 implementation and two years after this, which meant 18.759 registries between 2010 and 2013. The results show change in the pattern of the economy credited to that form of bidding in electronic form after the implementation of Instruction No. 3/2011 , pointing a positive impact on the economy credited to the use of electronic trading among the universe of analyzed items. At the end of this thesis, we purpose to elaborate new studies aiming to analyze, possibly from the viewpoint of the theory of auctions, and evaluate The reasons That changed the standard in the saving generated by the electronic trading after its changing dynamics. / The current dissertation delas with electronic trading in federal public administration field and the potential impact on economy credited to the aplication of the related modality after implementing the Normative Instruction n 3/2011 by Planning and Budget Managment Ministry (PBMM) that imposed na at least 20 seconds break between one same attendantâs bids, on a same item, during the public session of this related modality. This Normative Instruction came as na answer of PBMM to the Court Union Accountsâ determination, which led to that ministry to change the platform that promotes federal electronic trading implementing a device that could obstruct what that account court classified as cheating on bidding process, refering to a software known as ârobotâ, that allows human operator unpractical while bids, which according to Court Union Accounts, would represent a disappointment to the competitive edge by putting attendants who use the software ahead over those who did not have. To measure if the changing dynamics impacted the federal economy credited to the electronic trading use, the same federal government measurement metodology was used. Acquisition data of the national food basket were observed, according to DIEESE, two years before the NI 3/2011 implementation and two years after this, which meant 18.759 registries between 2010 and 2013. The results show change in the pattern of the economy credited to that form of bidding in electronic form after the implementation of Instruction No. 3/2011 , pointing a positive impact on the economy credited to the use of electronic trading among the universe of analyzed items. At the end of this thesis, we purpose to elaborate new studies aiming to analyze, possibly from the viewpoint of the theory of auctions, and evaluate The reasons That changed the standard in the saving generated by the electronic trading after its changing dynamics.

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

This study considers the relationship of federalism to public lands and water policy, challenging the prevailing wisdom that federalism is irrelevant and questioning the eagerness with which structural solutions are embraced. It argues that a more thorough understanding of how federalism works in public lands and water policy is a necessary first step toward understanding federal-state relations and is more useful than either discarding the concept or further redefining it. Seeking identifiable patterns of politics, this study reviews the voluminous federalism literature and applies the theories of dual and cooperative federalism to the history of public lands and water policy, and to five contemporary controversies. These include the Sagebrush Rebellion, the Aravaipa Canyon, Arizona Strip, and Bisti, De-na-zin, and Ah-shi-sle-pah wilderness designation cases, and the El Paso v. Reynolds water case. Lowi's and Salisbury's policy typologies, which point to the effect on policy outcomes of the interaction of decision structure with demands, were useful in explaining why federalism theories and structural remedies are unsatisfactory. A policy perspective on federalism was developed which adds levels of government to discussions of arenas and policy types. It finds that federal-level decision makers are more willing to make policy when policies can potentially reflect federal-level advantages such as broad geographic jurisdiction, general rule-making capability, constitutional powers or opportunities to offer divisible benefits. State-level decision makers will resist federal policies when they disagree with policy goals or methods, lack necessary resources, or perceive unfair burdens. Thus, the state role includes states acting as claimants in distributive politics, as conduits in self-regulatory politics, as platforms for disadvantaged interests in regulatory politics, or as supplicants in redistributive politics. Further, shifts from one policy type to another serve to signal major structural shifts. Finally, accepting the political scientist's role as contributing to policy learning, this study offers five lessons: (1) much federal state conflict is inter-state conflict; (2) federal projects and lands are federal in name only; (3) multiple interests use the federal system in bargaining; (4) federal government decisions involve costs to recipients and the federal treasury; and (5) federalism is best considered within the context of substantive public policy.

No Brasil, foram adotados passos significativos para o reestabelecimento dos Direitos Humanos após o fim do Regime Militar 19641985. Um dos mais importantes passos está relacionado à elaboração de Programas Nacionais de Direitos Humanos (PNDHs). A criação destes Programas posicionou os Direitos Humanos no centro de muitas discussões, historicamente eram periféricas, e passaram, então, a desfrutar de uma posição política relevante, uma vez que esses programas representam o discurso oficial do Estado frente aos Direitos Humanos. A intenção de formular o primeiro Programa (1996) nasce da participação do governo brasileiro na Conferência Mundial de Direitos Humanos de Viena, em junho de 1993, que estabeleceu como recomendação específica a realização de tais programas aos países envolvidos. Atualmente, está em vigor o Programa Nacional de Direitos Humanos 3 (PNDH3), inicialmente lançado pelo Decreto 7.037 em 21 de dezembro de 2009. O PNDH3 passou por intenso debate público, ocupando o centro das discussões políticas durante o início do ano de 2010 e proporcionando uma discussão sobre Direitos Humanos entre o governo federal e entidades opositoras ao plano, como as Forças Armadas, a igreja e o agronegócio. Isso resultou em sua reformulação em 12 de maio de 2010 pelo Decreto 7.177, acarretando em alterações de seu teor. Assim sendo, este trabalho propõe um questionamento sobre a alteração do discurso oficial do governo brasileiro após a reedição do Programa Nacional de Diretos Humanos 3 pelo olhar do Institucionalismo Discursivo. Esta dissertação também apresenta breve resgate histórico sobre a trajetória dos Direitos Humanos no Brasil e no mundo, revisão essa fundamental para a contextualização da evolução dos Direitos Humanos no Brasil / Brazil adopted meaningful steps towards the reestablishment of Human Rights after the end of the Military Regime 19641985. One of the most important steps refers to the elaboration of National Human Rights Programs (Programas Nacionais de Direitos Humanos PNDHs). The creation of this Program has positioned Human Rights in the centre of several historically peripheral discussions, that, then, gained significant political positioning once they represent the official State discourse on Human Rights.The motivation to elaborate the first Program (1996) comes from the participation of the Brazilian government at the 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, that established as specific recommendation the elaboration of such programs. It is currently operational the third National Human Rights Program (PNDH3), that was initially launched by the Decree 7.037 on December 21st 2009. PNDH3 experienced intense public debate, being the centre of political discussions in the beginning of 2010, generating a Human Rights discussion among the federal government and opposing players, such as Military entities, religious bodies and the agribusiness. This, on May 12th 2010, led to its reformulation, and consequently on modifications of its contents. Therefore, this research has as proposes a discussion, under the Discursive Institucionalism perspective, about the changes on Brazilian governmental discourse after the republishing of the National Human Rights Plan 3. This research also presents a summarized discussion on the historical evolution of Human Rights in Brazil and abroad, a key step to the framing of Brazilian Human Rights path