strana 259 Unjustified Enrichment in the Comparative Perspective Abstract The aim of the thesis is the legal research of important results concerning unjustified en- richment that have been attained in foreign jurisprudence and judicial opinions, especially within the German legal family, and their comparative application to all provisions of the New Czech Civil Code ("NCC") regulating unjustified enrichment, including their rela- tion to other parts of civil law. The thesis thus draws extensively from Austrian and Ger- man jurisprudence and case law, from the Draft Common Frame of Reference, from Swiss law and from comparative literature; further legal orders are also mentioned and a refined translation of relevant foreign provisions is included in the appendix. The thesis does not include a mere description, but rather follows the interests of Czech law and aims to make a contribution to Czech jurisprudence and application the of law. Accord- ingly, the thesis is also founded on complete research of the Czech Supreme Court case law made in and after 2010. The thesis comes to a number of conclusions (summarized in the itemized resumé) which may be deemed for original from the point of view of the Czech legal discourse. These conclusions corroborate the hypothesis that the Czech law of unjustified...

A presente dissertação de mestrado possui o objetivo de analisar a aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor aos contratos de seguros e as hipóteses em que tal aplicação acarreta a ruptura do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato, de modo a inviabilizar sua manutenção ou comercialização. Para tanto, após, em um primeiro capítulo, haver a conceituação e delimitação do instituto securitário, construído pela tríade de princípios inafastáveis queo caracteriza e o individualiza em relação aos demais contratos, tais como a mutualidade, o cálculo de probabilidades e a seleção e harmonização dos riscos, passase, no segundo capítulo, à análise da extensão da aplicação do código consumerista, principalmente, com relação às cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade e as cláusulas técnicas que dão sustentáculo à operação. Essa subsunção, por sua vez, encontra certos limites necessários à sobrevivência do contrato, demonstrando que ultrapassados certos pontos de regulação, o que seria o remédio que cura, transforma-se, se usado em demasia, no veneno que mata. Assim, atentos às situações caracterizadas pelo uso desmedido da norma específica no sistema macro que circunscreve o fundo securitário, verifica-se, no terceiro capítulo, o equilíbrio econômico-financeira, as causas que atingem a equação econômica e financeira e a harmonização de interesses afetados. Diante das variáveis que desequilibram o sistema, certas opções de restabelecimento, revisão e resolução contratuais são sugeridas e, em muitas vezes, necessárias para equiparação das prestações contratadas de parte a parte. Isto posto, demonstra-se que a delimitação sugerida está longe de privilegiar e priorizar somente a seguradora, mas sim, há a preocupação primordial de preservar o interesse que transcende das relações avençadas, consubstanciado nos princípios constitucionais da segurança jurídica, da livre iniciativa, da razoabilidade e proporcionalidade. O embasamento para as assertivas aqui expostas consiste, justamente, no estudo aprofundado das leis gerais e específicas que regem o instituto, acrescido do apuro doutrinário advindo dos autores nacionais e estrangeiros, na posição adotada pelos Tribunais pátrios e internacionais e, por fim, na aplicação das regras e laudos periciais presentes em litígios. Espera-se, contudo, com arrimo na pesquisa realizada, de forma alguma exaurir e esgotar as problemáticas do tema, mas tão-somente, lançar luz e fomentar a celeuma instalada, de forma a contribuir de alguma forma diante de tão rico assunto que tanto divide posições. / This essay aims at analyzing the Brazilian Consumer Code from the standpoint of the extension to which it is applicable to insurance contracts, as well as the cases in which applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to the aforementioned contracts could harm their economic-financial balance, consequently making them economically unviable. For such purposes, insurance is specifically dealt with in the first chapter in relation to its concept and to the three principles which serve as basic characteristics of this type of contract: mutuality, probability calculus and both selection and risk management. Following that, the Brazilian Consumer Code is examined with respect to its applicability, mainly in connection with limitation of liability clauses and certain technical clauses which constitute the foundation of insurance contracts. The possibility of applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts, however, faces certain limits which are necessary for the viability of the contract. In other words: once certain regulatory lines are crossed, applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts may turn the remedy into poison. For that reason, in the third chapter the essay turns to situations where the Brazilian Consumer Code is applied without proper legal justification, the economic-financial balance of the contract, grounds for when such balance is harmed, as well as harmonization of the conflicting interests at stake. Given the variables which bring unbalance to the insurance contract, the essay suggests the possibility of either establishing said balance once more or revising/terminating the contract. Subsequently this essay outlines how this approach is far from creating privileges for insurance companies, but rather preserves interests that go beyond the mere contractual relationship, such as legal certainty, free commerce and proportionality. Grounds for such thesis include thorough studies related to both general and specific norms which govern insurance, as well as the opinions of legal commentators, case law and expert reports attached to lawsuits. We do not expect to bring the discussion to and end with this essay though. Quite the opposite: we wish to shed light on a topic which is currently subject to heated legal debate and to a certain extent to contribute to the discussion accordingly.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Antonio Deval.pdf: 1032876 bytes, checksum: c66a127d49cf247adf27f4d17ccb78b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-04 / The present work aims to make a review about the Social Function of real estate property against the current Civil Code, with a view to its classification as a legislative formula. To that end, we start the analysis from the definition of property rights in our days, weaving its historical evolution, with a view to their settings in closed and open legal system, and transition from one mode to another, justifying each of these movements, and checking that the choice of one or the other is based on the historical moment. Then the analysis of the social function takes forward the work, analyzing since its inception, to its current conceptualization, and the whole justification of its evolutionary process, a process analyzed the changes ahead of the norm positively valued. As a result of the current definition and use of social function, its application in the current standardization positively valued Brazilian civil law is necessary, as well as verification of its functionality through the exercise of the right of property ownership, especially as the opening for the solution of the case concrete. The functionalization of the social function of property, as presented by the work, it is important that the construction of it is taken from a general clause, to the detriment of its environment as a general principle of law or indeterminate legal concept. Given the choice made by the general clause formatter while the social function of property ownership discipline by the current civil code, analysis and influence of the general clause justifies his choice, since it presents the possibility of greater proximity between the norm positively valued, the society in which is checked and the social fact that will be subject to its application / O presente trabalho visa formular uma análise acerca da Função Social da Propriedade imobiliária frente ao atual Código Civil, com vistas à sua classificação enquanto formula legislativa. Nesse intuito, iniciamos a análise a partir da definição do direito de propriedade nos dias atuais, trançando sua evolução histórica, com vistas às suas configurações em sistema jurídico aberto e fechado, e transição de uma modalidade para a outra, justificando cada um desses movimentos, e verificando que a opção por um ou por outro tem como base o momento histórico. Em seguida, a análise da função social toma frente ao trabalho, analisando desde seu surgimento, até sua conceituação atual, e toda a justificativa de seu processo evolutivo, processo este analisado frente às alterações da norma positivada. Como consequência da atual definição e utilização da função social, sua aplicação na atual normatização positivada civilista brasileira se faz necessária, bem como a verificação de sua funcionalidade através do exercício do direito de propriedade imobiliária, em especial quanto a sua abertura para a solução do caso concreto. A funcionalização da função social da propriedade, na forma apresentada pelo trabalho, importa que a construção da mesma é feita a partir de uma cláusula geral, em detrimento de seu enquadramento enquanto princípio geral de direito ou conceito legal indeterminado. Em razão da opção feita pela cláusula geral enquanto formatadora da função social da propriedade imobiliária disciplina pelo atual código civil, a análise e influência da cláusula geral justifica sua escolha, visto que apresenta a possibilidade de maior proximidade entre a norma positivada, a sociedade em que é verificada e o fato social que será objeto de sua aplicação

Ce mémoire analyse l'introduction et l'application de la notion d'entreprise dans le Code de commerce français et dans le Code civil du Québec. En adoptant cette notion, les deux législateurs avaient pour objet principal de pallier à la désuétude de principes traditionnels du droit commercial et d'ajuster leurs législations aux nouvelles mutations économiques et sociales. Ainsi, est évoquée présentement, en France comme au Québec, la notion d'entreprise. Cependant, force est de constater que le rôle donné à cette notion de même que le contexte dans lequel elle s'applique ne sont pas les mêmes dans les deux législations. Dans le C.c.Q., la notion d'entreprise a remplacé définitivement la notion de commerce afin d'élargir le champ d'application des règles dérogatoires propres au monde des affaires. Quant au législateur français, bien qu'il ait introduit l'entreprise dans la plupart des règles des affaires, il a opté pour le maintien du droit commercial. Dès lors, l'accent sera mis sur la méthode poursuivie par chacune des deux législations quant à l'adoption et l'application de la notion d'entreprise ainsi que sur les difficultés et les avantages inhérents à chaque démarche. La conclusion tirée de cette étude montre que les deux expériences sont aux antipodes l'une de l'autre en ce qui concerne l'état actuel de droit de chaque législation suite à l'adoption de la notion d'entreprise. En gardant la notion de commerce, le législateur français profite toujours d'une stabilité juridique certaine dérivant notamment d'un bagage doctrinal et jurisprudentiel notable, lié au droit commercial. Toutefois, cette stabilité est faite au détriment d'une structure juridique cohérente et logique. Par contre, le C.c.Q. repose sur des règles juridiques homogènes et rationnelles dignes d'un système juridique évolué. Cependant, il essuie plusieurs difficultés quant à l'interprétation et l'application de la nouvelle notion, étant donné la nouveauté de la réforme. / An analysis of the implementation of the notion of enterprise in the French Commercial Code and the Civil Code of Quebec is undertaken in this study. By adopting the concept of enterprise, both legislators wanted to overcome the obsolescence of the traditional principles of the commercial law and adjust their legislations to the modem economic and social mutations. Thus, this concept is currently referred to in France and in Quebec. However, it would be a flaw to accept the adoption and implementation of the concept of enterprise as the same in France and in Quebec. Indeed, in the Civil Code of Quebec, the enterprise concept replaced completely the concept of commerce to widen the realm of application of the rules applied in the business world. On the other hand, despite the adoption of this concept on most of the business regulations, the French legislator chose to preserve the commercial law. The emphasis in this thesis is to contrast the two paths taken by France and Quebec to adopt and implement the concept of enterprise and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each path. This study concludes that the two experiences are in contradiction with regard to the current state of law in France and in Quebec after adopting the notion of enterprise. By safeguarding the notion of commerce, the French legislator still profiting from stable juridical system derived essentially from the commercial law's doctrine and jurisprudence. However, this stability was maintained at the cost of a logical and coherent legal structure. On the other hand, the Civil Code of Quebec is based on rational and homogeneous rules that correspond to a modern legal system. Nevertheless, given the novelty of the legal reforms, many challenges arise when it cornes to the application and interpretation of the new concept of enterprise. / "Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit des affaires LLM"

The aim of this thesis is to identify changes in the legislation, specifically the Act no. 151/1997 Coll., property valuation, valuation regulations and the new Civil Code no. 89/2012 Coll. Next it is about changes related to taxes which are associated with real estate. The subject of the literature researche is to explain concepts, historical development of valuation rules, the new Civil Code in relation to immovable things Land value tax and tax on transfer of immovable property. In my work are examples of valuation of a family house, according to the selected ordinances which caused the price differentiation.

A presente dissertação de mestrado possui o objetivo de analisar a aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor aos contratos de seguros e as hipóteses em que tal aplicação acarreta a ruptura do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato, de modo a inviabilizar sua manutenção ou comercialização. Para tanto, após, em um primeiro capítulo, haver a conceituação e delimitação do instituto securitário, construído pela tríade de princípios inafastáveis queo caracteriza e o individualiza em relação aos demais contratos, tais como a mutualidade, o cálculo de probabilidades e a seleção e harmonização dos riscos, passase, no segundo capítulo, à análise da extensão da aplicação do código consumerista, principalmente, com relação às cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade e as cláusulas técnicas que dão sustentáculo à operação. Essa subsunção, por sua vez, encontra certos limites necessários à sobrevivência do contrato, demonstrando que ultrapassados certos pontos de regulação, o que seria o remédio que cura, transforma-se, se usado em demasia, no veneno que mata. Assim, atentos às situações caracterizadas pelo uso desmedido da norma específica no sistema macro que circunscreve o fundo securitário, verifica-se, no terceiro capítulo, o equilíbrio econômico-financeira, as causas que atingem a equação econômica e financeira e a harmonização de interesses afetados. Diante das variáveis que desequilibram o sistema, certas opções de restabelecimento, revisão e resolução contratuais são sugeridas e, em muitas vezes, necessárias para equiparação das prestações contratadas de parte a parte. Isto posto, demonstra-se que a delimitação sugerida está longe de privilegiar e priorizar somente a seguradora, mas sim, há a preocupação primordial de preservar o interesse que transcende das relações avençadas, consubstanciado nos princípios constitucionais da segurança jurídica, da livre iniciativa, da razoabilidade e proporcionalidade. O embasamento para as assertivas aqui expostas consiste, justamente, no estudo aprofundado das leis gerais e específicas que regem o instituto, acrescido do apuro doutrinário advindo dos autores nacionais e estrangeiros, na posição adotada pelos Tribunais pátrios e internacionais e, por fim, na aplicação das regras e laudos periciais presentes em litígios. Espera-se, contudo, com arrimo na pesquisa realizada, de forma alguma exaurir e esgotar as problemáticas do tema, mas tão-somente, lançar luz e fomentar a celeuma instalada, de forma a contribuir de alguma forma diante de tão rico assunto que tanto divide posições. / This essay aims at analyzing the Brazilian Consumer Code from the standpoint of the extension to which it is applicable to insurance contracts, as well as the cases in which applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to the aforementioned contracts could harm their economic-financial balance, consequently making them economically unviable. For such purposes, insurance is specifically dealt with in the first chapter in relation to its concept and to the three principles which serve as basic characteristics of this type of contract: mutuality, probability calculus and both selection and risk management. Following that, the Brazilian Consumer Code is examined with respect to its applicability, mainly in connection with limitation of liability clauses and certain technical clauses which constitute the foundation of insurance contracts. The possibility of applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts, however, faces certain limits which are necessary for the viability of the contract. In other words: once certain regulatory lines are crossed, applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts may turn the remedy into poison. For that reason, in the third chapter the essay turns to situations where the Brazilian Consumer Code is applied without proper legal justification, the economic-financial balance of the contract, grounds for when such balance is harmed, as well as harmonization of the conflicting interests at stake. Given the variables which bring unbalance to the insurance contract, the essay suggests the possibility of either establishing said balance once more or revising/terminating the contract. Subsequently this essay outlines how this approach is far from creating privileges for insurance companies, but rather preserves interests that go beyond the mere contractual relationship, such as legal certainty, free commerce and proportionality. Grounds for such thesis include thorough studies related to both general and specific norms which govern insurance, as well as the opinions of legal commentators, case law and expert reports attached to lawsuits. We do not expect to bring the discussion to and end with this essay though. Quite the opposite: we wish to shed light on a topic which is currently subject to heated legal debate and to a certain extent to contribute to the discussion accordingly.

in English The final thesis mainly deals with the description and evaluation of the development of civil legislation on compensation for non-pecuniary damage to health in connection with the adoption of the New Civil Code. The main purpose of the thesis is to analyse the manner of determining the amount of reparation of non-pecuniary damage, including comparisons of the compensation according to the Methodology of the Supreme Court with the previous system of compensation in connection with non-material injury. The first chapter approaches the theoretical background important for the establishment of the obligation to compensate non-material damage, mainly legal tort liability and the related preconditions for its emergence, i.e. the unlawful conduct, formation of the damage, causation and fault. Next chapter describes the individual claims included in non-pecuniary damage, i.e. claims for suffered pain, social impairment and mental suffering, including discussion whether these claims remain individual under the New Civil Code. The third chapter, as the core of the whole thesis, describes the method of determining the amount of compensation for non-pecuniary damage caused by bodily injury, particularly in relation to the Methodology of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic issued for the purpose...

This thesis analyses the concept of unjust enrichment under the business law. First of all the thesis explains the term of business law. Business law is a complex of legal rules concerning the contractual relationships between entrepreneurs arising from their business activities. Business law is a comprehensive field of law which extends into many other fields of law, both private and public law. Equally the regulation of unjust enrichment within the business law expands into many other laws with particular specialization, but these laws are not subject of this thesis. For these laws the subsidiary legislation is included in the civil code., therefore this thesis focuses on the general regulation of unjust enrichment included in the civil code. Further the thesis continues with a historical development of both business law and unjust enrichment. The historical view begins with roman law, continues with the regulation of unjust enrichment under the ABGB and ends with regulation under the so. socialist law. Further in the text is referred to the historical chapter to facilitate understanding of a present regulation. Next chapter of the thesis describes the current regulation of unjust enrichment, mainly under the civil code, and from the reason mentioned above it is not going into the particular...

Étude théorique sur les institutions de la tutelle officieuse et de l'adoption sous l'application du Code civil de 1804. C'est une étude théorique car la tutelle officieuse n'a pas connue de nombreuses pratiques. Au travers de l'institution de l'adoption, il est analysé et supposé les applications théoriques de l'institution de la tutelle officieuse. Cette étude est à la fois historique et théorique, les liens de filiation fictive y sont analysés afin de permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d'adoption et d'attachement d'un mineur à l'apparition de l'adoption sous l'application du Code civil de 1804. / Theoretical study on the institutions of the unofficial supervision(guardianship) and the adoption under the application of the Civil code of 1804. It is a theoretical study because the unofficial supervision(guardianship) did not know of numerous practices. Through the institution of the adoption, are analyzed and supposed the theoretical applications of the institution of the unofficial supervision(guardianship). This study is historic and theoretical at once(at the same time), the links of fictitious filiation are analyzed there to allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of adoption and attachment of a minor(miner) the appearance of the adoption under the application of the Civil code of 1804.

The theme of this thesis is "Guerilla marketing and its legal and advertising aspects". Guerilla marketing is a type of marketing tool used for nontraditional, innovative and sometimes shocking advertising campaigns. This thesis contains an analysis of the legal environment regulating this subject. Legal regulation of advertisement in the Czech Republic is a part of both the public and private law regulation. As a part of the thesis a questionnaire survey among the general public was carried out, the public was questioned about knowledge of the concept of guerilla marketing. Another part of the survey was carried out among professionals from communication agencies, their views of the current situation on the advertising market have been compiled. The practical part is concluded by a comparison of the Czech legislation with the legal regulation of advertising in American law.