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Este trabalho testa, através da metodologia de cópulas, a hipótese de contágio financeiro entre ações brasileiras e índices de mercado dos países que deram origem às crises do Terror em 2001, da Argentina em 2001, dos Subpprimes em 2007 e do Débito Soberano Europeu em 2009. Além disso, ainda é feita uma análise dos setores econômicos que mais foram afetados por cada crise. Os testes da crise do Terror apresentaram evidências de contágio do SP500 para 24 ações brasileiras, afetando, principalmente os setores ligado à indústria e à energia. As crises da Argentina e do Débito Soberano Europeu apresentaram evidências de contágio dos índices Merval e Athex para apenas 3 empresas. A crise dos Subprimes apresentou evidências de contágio do SP500 para 35 empresas brasileiras, sendo a maioria ligada aos setores financeiros, de energia e industrial. 7 ações foram afetadas pelas duas crises norteamericanas. Os resultados reforçam a importância da análise de contágio em cada empresa individual, ao invés de utilizar o índice do mercado brasileiro como um todo. / This paper tests, through the copulas methodology, the hypothesis of financial contagion between the individual Brazilian stocks and the market indices of the countries where the crises were originated. The crises analyzed are the Terror crisis in 2001, the Argentina’s crisis in 2001, the Subprime crisis in 2007 and the Sovereign Debt crisis in 2009. In addition to this, the Brazilian economic sectors are examined in order to find out which were most affected by each crisis. The tests of the Terror crisis presented evidence of SP500 contagion to 24 Brazilian stocks, affecting, mainly, sectors related to industry and energy. The Argentina’s crisis and the European Sovereign Debt crisis presented contagion’s evidence of the Merval and Athex indices for only 3 Brazilian companies. The Subprimes crisis presented evidence of SP500 contagion for 35 Brazilian companies, mostly related to the financial, energy and industrial sectors. 7 Brazilian stocks were affected by both American crises. The results reinforce the importance of contagion analysis in each individual company, rather than using the Brazilian market index.

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Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Economía / El presente trabajo busca conciliar la teoría macroeconómica actual con la teoría financiera desde un punto de vista filosófico revisando a autores como Minsky y Kindleberger, que intentan describir la dinámica de la fragilidad financiera y las crisis. Además se proporciona evidencia empírica de la existencia de burbujas en precios de activos inmobiliarios en economías avanzadas para una muestra que comprende entre los años 1970 y 2014. Los resultados de la utilización de una metodología de quiebre estructural en conjunto con una revisión histórica revelan que existen pruebas sobre la existencia de burbujas en activos inmobiliarios

M.A. / The mid-life transition is the focus of this research. It is an in-depth qualitative study based on a small sample of women between forty to sixty years of age. The research also examines the significance of the story medium as a means of generating psychological data concerning the experience of the mid-life transition. This data was analysed using grounded theory methodology. The results suggest that there is a merging of the cognitive and affective functions during the mid-life transition causing disequilibrium and the shifting of elements within the psychic structure. The data further suggest that mid-life is a meaning generating process at two levels. There is a clarification of goals, values and life direction. At a deeper level there is a search for an inner purposiveness or soul centredness. Themes centred around questions of identity and relationship. Identity issues surfaced with regard to appearance, roles, future and the death/rebirth motif Relationship issues concerned relationship to marriage, motherhood, work and money. Ultimately, at mid-life, there is an inner search for soul purposiveness.

Universities have had a tumultuous history in terms of crises. Though crises have always existed, its definition and emphasis in the landscape of higher education has dramatically changed in the last 50 years. For this reason, the study and implementation of crisis management systems have become a growing phenomenon on campuses around the nation. However, as the types of crises institutions face diversifies, communities’ emphasis on leadership accountability has also become more magnified. The role of the president, thus, has become increasingly relevant and critical to the conversation concerning campus security and safety. The purpose of this study was to better understand the phenomenon of crisis leadership in higher education. A case study of the State University System of Florida was chosen, interviewing all available university presidents and crisis managers. Its diversity in population, infrastructure and mission is the reason it was selected as an appropriate case. This study sought insight on how SUS presidents and crisis managers understood the concepts of crisis, crisis leadership and crisis management; what they perceived their roles and responsibilities to be throughout the crisis management cycle; and how these definitions and roles created and sustained a culture of safety, security and preparedness. The 16 study participants (6 presidents and 10 crisis managers) offered a great deal of insight on how they defined crisis leadership and its respective roles pre-, during and post-crises. Participants believed that the differing definitions of crisis; the university’s culture towards crisis management; the roles played by the university, presidents and crisis managers; resources (established and lacking); as well as the inevitable variability of crises, all played a critical role in leadership. The study’s findings supported Muffet-Willett’s position that crisis leadership is fundamentally connected to the relationship between presidents and crisis managers. Both must offer support, tangibly and intangibly, to one another so that others across the university see the importance being placed on crisis management. Findings of this study supported the assumption made in the literature by student affairs authors that presidents are critical to crisis management. In addition, I concluded that crisis managers are also critical to crisis leadership.

The creation and survival of SMEs largely continues to depend upon access to financing. When a financial crisis in the USA becomes a global economic crisis, SMEs and entrepreneurs all over the world suffer what can be called a double shock; a drop in demand for goods and services and a further tightening in credit terms. It becomes important therefore, to have a strategy on how to tackle the difficulties created by the crisis. Governments are trying to respond by helping to support sales and prevent bankruptcy of SMEs; by increasing access to liquidity, and by helping SMEs to maintain their investment level. Adequate responses of small businesses to the global financial crisis will determine how they will be impacted by the global financial crisis. Many research studies have shown how businesses behave in times of economic abundance. Although over ten economic recessions occurred during the past century, research on the response of businesses to financial challenges remains low. For this reason, the aim of this research was to demonstrate the response of small business owners and managers to the global financial crisis. To achieve this objective, the researcher used an integrated study method, as follows:  A systematic literature review of the importance of small businesses in the economy and the implications of the global financial crises in the world and the South African economies. An empirical survey was conducted on small businesses in the Nelson Mandela Bay area in order to demonstrate their response to the global financial crisis. The results of the literature review and the empirical survey allowed the research to come to the conclusion that during times of financial challenges, small businesses decrease the number of people employed (only employ the people needed), increase efficiency through management, and reduce costs through efficient operations. This study contributes to the literature on small business responsive behaviour during times of economic crisis. As a result, this study presents recommendations and suggestions to assist owners and/or managers to respond appropriately to times of financial contraction.

Theory-metodological part: definition of basic terms as corporation -- corporation surroundings, corporate identity and image; extraordinary incident, crisis situation, crisis, crisis management; brief definition of legislative-juristic environment. Definition of the term communications -- common aspects and types of communication. Crisis communication, analysis of available methods of crisis communication in a company, analysis of available tools of crisis communication in a company. Practical part: manual for crisis communication of a company applied in bank's environment.

Leasing companies as a part of the Czech financial system can feel the impacts of the current crisis. The financial crisis influences the leasing business in three categories. First, there is a shortage of new contacts. Second, some of active contracts from previous periods are endangered or in default. And third, the financing banks are nowadays much more cautious in their approach to the leasing branch. Moreover, the recent legislative changes also have not encouraged the leasing enterprise. For all these reasons mentioned above the current management of a leasing company has to adopt some elements of the crisis management, including restructuring and a possible employees' number reduction. The part of the crisis management process should be also an evaluation of the firm, and following this index in time.