Las organizaciones políticas en el Perú se encuentran en un momento crítico. El 93% de los electores, según la Corporación Latinobarómetro (2018), ha perdido confianza en ellas. Su imagen y reputación están generalmente asociadas con la corrupción. Y no es para menos. Los cuatro partidos políticos más influyentes de los últimos quince años han sido catalogados como organizaciones criminales por el Ministerio Público y enfrentan denuncias por el delito de lavado de activos. Sin embargo, la percepción negativa que tienen los públicos sobre los partidos políticos es en realidad resultado de las crisis, entendidas como situaciones adversas que afectan negativamente su imagen y reputación y, en consecuencia, dañan su relación con sus militantes y la confianza de sus electores, restándoles legitimidad, poder y participación en los asuntos públicos del país. Actualmente, en una época donde las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación están cada vez mejor desarrolladas, las agrupaciones políticas son particularmente vulnerables a las crisis, pues existe muy poca información o teoría sobre cómo deben gestionarse en este tipo de organizaciones. En ese sentido, el autor del presente trabajo de investigación asumió el desafío de diseñar un modelo de gestión comunicacional de crisis para organizaciones políticas. Para lograrlo fue necesario, en primer lugar, analizar cuatro casos: Partido Aprista Peruano, Partido Nacionalista Peruano, Peruanos Por el Kambio y Fuerza Popular. Comprender la naturaleza de estas agrupaciones y los tipos de crisis que enfrentaron, fue fundamental para elaborar la propuesta final. / Political organizations in Peru are at a critical moment. 93% of voters, according to Latinobarómetro Corporation (2018), have lost confidence in them. Their image and reputation are generally associated with corruption. It is not for less. The four most influential political parties of the last fifteen years have been classified as criminal organizations by the Public Ministry and face complaints for the crime of money laundering. However, the negative perception that the public has about political parties is actually the result of crises, understood as adverse situations that negatively affect their image and reputation and, consequently, damage their relationship with their militants and the trust of their voters, subtracting legitimacy, power and participation in the public affairs of the country. Currently, at a time when information and communication technologies are increasingly well developed, political groups are particularly vulnerable to crises, as there is very little information or theory on how they should be managed in these types of organizations. Therefore, the author of this research took on the challenge of designing a crisis communication management model for Peruvian political organizations. To achieve this, it was necessary, first of all, to analyze four cases: Partido Aprista Peruano, Partido Nacionalista Peruano, Peruanos Por el Kambio and Fuerza Popular. Understanding the nature of these groupings, and the types of crises they faced, was critical in crafting the final proposal. / Trabajo de investigación

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Thesis advisor: Martin Scanlan / This qualitative case study examined the roles autonomy played in how principals in one Massachusetts district learned to prioritize curricular goals and to support instruction during a time of crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic. A Communities of Practice (CoP) theory and the concepts of boundaries and brokering served as a theoretical framework to examine principal autonomy. Findings revealed that principals, as members of both their school CoP and the district CoP, existed in a state of multi-membership between the two. Principals then reconciled competing messages and demands between the district CoP and their school CoPs through bridging and buffering. Findings further demonstrated that principals struggled to see themselves as instructional leaders during the pandemic given logistical challenges. Principals also had to adjust their instructional goals to meet changing student social emotional needs and developmental gaps. Finally, data revealed that there was a shift in the roles of autonomy over the course of the three school years of the pandemic: district leaders supported principal autonomy, and the needed improvisation it brought to the district CoP, at the onset of the pandemic and during the second school year but returned to a more centralized calibration as the pandemic continued into the third school year. This research has implications for districts seeking to prepare for crises and suggests that districts might consider principal autonomy as a strategy for innovation. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

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SAMMANFATTNING Datum: 2024-05-29 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet Författare: Klara Helin Sofia Skohg                    (02/12/09) (99/11/08) Titel: Den kommunala synen på kriser Handledare: Magnus Hoppe Nyckelord: Organisatorisk kris, Krishantering, Krisperspektiv, Krisberedskap, Kommunala kriser Forskningsfrågor: Hur återspeglas det funktionalistiska och/eller meningsskapande perspektivet i organisationernas sätt att se på, förebygga och hantera kriser? Vad kan respektive perspektiv bidra med för att stärka kommuners krishantering? Syfte: Arbetet syftar till att utforska hur och om det funktionalistiska och/eller meningsskapande perspektivet präglar kommunala organisationers syn på- och hantering av kriser. Metod: Arbetet har genomförts med hjälp av kvalitativa metoder och ett abduktivt förhållningssätt där metoderna har utformats utifrån det teoretiska ställningstagandet om att synen på organisatoriska kriser kan beskrivas utifrån två perspektiv. Arbetets forskningsdesign har haft ett utforskande syfte och ämnet har utforskats genom en fallstudie hos en kommunal organisation i Sverige. Data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som sedan analyserats utifrån en tematisk analysmetod. Slutsats: Slutsatsen som kan dras utifrån den genomförda fallstudien är att det meningsskapande perspektivet i stor utsträckning återspeglas i kommunens sätt att se på, och definiera, kriser. Synen anses däremot inte vara total då arbetet identifierat hur erfarna medarbetare visat på en funktionalistisk syn på kriser som externa händelser med en stabsmetodisk hantering. Kommunens syn på förebyggande av kriser kan främst anses präglas av ett mentalt meningsskapande förhållningssätt. Vissa arbetssätt och traditioner återspeglar däremot inte den mentala inställningen och kan liknas mer vid det funktionalistiska förhållningssättet. Det parallella nyttjandet av de två perspektiven skulle kunna förklara deltagarnas uppfattning av att den valda kommunen har en sverigeledande position i avseende på krisarbete. Slutsatsen som kan dras gällande vad respektive perspektiv kan bidra med för att stärka kommunala organisationers krishantering är att krisarbetet kan anses framgångsrikt när de två perspektiven parallellt genomsyrar organisationen. Studien påvisar däremot även vikten av att det finns en samstämmighet bland medarbetare kring vid vilka tillfällen karakteristiska egenskaper kring respektive perspektiv bör komma till uttryck för att stärka hanteringen. / ABSTRACT Date: 2024-05-29 Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Klara Helin Sofia Skohg                 (02/12/09) (99/11/08) Title: The municipal view on crisis Supervisor: Magnus Hoppe Keywords: Organizational crisis, Crisis management, Crisis perspective, Crisis preparedness, Municipal crises Research questions: How is the traditional and/or social constructionist perspective reflected in organizations’ ways of perceiving, preventing, and managing crises? What can each perspective contribute to strengthen municipalities’ crisis management? Purpose: The aim of the study is to explore how and if the functionalist and/or sensemaking perspective characterizes municipal organizations' view of and handling of crises. Method: The study has been carried out using qualitative methods and an abductive approach where the methods have been designed based on the theoretical standpoint that the view of organizational crises can be described through two perspectives. The study's research design has had an exploratory purpose and the topic has been explored through a case study at a municipal organization in Sweden. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews which were then analyzed through a thematic analysis method. Conclusion: The conclusion that can be drawn from the completed case study is that the sensemaking perspective is largely reflected in the municipality's way of looking at, and defining, crises. The perspective, on the other hand, is not considered to be total as the study identified how experienced employees showed a functionalist view of crises as external events with a staff-methodical approach. The municipality's approach to crisis prevention can primarily be considered characterized by a mental sensemaking approach. However, certain traditions and ways of working do not reflect the mental attitude and can be more likened to the functionalist perspective. The parallel use of the two perspectives could explain the participants' perception that the chosen municipality has a leading position in Sweden with regard to crisis work. The conclusion that can be drawn regarding what each perspective can contribute to strengthen municipal organizations' crisis management is that it can be considered successful when the two perspectives permeate the organization in parallel. On the other hand, the study also demonstrated the importance of there being a consensus among employees as to when characteristic features of each perspective should be expressed in order to strengthen crisis management.

On December 11, 2008, the financial world was in a panic as the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced the arrest of Bernard L. Madoff of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, LLC, for orchestrating a $65 billion Ponzi scheme. An investigation took place into Madoff's practices, and as a result, it was revealed the SEC failed to catch Madoff years earlier as a result of its business practices. After this became known, the SEC faced reputational harm. This qualitative analysis seeks to discover through identification and analysis of themes and sub-themes of response strategies, the extent to which the SEC applied Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) in its crisis response, in order to examine SCCT's merit as a theory in government crisis communication research. This study also offers additional response strategies imposed by the SEC to suggest further expansion of SCCT in a government context. / Master of Arts / On December 11, 2008, Bernard L. Madoff, of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, LLC, was charged by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for his role in a $65 billion fraudulent scheme. During an investigation into Madoff’s business practices, it was revealed that the SEC overlooked many red flags that could have caught Madoff years earlier. As a result, the SEC faced reputational harm. This study examined the SEC’s crisis response to the public following the news of Madoff’s arrest by applying a crisis communication theory to discover “best practices” for government agencies when dealing with a preventable crisis. This study also offers suggestions to further expand crisis communication research and crisis response strategies in a government communication setting.

Legionella pneumophila and other opportunistic pathogens of drinking water pose important problems at the interface of biology, environmental engineering, public health, and governance. In this thesis, I explore the molecular mechanisms permitting survival of L. pneumophila in built water systems is the nature of its physiology under different conditions and different life-phases. In the first chapter, I discuss how various physiological states of L. pneumophila affect the propensity for survival and virulence in relation to drinking water environments. This literature review should provide a perspective important for designing controlled laboratory experiments rooted in a robust understanding of how phenotype dictates experimental results. In the second chapter, I describe sequence and phylogenetic analyses performed to investigate the presence of a type 1 secretion system and virulence factor throughout the Legionella genus. While this system was previously believed to be conserved to L. pneumophila, our analysis indicates that this system is well-distributed throughout the Legionella genus, blurring the lines between "pathogenic" and "non-pathogenic" species. In the third chapter, I report the secretome of endemic Flint, Michigan L. pneumophila in corrosive water, simulating the environmental impact of the Flint Water Crisis on local L. pneumophila populations. Our results from this study have expanded the secretome of L. pneumophila, provided insight on mechanisms it may employ to resist stress in water, and created several novel lines of inquiry at the merging frontier of biochemistry and environmental engineering. / Master of Science in Life Sciences