According to the PK-12 Public School Facility Infrastructure Fact Sheet compiled by the 21st Century School Fund in February 2011, there are over 98,706 PK-12 grade public schools and nearly 90% of the entire 55.5 million school age children in the United States attend public schools (p. 1). These school facilities and school spaces are sites of unexpected, critical incidents. Even though schools are generally a safe place for students to learn, a crisis may occur at any given time in any given location. School superintendents live through these crisis situations and must make critical decisions under extreme stress with limited time, resources, and information involving crisis situations. Leaders must share and learn from their lived experiences relating to crisis situations in order to prepare for future situations. The success and failures of leaders' past experiences provides valuable research as a future reference to help other school superintendents. In this study, a phenomenological approach was used to document the lived experiences of school superintendents that suffered a loss or damage to a school facility. The loss or damage of each school facility was the result of four separate crisis situations that occurred within a five- month time frame in the Commonwealth of Virginia. School superintendents and facility directors from these four school divisions were interviewed in order to document their perspectives of leadership in crisis. These school superintendents experienced the loss or damage of a school facility as a result of a tornado, an earthquake, or a fire. Four main themes emerged from their experiences: (a) communication, (b) leadership, (c) recovery, and (d) support. Triangulation of data sources included interviews with superintendents, interviews with facility directors, and archival data. A horizonalization code mapping procedure was used for data analysis. Two key implications for practice were identified: (a) communication and (b) relationships. Each superintendent emphasized the need for quick, accurate dissemination of information through various modes of communication. Interconnected with communication, the superintendents recognized the importance of key relationships built before, during, and after a crisis. Supportive relationships made a difference in the recovery journey for each school superintendent. / Ed. D.

Yes / The March 2023 bank failures of SVB, Signature and Credit Suisse, which caused turmoil in financial markets and led to regulatory and central bank intervention, revived the debate about the effectiveness of the bank crisis management, resolution and deposit insurance legal framework established after the Great Financial Crisis (GFC). Although the March 2023 events did not escalate into a full-blown financial crisis, they drew attention to certain areas of the current framework where improvements may be needed. These areas include the need of financial regulation and supervision to focus more on small and medium size banks as potential sources of systemic market events; to review the adequacy of the current deposit insurance regime and the treatment of uninsured deposits; and to provide more clarity about the order of creditor claims in case of bank resolution/insolvency. The article reviews the events of March 2023, the key lessons from these events and discusses how these lessons could shape the frameworks for Bank crisis management and resolution in India and the European Union. The two jurisdictions are in the process of updating their laws in this area and the March 2023 events could influence the relevant decisions.

<p> </p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>Business world has met uncertainty, which settled everywhere: from global financial markets and national economies, to organizations and employees’ minds. As every crisis, this situation came unexpectedly, almost out of a clear blue sky. Sweden, being highly dependent on international development, has faced negative effects in all aspects of business life. SMEs have emerged as an engine of economic and social development throughout the world.  As well as more than 99 percent of all enterprises in Sweden are classified as SMEs, the impact of economic crisis may be more than significant.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of the current economic crisis and recession on the Small and Medium Enterprises in Sweden.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In order to fulfill our purpose we combined both techniques – qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. We used a quantitative analysis tool – survey to collect primary data from the SMEs. In its turn, qualitative analysis was implemented to see how the data from earlier studies and our findings can be interconnected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found, that companies are facing mostly negative effects. The perception of currently facing economic challenges can be assessed as anxious, which means that companies see the further development in a tough way. Damaged business confidence can be also recognized in pessimistic forecasts for profitability in 2009. However, the crisis can be considered as a driver for change. On the positive way, every downturn and faced challenge, e.g. stressful situation, stimulate organisations to analyze, look for new effective solutions and make decisions in the way they would never thought about. It was found out that importance of crisis planning is distinctly risisng during current times of uncertainty. Futhermore, companies tend to react on the faced challenges by designing, following crisis plans and creating special crisis teams.</p><p>Our research may help the businesses to understand what difficulties the majority is facing, and thus not only to prevent same risks but also turn them into opportunities.</p><p> </p>

The current financial crisis has stroke the World without leaving alone any sector, firmor household. Some sectors have been more affected than other ones. In the sport sector,gymnasiums and sport clubs have to adapt to the new situation while companies that didnot have been force to shut down or fire employees to stay afloat. According to Ferrell&amp; Hartline (2002), if the company is not able to adapt, it will not be able to reach itsobjectives and by so, the company will no longer be profitable. The purpose of thisstudy was to examine how Balearic gymnasiums and sports clubs adapt their marketingstrategy focusing on their marketing mix to the renovated consumer buying behaviourduring the financial crisis. A quantitative method was used for this research, and the empirical data was gatheredfrom 76 gymnasiums and sports centres in the Balearic Islands. Primary data wasobtained though a survey via on-line to their respective emails. The results show that the different individuals analyzed have recognized a change intheir consumers’ behaviour and have applied different changes in their marketing mix.The findings can be of utility for similar companies that face a similar situation. It helpto understand how important is for a firm to have a proactive and flexible marketingstrategy to be able to adapt itself to the continuously changing environment in order toeither improve their position or survive on the market.

The purpose of this study was to contribute to current theory-driven research in crisis communication by examining the perceptions of multiple stakeholder groups to a university crisis response strategy. Two main questions were examined in this dissertation. The first question attempted to determine if a significant difference existed between stakeholder groups and their perception of university reputation, responsibility for the crisis, and potential supportive behaviors toward the university following the university’s response to a crisis. The second asked if Coombs’s Situational Crisis Communication Theory is a practical application for universities. The participants were from 4 stakeholder groups associated with a regional public university: students, faculty, staff, and alumni. An online survey was sent to participants via email. The data analysis revealed significant differences in the perceptions of reputation and in the potential supportive behaviors between staff and faculty and between staff and students. Staff perceived the reputation more favorably and had more favorable potential supportive behaviors than both the faculty and the student stakeholder groups. The results of this research provided empirical evidence that distinct stakeholder groups do perceive crisis response strategies differently. It also supported the application of Situational Crisis Communication Theory in a university setting.

Some agri-food managers of United States-based companies use strategies to mitigate product-harm crises.The loss of brand and corporate sustainability increases for companies not utilizing mitigating strategies to reduce losses from agri-food product-harm crisis.The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies managers use to mitigate losses from agri-food product-harm crises. Coombs' situational crisis communication theory served as the conceptual framework for this study. A sample of 3 managers from 3 agri-food companies in the southern United States shared their mitigating strategies to reduce losses from a product-harm crisis. Methodological triangulation assisted in reviewing and analyzing information from semistructured interviews, relevant company documents, and journal notes. The use of alphanumeric coding, discovering, and identifying themes, selecting relevant themes, organizing themes in hierarchical order, and linking themes to the phenomenon under study indicated four main themes supporting the benefits of mitigating strategies to reduce losses from an agri-food product-harm crisis. The main themes included the use of pre-crisis mitigating strategies, mid-crisis mitigating strategies, post-crisis mitigating strategies, and high pressure pasteurization (HPP). Findings from this study indicated that agri-food managers use strategies to mitigate product-harm crises, but the added expense of some mitigating strategies often precludes their use. The study findings may contribute to social change by increasing the awareness of agri-food managers, consumers, and company leadership to use mitigating strategies to reduce the number of illnesses and deaths associated with a product harm crisis.

<p>Purpose</p><p>To study how improvisation allows a crisis manager to answer the crisis when it has occurred, and how the improvisational act and the environment are linked. Methodology/ApproachFirst, we led research on the concepts of crisis, crisis management and improvisation. We were able to distinguish two major characteristics of the crisis situation – uncertainty and time pressure – as well as two moments in crisis response – containment and recovery. In parallel, we studied improvisation. The improvisation act intervenes when one realizes the environment conditions, reduces the gap between thinking the action and executing the action, and increases the speed of his actual action. Also, we identified that improvisation was expressed through the use of creativity, bricolage and intuition. At last, some authors developed levels of improvisation whether based on creativity levels or on the distance between the way one acts and the procedures, the normal ways to act. From this literature review, we were able to highlight two research propositions: Proposition 1: As soon as a situation enters a crisis phase, improvisation is used. Proposition 2: The way and the extent to improvise depend on the extent of time-pressure and uncertainty.Our belief in a mainly subjective conception of reality and of our knowledge and the fact we could use enough existing knowledge to enunciate propositions led us to have a semi-inductive research approach and a qualitative strategy. Our data were collected by using recorded semi-structured interviews. Our sample was constituted of managers specialized in the management of a crisis – surgeons and high mountain rescuers.</p><p>Findings</p><p>Our data analysis allowed us to confirm the research propositions. Crisis managers improvise when responding to a crisis by being creative, aware and adaptable to the environment conditions, and by having quick decision-making processes. Their improvisation levels are dependent on the situation uncertainty/novelty levels. In fact, we could identify a “mirror effect”: the level of improvisation increases as uncertainty increases.</p><p>Limitations</p><p>Some points are factors of the limitation of this research. These limitations are essentially linked to a reduced transdisciplinary approach. The topic of this research deserves a larger sample of interviewees in order to improve the relevance of our findings and their capacity to be generalized.</p><p>Originality/Value</p><p>The value of this study comes from the relevance of the investigated fields – fields with recurrent crisis management – and from the experience of their interviewed members. This research was also led with philosophical considerations materialized by a transdisciplinary approach. Indeed, we interviewed persons from fields outside business management.</p>

<p>Internationella händelser såsom 11 september och tsunamikatastrofen har förändrat förutsättningarna för resebranschen på många sätt. Bland annat har ett ökat säkerhetstänkande hos resenärer manat fram ett paradigmskifte gällande synen på krishantering. Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för och kartlägga hur en medelstor resebyrå hanterade den internationella kris som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen. De förutsättningar som gäller för utarbetandet av en god krishanteringsplan beskrivs och förslag ges på hur företaget bör arbeta i framtiden när det gäller krishantering.</p><p>Forskningsbidraget med denna uppsats blir således att utifrån ett organisatoriskt perspektiv undersöka i vilken mån en krishanteringsplan förbättrar förutsättningarna för krishantering. Undersökningen har genomförts i form av en fallstudie, där tillvägagångssättet varit en kvalitativ ansats. Den teoretiska syntesen utgörs av The Best Practice Model med utgångspunkt från krisers olika stadier. Den empiri som ligger till grund för analysarbetet är av primär karaktär och har samlats in genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner på resebyrån Resecity.</p><p>Det framgick att företaget lyckades väl med att hantera krisen som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen, trots att man inte hade en nedskriven krishanteringsplan. De lärdomar som drogs från denna internationella kris var bland annat erfarenheterna som katastrofen bidrog med, samt att de anställda blev mer känslomässigt förberedda inför framtida kriser.</p><p>De slutsatser som författarna kom fram till är att företaget bör formalisera den nuvarande muntliga krishanteringsplanen samt att företaget bör överväga att inkludera scenarioplanering i krishanteringsarbetet. Detta för att öka den positiva reaktionsförväntan som anses avgörande för effektiv krishantering.</p> / <p>International events such as the terror attacks of 9/11 and the tsunami disaster have changed what people think about travelling. An increased awareness of one’s own safety has brought forward a paradigm shift within the travelling industry regarding crisis management. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding and describe how a mid sized travelling agency dealt with the international crisis that arose as a cause of the tsunami disaster. The prerequisite concerning the process of developing a good crisis management plan is described, and advice is given on how the organisation should work with crisis management in the future.</p><p>On the basis of the empirical data, it was concluded that the organisation managed well in coping with the tsunami disaster, despite not having a formal crisis management plan. The experience gained during this crisis is considered to be the foremost lesson learnt.</p><p>The authors’ recommendations for the organisation are to formalise their crisis management plan, as soon as possible, and also consider incorporating scenario planning. This aims to increase the so called positive expectational ability to react, which is considered important for efficient crisis management.</p>

Problem: Business world has met uncertainty, which settled everywhere: from global financial markets and national economies, to organizations and employees’ minds. As every crisis, this situation came unexpectedly, almost out of a clear blue sky. Sweden, being highly dependent on international development, has faced negative effects in all aspects of business life. SMEs have emerged as an engine of economic and social development throughout the world.  As well as more than 99 percent of all enterprises in Sweden are classified as SMEs, the impact of economic crisis may be more than significant. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of the current economic crisis and recession on the Small and Medium Enterprises in Sweden. Method: In order to fulfill our purpose we combined both techniques – qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. We used a quantitative analysis tool – survey to collect primary data from the SMEs. In its turn, qualitative analysis was implemented to see how the data from earlier studies and our findings can be interconnected. Results: It was found, that companies are facing mostly negative effects. The perception of currently facing economic challenges can be assessed as anxious, which means that companies see the further development in a tough way. Damaged business confidence can be also recognized in pessimistic forecasts for profitability in 2009. However, the crisis can be considered as a driver for change. On the positive way, every downturn and faced challenge, e.g. stressful situation, stimulate organisations to analyze, look for new effective solutions and make decisions in the way they would never thought about. It was found out that importance of crisis planning is distinctly risisng during current times of uncertainty. Futhermore, companies tend to react on the faced challenges by designing, following crisis plans and creating special crisis teams. Our research may help the businesses to understand what difficulties the majority is facing, and thus not only to prevent same risks but also turn them into opportunities.

Internationella händelser såsom 11 september och tsunamikatastrofen har förändrat förutsättningarna för resebranschen på många sätt. Bland annat har ett ökat säkerhetstänkande hos resenärer manat fram ett paradigmskifte gällande synen på krishantering. Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för och kartlägga hur en medelstor resebyrå hanterade den internationella kris som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen. De förutsättningar som gäller för utarbetandet av en god krishanteringsplan beskrivs och förslag ges på hur företaget bör arbeta i framtiden när det gäller krishantering. Forskningsbidraget med denna uppsats blir således att utifrån ett organisatoriskt perspektiv undersöka i vilken mån en krishanteringsplan förbättrar förutsättningarna för krishantering. Undersökningen har genomförts i form av en fallstudie, där tillvägagångssättet varit en kvalitativ ansats. Den teoretiska syntesen utgörs av The Best Practice Model med utgångspunkt från krisers olika stadier. Den empiri som ligger till grund för analysarbetet är av primär karaktär och har samlats in genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner på resebyrån Resecity. Det framgick att företaget lyckades väl med att hantera krisen som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen, trots att man inte hade en nedskriven krishanteringsplan. De lärdomar som drogs från denna internationella kris var bland annat erfarenheterna som katastrofen bidrog med, samt att de anställda blev mer känslomässigt förberedda inför framtida kriser. De slutsatser som författarna kom fram till är att företaget bör formalisera den nuvarande muntliga krishanteringsplanen samt att företaget bör överväga att inkludera scenarioplanering i krishanteringsarbetet. Detta för att öka den positiva reaktionsförväntan som anses avgörande för effektiv krishantering. / International events such as the terror attacks of 9/11 and the tsunami disaster have changed what people think about travelling. An increased awareness of one’s own safety has brought forward a paradigm shift within the travelling industry regarding crisis management. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding and describe how a mid sized travelling agency dealt with the international crisis that arose as a cause of the tsunami disaster. The prerequisite concerning the process of developing a good crisis management plan is described, and advice is given on how the organisation should work with crisis management in the future. On the basis of the empirical data, it was concluded that the organisation managed well in coping with the tsunami disaster, despite not having a formal crisis management plan. The experience gained during this crisis is considered to be the foremost lesson learnt. The authors’ recommendations for the organisation are to formalise their crisis management plan, as soon as possible, and also consider incorporating scenario planning. This aims to increase the so called positive expectational ability to react, which is considered important for efficient crisis management.