The purpose of this thesisis to examine the female body ideal of the Swedish fitness blogs and how it is reproduced. To answer the research question five of the most read female fitness blogs were chosen for a critical discourse analysis. The results show that pictures is an important communication event. The ideal is reproduced by representing bodies with desirable attributes in environments and poses that communicates positive feelings. There is a dialectic relation between picture and text in each published post. To get the text and picture accentuate the ideologies of the fitness blogs, often with strong words that reminiscent infatuation and euphoria. The intertextual chain in the blogs frames training, fitness and the ideal female body as a healthy, happy and successful subject position.

In his liberal theory of justice, John Rawls stipulates that the principles of justice selected will be generally complied with. This assumption of full compliance is characteristic of what Rawls calls “ideal theory,” i.e., a theory that seeks to formulate and justify ideal principles of justice. David Schmidtz contends that the full compliance assumption undermines the practical relevance of ideal theory. I argue that Schmidtz’s criticisms of full compliance do not succeed. Understanding why his arguments fail requires an examination of both Schmidtz’s and Rawls’s views of the nature of justice and the function of political philosophy. I explain why full compliance can plausibly be assumed in Rawls’s ideal theory given the conception of justice he employs, and articulate the problem Schmidtz’s argument faces if it relies on his view of the role of political philosophy.

I investigate aspects of fleet dynamics in a mobile gear, groundfish fishery, on the Scotian Shelf; an area subject to a seasonal area closure. Firstly, the direct impacts of the closure on the redistribution of fishing effort and the resultant catch rates of those “fishing the line” (FTL) were examined. Effort was found to concentrate within 30km of the closure boundary. Two areas of potential FTL strategy were identified, which produced variable catch rate trends. East of the closure, areas of highest catch rate corresponded to areas of greatest effort, while to the west, catch rate was often equalized throughout the region, analogous to the ideal free distribution (IFD). Secondly, two effort distributional models were compared: an IFD-based isodar model and a discrete choice model. The isodar was determined to be the preferred model because of both its consistently superior predictive performance and its greater simplicity.

This thesis explores the search for core meaning and authentic experience in the poetry of John Ashbery. Building from a close reading of A Worldly Country, it examines the way Ashbery's use of narrative fragments and shifting points of view establish poetry as an encounter with otherness that is dependent on accidents of meaning for its sense of authenticity. Comparisons with the poetry of Ashbery's most important precursor, W. H. Auden, reveal how the influence of German Romanticism emerges with different points of emphasis; Auden's richly ambiguous dualities eventually gave way to a more didactic poetry as he shifted his faith from art to religion, while Ashbery's poetry embodies the fragmented and inconclusive approach of the German poet Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), who developed, through his philosophical writings and the tales embedded in his novels, a double orientation toward the real and the ideal. Novalis confirmed the Märchen, or fairy tale, as a genre of primary importance whose capacity for imaginative excess invites accidental encounters with otherness. Analyses of fairy tales and fairy tale fragments in the work of these poets reveal how mysticism and play can inject into everyday moments feelings of self-transcendence that enable poetry to summon an authentic sense of being in the world. / Graduate

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000), the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the protective role of self-determined (i.e., autonomous motivation) relative to non self-determined motivation (i.e., controlled motivation) in response to various media portrayals of the female body. Findings from three laboratory experiments support these hypotheses. Women who felt less self-determined in their daily activities (Study 1 and Study 3) and in the regulation of their eating behaviors (Study 2), perceived more pressure from the media to be thin (Study 1), experienced more body dissatisfaction (Study 1 and Study 2), expressed greater concerns over the quantity of food in their diets (Study 1), and reported more negative affect (Study 2) following exposure to a video which exemplified the societal ―thin ideal‖ compared to a video which did not. They also generated more negative self-appraisals of their body‘s appearance and competence (Study 3), experienced more body shame (Study 3), and reported more introjected reasons for restricting their actual intake of chocolate (Study 3) following exposure to video which depicted the female body as an instrument of women‘s actions compared to one which depicted the female body as object (Study 3). Conversely, women who felt more self-determined in their daily activities (Study 1 and Study 3) expressed greater concerns over the quality of food in their diet (Study 1) and reported less vitality (Study 3) in response to media portrayals of women engaged in self-care (Study 1) and physical activities (Study 3). However, body dissatisfied women who felt more self-determined in the regulation of their eating behaviors (Study 2) formulated more intentions to monitor their food intake and eat fewer unhealthy foods (Study 2) after viewing a video of thin female models compared to no models. Together, these findings support a protective function for self-determined motivation and a potentiating function for non self-determined motivation.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

The aim of this bachelor thesis has been to investigate what affected the body ideals of teenage girls attending the Swedish upper secondary school and thus, the questions for the investigation were: Who/what “gives” teenage girls their body ideals today and what is considered as an influence of these young teenage girls today with regard to their perception of their own body? The theoretical perspective on the thesis were symbolic interactionism, Gidden's theory on "late"-modernity as well as Ziehe's theory on reflexivity. A quantitative survey were conducted where questionnaires were the starting point. For convenience and simplicity , the author chose to perform the survey on a number of high schools in her vicinity. The headmasters in these schools were contacted and she got the contact infomation for the concerned teachers or the school social pedagogue. After gathering the material, the material compiled and analyzed in SPSS. The participants were 58 teenage girls between 16-18 years old. What gives teenage girls their body ideals today were first and foremost the Internet but this were often combined with body ideals that comes from friends and media. Regarding to what influence how teenage girls look at their body, teenage girls mainly listen to comments of their partner, family and friends. About a quarter of the teenage girls claimed that sporting activities influenced their opinion of her body shape, as well as media and the Internet. Regarding to the experience of being influenced by comments or in comparison to pictures of other women, it were mainly the media and friends that seemed to influence. / Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats har varit att undersöka tonårsflickor upplevelse av vad som påverkade deras kroppsideal och frågeställningarna har således varit: Vilka faktorer är det som ”ger” tonårsflickor sina kroppsideal idag samt vad är det som upplevs påverka tonårsflickor idag, när det gäller hur de ser på sin kropp? Kandidatuppsatsens teroretiska perspektiv var symbolisk interaktionism, Giddens teori om senmodernitet samt Ziehes teori om reflexivitet. En kvantitativ undersökning gjordes där enkäter var utgångspunkten. Av bekvämlighet och för enkelhetens skull valde författaren att genomföra enkäten på ett antal gymnasieskolor i dennes närmiljö. Rektorerna i dessa skolor kontaktades och hon fick av dem kontaktuppgifter till berörda lärare alternativt till skolans socialpedagog. Efter insamling av material sammanställdes och analyserades detta i SPSS. Deltagarna var 58 tonårsflickor i åldern 16-18 år. Vid analys ledde dessa till slutsatsen för just denna grupp med tonårsflickor, att det som gett dessa deras kroppsideal idag var främst Internet men detta ofta kombinerat med kroppsideal som kommer från vänner och media. Tonårsflickorna i denna undersökning var mer benägna att ta till sig partners, familjens och vännernas kommentarer. Ungefär en fjärdedel av tonårsflickorna i studien uppgav att sportaktivitet kunde ha inverkan på tanken om hennes kroppsform, detta berörde även media och Internet. När det gällde upplevelsen av hur de påverkas av kommentarer eller jämförelse av bilder var det framförallt media och vänner som tonårsflickorna upplevde påverka. Nyckelord: Tonårsflickor, upplevelse av påverkan, kroppsideal, media, utseende, kvantitativ

Detta är ett kandidatarbete med illustration av kvinnokroppen som tema. Frågor som tas upp, söks svar till och diskuteras är frågor som: vart har illustration av kvinnokroppen varit, vad har den fått utstå, hur är den idag och vad kan vi lära oss av allt detta? Metoder som Kritisk design och Situerad kunskap används för att studera och utmana de olika idealen. Resultatet består av svar på de ovanstående frågorna och en utveckling i vetandet om kvinnokroppens porträttering. En gestaltning presenterar även hur jag utvecklats illustrativt efter undersökningen och visar upp en samling av olika kroppsideal för kvinnor som funnits.   Nyckelord: Illustration, Kvinnokroppen, Situerad kunskap, Kroppsuppfattning, Ideal.

Two streamline, ordinary differential equation (ODE) models for detonation, the Chan-Kirby model and the straight streamline approach of Watt et al., are extended to a multiphase system of equations. These multiphase equations, with realistic equations of state, are used to better capture the heterogeneities in non-ideal explosives used in mining applications. Streamline ODE multidimensional models are normally obtained by reducing the partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the motion of the material to ODEs by making approximations about some of the physics of the problem. These models are referred to as reduced ODE models in this work and are the primary focus of this research into fast, efficient solutions of non-ideal explosives. In the development of these reduced order forms, some terms in the full equations have been removed for analytical convenience. Although this is not always the result of a formal order of magnitude analysis, this somewhat empirical approach is justified by simulation studies. In particular, by demonstrating that in a variety of benchmark problems, the reduced order ODEs give similar results to those obtained from the much more complex, full order PDE models. Further support is obtained by comparing the reduced order solution with experimental results. Comparisons with multiphase direct numerical simulations and experiments are undertaken to investigate the effect of the approximations and assumptions made in the derivation of the models. Both models produce comparable diameter effect curves for two different non-ideal explosives, EM120D and ANFO, in unconfined conditions. Empirical assumptions in the Chan-Kirby model can be eliminated but investigation shows that the straight streamline multiphase extension is based on better approximations for non-ideal explosives. This latter approach also gives better prediction of the diameter effect curve and detonation driving zone shape. The multiphase straight streamline model is then extended to model confined multiphase detonations, with realistic equations of state for the confining material, and predicts most strong confinement examples well. Future work of extending to curved streamlines and including confinement other than strong or weak is discussed.