The aim of this diploma thesis is to find out models and ideals of the pupils of elementary schools. The study is divided into two major parts. The theoretical part describes specifics of pupils from a view of developmental psychology, areas where pupils can find their models and the issue of youth subcultures. Furthermore the attention is aimed at a development of research of pupils' models and ideals. Two extensive studies concerning this topic are described here. The empirical part presents results of the questionnaire survey conducted at an Elementary School in Prague. The topic of this survey was pupils' models, ideals and life wishes.

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000), the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the protective role of self-determined (i.e., autonomous motivation) relative to non self-determined motivation (i.e., controlled motivation) in response to various media portrayals of the female body. Findings from three laboratory experiments support these hypotheses. Women who felt less self-determined in their daily activities (Study 1 and Study 3) and in the regulation of their eating behaviors (Study 2), perceived more pressure from the media to be thin (Study 1), experienced more body dissatisfaction (Study 1 and Study 2), expressed greater concerns over the quantity of food in their diets (Study 1), and reported more negative affect (Study 2) following exposure to a video which exemplified the societal ―thin ideal‖ compared to a video which did not. They also generated more negative self-appraisals of their body‘s appearance and competence (Study 3), experienced more body shame (Study 3), and reported more introjected reasons for restricting their actual intake of chocolate (Study 3) following exposure to video which depicted the female body as an instrument of women‘s actions compared to one which depicted the female body as object (Study 3). Conversely, women who felt more self-determined in their daily activities (Study 1 and Study 3) expressed greater concerns over the quality of food in their diet (Study 1) and reported less vitality (Study 3) in response to media portrayals of women engaged in self-care (Study 1) and physical activities (Study 3). However, body dissatisfied women who felt more self-determined in the regulation of their eating behaviors (Study 2) formulated more intentions to monitor their food intake and eat fewer unhealthy foods (Study 2) after viewing a video of thin female models compared to no models. Together, these findings support a protective function for self-determined motivation and a potentiating function for non self-determined motivation.

Explaining spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of species is one of the primary goals of ecology. Habitat selection, the behaviour that organisms use to choose habitat patches that maximize fitness, can explain patterns in abundance between patches at small spatial scales within the dispersal capacity of the species. However, habitat selection models assume there is a reduction in individual fitness as population density increases due to increased competition between individuals. Ectotherms, which often select habitats based on temperature, a density-independent resource, may not display density-dependent responses if temperature limits energy assimilation more than finite food resources limit energy acquisition. As predicted by their dependence on environmental temperatures, some ectotherms select habitat largely independently of population density when temperatures are far from the optimal temperature for performance. But, is density-dependence prevalent in ectotherm populations when temperatures are close to the optimal temperature for performance? Habitat selection models also assume that all individuals of a population exhibit the same strategy for maximizing fitness through habitat selection. However, differences in morphology and behaviour (e.g., reproductive strategy) can modify the optimal habitat selection strategy for different phenotypes. Finally, observed patterns in habitat selection and abundance can also be modified by competition with other species. Quantifying the relative importance of these different factors that affect habitat selection behaviour will improve our ability to predict the spatial distribution and relative abundance of organisms. The objective of my thesis was to explain spatial variation in the abundance of ectotherms, using the ornate tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus) as a study species. In chapter one, I tested whether density-dependent habitat selection explained patterns in abundance and fitness of lizards between two habitats differing in suitability. In chapter two, I tested whether density dependent habitat selection in tree lizards was caused by intraspecific competition for food that limited body size and growth. In chapter three, I tested whether variation in reproductive strategy, as indicated by throat colour phenotype, affected space use and habitat selection in male tree lizards. Finally, in chapter four, I tested whether interspecific competition with another lizard species affected habitat selection, fitness, and abundance of tree lizards. My thesis emphasizes the importance of intraspecific competition in shaping patterns of habitat selection and abundance in terrestrial ectotherms. I show that habitat selection is strongly density-dependent despite differences in thermal quality between habitats. I show that density-dependent mortality and growth lower the fitness of individuals when populations reach high densities, and this likely caused habitat selection to be density-dependent. Despite this evidence for density-dependent habitat selection, I show considerable variation between individuals in habitat selection and space use. Males with different throat colour phenotypes select habitats differently, demonstrating that variation in morphology can influence habitat selection patterns within a population. Finally, I show that interspecific competition with another lizard affects space use and how frequently tree lizards switch habitats, but this does not lead to differences in fitness or in the relative abundance of tree lizards in habitats. Therefore, intraspecific competition for resources was the dominant force shaping the relative abundance of tree lizards in different habitats.

The importance of body image in marketing comunications. The comparison of ideal and real beauty measures using clustering method and MML-TGI data.

Body image is undoubtedly important in everyone's life. The main objective of this thesis is to find its importance for marketing. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to find out the society's opinions on the issue of beauty and body image, how do media picture human body and if there exists a difference between these two things. The first part of this theses consists of the historical development of the beauty ideal. It is followed by segmentation of Czech population, based on the data from the project MML-TGI, survey focused on beauty preferences and content analysis of lifestyle magazines. The findings support among other things the importance of beauty to most people, media's focus on extreme thinness for females and disparity between the presented ideal and people's preferences. The results lead to one conclusion: the importance of body image for marketing exists and is significant.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8483_1.pdf: 1026272 bytes, checksum: c125429293e67f1e2098cd7ca272c6b0 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Esse estudo objetivou identificar a associação entre o estado nutricional real e o padrão alimentar com a percepção do peso corporal de funcionários de uma universidade pública da cidade do Recife. A amostra foi composta por 267 funcionários, avaliados através de questionário que abordou aspectos demográficos, socioeconômicos, dietéticos e de estilo de vida, além da avaliação antropométrica e da autopercepção do peso. Quanto aos resultados, aproximadamente 60% da amostra estudada apresentaram excesso de peso, dentre os quais, cerca de 20% eram obesos, não sendo encontrado diferencial significante entre os sexos. Em relação à percepção do peso corporal, 38,0% e 9,7% dos homens e 41,2% e 22,9% das mulheres se percebiam como acima do peso e muito acima do peso, respectivamente (p=0,0035). Quanto ao estudo comparativo entre o estado nutricional diagnosticado e a percepção do peso corporal, apenas entre os homens houve discordância (p=0,0049), com subestimação do peso real. Em relação ao padrão alimentar, as mulheres que se percebiam com excesso de peso atenderam mais às recomendações de gorduras e açúcares do que as que possuíam diagnóstico. Além disso, mulheres consumiam mais alimentos para compensar momentos tristes que homens, principalmente massas, chocolates e outros doces. Mais estudos são necessários na população brasileira sobre a percepção do peso, a fim de direcionar as ações educativas não apenas para o diagnóstico nutricional, mas também considerar a percepção da pessoa sobre seu próprio peso

Résumé de la thèse en français : En partant, d’un côté, d’une approche socio-historique de la construction de la catégorie de personnes dites « handicapées » en France, et de l’autre d’une étude de la naissance du mouvement et des théories queer dans le monde anglo-saxon, cette thèse a pour but de montrer comment le handicap peut aujourd’hui s’inscrire dans le queer. À l’aide de penseur-es, philosophes, sociologues ou même militant-es de divers horizons, ce travail cherche à élaborer les prémisses d’une pensée crip en France pour montrer les liens, mais aussi certains désaccords, entre une réflexion sur le handicap et son inscription dans des processus si chers au queer. Ainsi, il s’agit de monter notamment en quoi les personnes handicapées s’inscrivent dans un phénomène de retournement du stigmate et de revalorisation de l’abjection tel qu’il a pu être formulé par les personnes queer dont l’insulte désignait leur sexualité déviante. Les concepts queer de désidentification et de performativité peuvent également servir à repenser le handicap en permettant de comprendre, d’une part les fluctuations possibles de l’identité handicapée, et d’autre part l’aspect de mise en scène sociale qu’il peut y avoir dans l’appréhension de ce dernier. Pour finir, la notion foucaldienne reprise par J. Butler d’idéal régulateur permet une étude approfondie de la validité comme socialement construite / Starting from a socio-historical approach of the French constructed catagory "di-sabled"; followed on by a study of Queer Movements and Theories today, thinkers, philoso-phers, sociologists, and activists from various backgrounds have helped to develop this work. The premises of French Crip thaught are analysed through the links and certain disagree-ments between disability and it's inscription in Queer Theory. One of the most important goals of this thesis is to explain how disabled people take part in stigma reversal; as a reva-luing of abjection, formulated be Queer people who through back this insult, indicating their deviant sexuality. The Queer concepts of disidentification and performability can also help to rethink disability; by allowing the understanding of the possible fluctuations in disability iden-tity, including the aspects of social staging in disability. To conclude, the Foucauldian notion of the 'ideal regulator' taken up by Judith Butler allows an in depth study of able-bodiedness as socially constructed

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Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur svensk media framställer minderåriga som offer och förövare i rapporteringen av våldsbrott där både offret och förövaren utgörs av minderåriga individer. För att kunna besvara studiens syfte används en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där centrala teman i det empiriska materialet uppmärksammas och sedan analyseras utifrån de teoretiska utgångspunkterna, vilka utgörs av Nils Christies teori om det ideala offret samt Howard S. Beckers teori om sociala avvikelser. I analysen av det empiriska materialet fann vi tre återkommande teman som vi tolkade som ett steg i konstruktionen av offret, vilka var personbeskrivningar, plats och relationer. Dessa döpte vi i analysen till mer analytiska rubriker där personbeskrivningar döptes till den goda människan, plats döptes till den legitima platsen och relationer döptes till den okända förövaren. Likaså fann vi även tre teman som vi tolkade som ett steg i framställningen av förövaren, vilka var personbeskrivningar, oprovocerat och multikriminell. Personbeskrivningar döptes här till den onda människan, oprovocerat döptes till det oprovocerade brottet och multikriminell döptes till den multikriminella förövaren. Genomgående i analysen resonerades det även kring det likheter och olikheter som vi ansåg fanns i framställningen av de båda grupperna. Med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning och den teoretiska utgångspunkten fann vi att de minderåriga offren i majoriteten av fallen framställdes med goda egenskaper medan de minderåriga förövarna framställdes med onda egenskaper. Genomgående kunde vi även urskilja en strävan efter att framställa offren som legitima och ideala offer och förövarna som ideala gärningspersoner och som socialt avvikande. Samtidigt fann vi också fall där detta inte uppenbarades. Sammantaget kunde vi dock urskilja ett mönster där inte så idealiska offer och förövare framställdes som mer idealiska än vad de egentligen är sett utifrån Christies teori.

Sammanfattning Inledning: Inhalationsläkemedel är ett sätt att få in läkemedel via luftvägarna till lungor. Pulverinhalator, sprayinhalator, nebulisator och ånginhalator är de fyra apparater som används i dagsläget. Det här arbetet inriktas på pulverinhalatorer. Jämfört med övriga varianter är de lättast att använda samt levererar läkemedel till lungorna bäst. Arbetet kommer att undersöka vilken av Turbuhaler, Spiromax, Novolizer och Easyhaler som kan förmedla läkemedel mest effektivt till lungorna, är enklast att använda, levererar läkemedel pålitligast, är bäst anpassad till patienter med sämre andningsförutsättningar, skyddar läkemedlet från yttre påverkan bäst och är kostnadseffektivast samt har minst miljöpåverkan. Metod: Arbetet har gjorts genom litteraturarbete. All information har samlats in med hjälp av Pubmed och Web Of Science.  Resultat och Diskussion: Inhalatorerna har jämförts i kategorierna för idealinhalatorer.  Easyhaler fick bäst resultat i kategorierna lungdeposition av läkemedel, anpassad utefter sämre andningsförutsättningar samt kostnadseffektivitet. Att leverera läkemedel pålitligt över tid klarade Novolizer bäst medan Spiromax var mest användarvänlig. De två inhalatorerna skyddade även läkemedlet bäst. Novolizer är högst upp i miljökategorin. Experter inom lungmedicin anser att de viktigaste egenskaperna är lungdepositionen, anpassad utefter sämre andningsförutsättningar, pålitlig läkemedelsleverens samt användarvänlighet, i angiven turordning.  Slutsats: Easyhaler är den mest ideala inhalatorn.