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A citricultura brasileira está fundamentada predominantemente sobre apenas um cultivar porta-enxerto, o limoeiro Cravo, e explora poucos cultivares copa, de uma maneira geral. Desse modo, o setor citrícola fica limitado na abertura de suas fronteiras de exportação para frutas frescas por estar baseado em um pequeno número de cultivares. Além disso, ao redor de 80% dos plantios estão reunidos em uma região compreendida por quase 600 mil ha, de forma concentrada, no Estado de São Paulo e sul do Triângulo Mineiro. Esses fatos também acarretam em grande vulnerabilidade fitossanitária, com ameaças crescentes de pragas e doenças, levando à redução da produtividade e ao acréscimo dos custos de implantação e condução dos pomares. A Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC) ou amarelinho, causada pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa, é um exemplo destas ameaças. De elevada severidade em laranjas doces, causa redução no tamanho dos frutos, tornando-os inaptos para a comercialização in natura ou para produção de suco concentrado. Recentemente, as perdas em produção causadas pela CVC têm sido estimadas em até 10-14% da safra comercializável. Atualmente, o manejo da CVC está baseado na utilização de mudas sadias, poda de ramos afetados, e controle dos vetores. Além dessas medidas, é importante manter os tratos culturais exigidos no pomar. Entretanto, a utilização de cultivares resistentes é estratégia imprescindível para convivência com a doença em longo prazo. Este trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho horticultural da laranjeira Folha Murcha, da tangerineira Satsuma cv. Okitsu e da limeira ácida Tahiti sobre doze porta-enxertos. Tangerina Satsuma cv. Okitsu e lima ácida Tahiti são espécies não sintomáticas em relação à CVC e tornam-se opções com potencial de exploração em pequenas propriedades. A laranjeira Folha Murcha tem demonstrado maior tolerância à CVC comparativamente aos demais cultivares de laranja doce. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, EECB, (SP), e instalados em 2001. Em todos os experimentos foram avaliados o desenvolvimento vegetativo, produção e qualidade dos frutos (por no mínimo três safras) em cada combinação copa/porta-enxerto. Avaliações adicionais a respeito da tolerância à CVC foram realizadas no experimento de laranjeira Folha Murcha. Nos experimentos conduzidos sem irrigação, foi avaliada a tolerância ao déficit hídrico das copas usando duas metodologias: avaliação visual subjetiva e medição direta da coloração das folhas. Na limeira ácida Tahiti, a coloração externa dos frutos de exportação foi quantificada em função de variáveis colorimétricas, definindo-se uma metodologia quantitativa alternativa ao sistema atual de classificação dos frutos, baseado apenas na apreciação visual subjetiva. A avaliação horticultural de copas de laranjeira Folha Murcha, limeira ácida Tahiti e tangerineira Satsuma cv. Okitsu em doze porta-enxertos permitiu identificar porta-enxertos alternativos ao limoeiro Cravo, sendo estes os trifoliatas Flying Dragon, FCAV e Rubidoux. / Brazilian citriculture is mainly based on one rootstock cultivar, the Cravo Rangpur lime, exploring a restricted number of scion cultivars. This situation limits the expansion of citrus production for fresh fruit export, due to the limited number of cultivars in use. Besides, near 80% of citrus orchards are located in an area of approximately 600,000 ha, in the São Paulo State and the southern region of the Minas Gerais State. These facts also impose a large phytossanitary vulnerability to citrus production, due to the increasing threats of pests and diseases outbreaks, that cause productivity decrease and higher costs for orchard establishment and management. The Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC), caused by the xylem-limited bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, is one example of such threats. This disease is extremely severe in sweet oranges, causing size reduction ad quality deterioration of fruits, that become unsuitable for fresh consume or juice processing. The losses associated to CVC have been recently estimated in 10-14% of the total comercial crop in São Paulo State. CVC management is currently based on the use of healthy nursery plants, pruning of injured branches and control of the vectors. In addition to these strategies, it is important to maintain adequate cultural practices for orchard management. Nonetheless, the utilization of resistant cultivars is an indispensable strategy to co-exist with the disease in the long term. This study was aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of Folha Murcha sweet orange, Okitsu Satsuma mandarin and Tahiti lime grafted onto twelve rootstocks. Okitsu Satsuma mandarin and Tahiti lime are assymptomatical species in relation to CVC, with potential to be produced in small areas. The Folha Murcha sweet orange has demonstrated high tolerance to CVC, when compared with other sweet orange cultivars. The trials were conducted at the Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, (EECB), and were planted in 2001. Evaluations of plant growth, yield and fruit quality were carried out in all the trials, during three years. In the Folha Murcha trial, additional evaluations of CVC tolerance were conducted. In the non-irrigated trials, tree water deficit tolerance was evaluated by two methods: visual assessment of water stress and direct leaf color measurements. In Tahiti lime, peel color of export fruits was measured and a quantitative methodology was defined as an alternative for current classification criteria, which are based on the subjective visual inspection of external fruit aspect. The horticultural evaluation of Folha Murcha sweet orange, Okitsu Satsuma mandarin and Tahiti lime onto twelve rootstocks allowed to identify the trifoliate rootstocks Flying Dragon, Rubidoux and FCAV as alternatives to Cravo Limeira.

O presente estudo busca fazer uma comparação entre dois sistemas de transliteração do mandarim, o pinyin e o zhuyin fuhao, no contexto do ensino de chinês no Brasil. Para tanto, a pesquisa baseou-se na dissertação de Lin (2007) e, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, entrevistou cinco alunos que estudaram por meio de cada sistema. A análise dos resultados sugere que os alunos que estudaram por meio do sistema pinyin apresentam maior dificuldade na pronúncia de fonemas aspirados e não aspirados do mandarim em comparação com alunos do sistema zhuyin fuhao. / The research aims to compare two Mandarin transliteration systems, pinyin and zhuyin fuhao, in the current situation of Chinese teaching in Brazil. The study was based on the dissertation of Lin (2007) and, using qualitative research, interviewed five mandarin students for each system. The results suggest that those who have studied by pinyin had greater difficulty in pronouncing aspirated and unaspirated consonants of Mandarin in comparison with zhuyin fuhao students.

Harrison, Alissa May. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-194). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Intonation´ؤlexical tone transfer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Unresolved issues of intonation-lexical tone transfer --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of this study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hypotheses of intonation-lexical tone transfer in L2 Mandarin --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methodology and experimental results --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Major findings and conclusions --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.16 / Chapter 2 --- "Background of Mandarin, English, and Japanese prosody" --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Prosodic phonology --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Defining the components of prosody --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Theoretical basis for intonation and lexical tone inter- action --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mandarin prosody --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- English prosody --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Japanese prosody --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary of prosodic similarities and differences --- p.54 / Chapter 3 --- Previous studies of intonation and lexical tone acquisition --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Second language acquisition --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Interlanguage --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Defining transfer --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Theories of L2 phonological acquisition --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- Comparison of first and second language acquisition --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Lexical tone --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Intonation --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- L1 intonation transfer in Mandarin L2 lexical tone acquisition --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial hypotheses of intonation-lexical tone transfer --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Experimental studies claiming intonation-lexical tone transfer --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Unaddressed issues of previous studies --- p.91 / Chapter 4 --- Methodology of production and perception experiments --- p.94 / Chapter 4.1 --- Hypotheses --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2 --- Design --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3 --- Subjects --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- Procedures --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5 --- Data transcription and statistical analysis --- p.105 / Chapter 5 --- Results of production and perception experiments --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1 --- Production experiment results --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Effect of lexical tone category on pitch production --- p.109 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of sentence type on pitch production --- p.119 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Summary of tone production results --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2 --- Perception experiment results --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of lexical tone category on lexical tone identifi- cation --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of sentence type on lexical tone identification --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Summary of tone perception results --- p.143 / Chapter 6 --- Discussion of experimental results and intonation-lexical tone transfer hypothesis --- p.146 / Chapter 6.1 --- Analysis of experimental results --- p.147 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Lack of postlexical tone transfer --- p.148 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Postlexical tone prior to lexical tone acquisition --- p.156 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Factors in lexical tone errors --- p.166 / Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations of methodological design --- p.170 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Size of experimental data sample --- p.170 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Proficiency levels and testing --- p.172 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Method of elicitation --- p.173 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.177 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary --- p.177 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications --- p.178 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Prosodic phonology --- p.178 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Second language acquisition --- p.180 / Chapter 7.3 --- Future Work --- p.181 / Chapter A --- Production Experiment Materials --- p.195 / Chapter A.l --- Wordlist --- p.195 / Chapter A.2 --- Sentences --- p.196 / Chapter B --- Perception Experiment Materials --- p.199 / Chapter B.l --- Wordlist --- p.199 / Chapter B.2 --- Sentences --- p.200 / Chapter C --- F0 contours of target word productions --- p.203

漢語分類詞數量之歧異現象起因於未有一套共同界定分類詞之準則。因此，本篇論文採用四個以語言學為基礎之準則重新檢視漢語分類詞，並在眾多漢語分類詞分類中，採用五個語言學代表性研究提出之漢語分類詞分類為本篇語料來源。 研究分析之目的在於透過四個以語言學為基礎之準則重新檢視五個代表性人物提出之漢語分類詞分類，並使用二個數學法及一個問卷實驗法找出準確的漢語分類詞。最後，分析所得之準確的漢語分類詞再根據國語日報量詞典列出之分類詞語意做更進一步的語意分類。在分類詞語意分類上，本篇論文採用下到上之方向做分類詞語意分類而非傳統上到下之方向，提供完整且精確之漢語分類詞語意分類。 / The discrepancy in the different inventories of Mandarin Chinese classifiers results from there being no identical and consentient tests to identify Mandarin Chinese classifiers. Thus, this thesis adopts four linguistic-based tests as norms to identify Mandarin Chinese classifiers and five Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations proposed by representative studies (Chao 1968, Erbaugh 1986, Hu 1993, Huang et. al. 1997 and Malt and Gao 2009) as sources of data in Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations. The data analysis focuses on offering true classifiers in Mandarin Chinese through re-classifying five Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations on the basis of four linguistic-based tests, applying two mathematical methods and using a questionnaire experiment. Ultimately, true classifiers will be further classified on the basis of their semantic meanings from the Mandarin Daily Dictionary of Chinese Classifiers (Huang et. al.) to provide an explicit semantic categorization in a bottom-up form, rather than a traditional top-down one.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006.

The objective of this thesis is to increase the correct recognition rate of the two-word Mandarin phrases. The reason for inaccuracy is due to the ambiguities of the syllables and the intonations. For the syllable ambiguity, a balanced speech training dataset is designed and the weights of the state observation probabilities on vowels and consonants are adjusted. For the tone ambiguity, both the pitch contour and the spectrum evolution property derived from the Karhunen-Loéve transform are applied. The experimental results indicate that an 85% correct rate can be achieved, that is a 6% increase in the performance for the system without the above improvements.

In this thesis, a Mandarin toponym speech recognition system is developed using MFCC, LPC and HMM under Red Hat Linux 9.0. The system is based on monosyllable HMM's to select the initial toponym candidates, and its final classification result can be obtained by further pitch identification mechanisms. For speaker-dependent case, a 90% correct rate can be achieved approximately and the recognition process can be accomplished within 1.5 seconds on the average.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Includes bibliographic references.