In surimi manufacturing, less than 25% of the total weight of the fish is utilized. This research focused on meat recovery from fish frames, the residual portion of the fish after filleting headed and gutted fish. A new technology, the water jet deboning (WJD) system, was tested. The WJD system uses oscillating high pressure water jet nozzles to recover edible flesh from the frames without breaking the kidney located under the backbone. To evaluate the function of added salt on dewatering and process recovery, the WJD was operated without NaCl (WJD1) and with 0.2% NaCl added to the discharge slurry (WJD2). In conventional mechanical deboning process (MD), which was the other deboning system applied in the study, no salt was used. The recovered frame meat was further processed to surimi and then stored at -18��C. Meat recovery and surimi processing yields were compared between the three meat recovery processes. Functional properties of gels (texture and color) were evaluated after 1 and 6 mo frozen storage and compared to commercially manufactured surimi, which served as a control. As a result of manual trimming, the maximally recoverable meat from the frames was 42.8% of frame weight. MD showed the highest mince yield (mince prior to cryoprotectant addition), 24% of frame weight, while the two WJD methods resulted in only 5% yield. Color and shear strain for gels from WJD1, MD surimi and mixtures of those and control (10-20% frame mince surimi/80-90% control), were comparable to control. Gels from WJD2 showed significantly lower lightness (L*) but did not differ otherwise. Shear stress values of all frame meat surimi gels and the gels from mixtures of those and the control were significantly lower than the control. This low shear stress is probably due to a difference in processing equipment and processing conditions between the lab scale and the commercial scale. Due to the promising processing yield for the MD system an additional study was performed where effects of kidney and kidney blood contamination in the frame mince were investigated. Pacific whiting frames were mechanically deboned with/without kidney and the frame mince further processed into surimi. Functional properties of gels (texture and color) were evaluated after 1 and 6 mo frozen storage and compared to commercially manufactured surimi, which served as a control. At 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo, salt extractable proteins (SEP) concentration, dimethylamine (DMA) formation and pH were measured to monitor protein denaturation. Removing the kidney and washing the frames prior to MD resulted in higher gel strength after 1 and 6 mo frozen storage. / Graduation date: 2000

Twenty-three bottom-trawl fish assemblages were identified from the relative biomass of 33 dominant species that occurred in the National Marine Fisheries Services' triennial trawl surveys over the continental shelf and upper slope off California, Oregon, and Washington from 1977 to 1992. The assemblages accounted for about 70% of the total variation in species composition among 2,565 hauls. Although the assemblages persisted over the 15-yr study period and occurred within broad geographic boundaries, some had substantially different spatial distributions among surveys. The ability to differentiate assemblages across five environmental variables (latitude, depth, surface and bottom water temperatures, and surficial substrate) was low. The preponderance of hake-dominated assemblages throughout the study area suggests that Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) may play a large role in the dynamics of demersal fish communities off the west coast of the United States. The same data were used to establish general features regarding the abundance and distribution of the 33 dominant fish, and investigate intersurvey regional variation in species composition. Flatfish were generally widespread and at low density within areas of their occurrence. In contrast, rockfish were comparatively less widespread, and were at higher density within areas of their occurrence. Pacific hake, spiny dogfish, and sablefish were both widespread and occurred in high density. The greatest amount of variation in species composition occurred in the shallow shelf region off California, and the shallow and deep regions between Cape Mendocino and Cape Blanco. These regions corresponded to areas with the greatest amount of annual variation in upwelling. Contrary to upwelling, intersurvey variation in surface temperature did not appear to correspond to variation in species composition, but there was an unanticipated negative correlation between variation in bottom temperature and variation in species composition. Species composition was influenced in most regions by Pacific hake, spiny dogfish, and sablefish. A conceptual model was developed to explore the relationship between regional changes in a species' biomass, incidence, and density, and their potential affect on species composition. Empirical examination of the model was difficult. Five of six flatfish species (Pacific sanddab, rex sole, Pacific halibut, Dover sole, and English sole) exhibited a significant positive linear relationship between incidence and log-transformed biomass which is consistent with density-dependent habitat selection. There was evidence (albeit weak) from patterns in the occupancy of substrate types by these flatfish, that marginal habitats are associated with areas of mud for Pacific sanddab and areas of sand for rex sole, Pacific halibut, and Dover sole. / Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1997

Mechanisms of tropical Pacific climate variability and change are studied in numerical experiments of future anthropogenic global warming (AGW), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 21,000 years ago, and decadal variability (PDV). According to these mechanisms the equatorial Pacific does not become either El Niño- or La Niña-like as the tropics warm up in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Because humidity increases much faster than precipitation as the tropical atmosphere warms up, theory and models anticipate a slowing-down of the Walker circulation in order to keep a balanced flow of water vapor into areas of convection. On long time scales characteristic of climate change, ocean dynamics oppose these changes in the Walker circulation. First, equatorial adjustment theory indicates that changes in the Walker circulation are not amplified via the Bjerknes feedback, as during El Niño or La Niña events. Second, during AGW, the ocean becomes more thermally stratified resulting in enhanced cooling of the equatorial cold tongue opposing the warming there. These ideas can be applied to interpret proxies of the LGM for which El Niño and La Niña analogies have been made. However, the LGM tropics are not an opposite analogue to future AGW because the Walker circulation is also sensitive to changes in the geography of the Maritime continent associated with lower sea level. Models simulate a stronger Walker circulation when the tropics cool in order to compensate for the decrease in moisture due to a cooler/drier atmosphere. However, this response is opposed by a weakening of the ascending branch of the Walker circulation because convection is suppressed over vast areas of the Maritime Continent exposed due to lower sea level. In general, the patterns of warming or cooling for AGW and LGM are not El Niño- or La Niña-like because of the opposing mechanisms presented here. As such, adherence to an ENSO analogy for interpreting tropical Pacific climate change can lead to serious misconceptions. However, proxies of the thermocline tilt can provide unequivocal evidence of changes in the Walker circulation because the pressure gradient associated with the thermocline tilt has to be in balance with the trade winds at all timescales.

The problem of climate change is the major challenge to the world community. However, the full world community still fails to find an adequate solution to this problem. In such a situation, the mutual efforts of plurilateral institutions, such as the G8+5, MEM (now MEF), APEC and APP are major drivers of the successful solution to the problem of climate change. This study examines these informal plurilateral institutions’ role, their effectiveness in policy creation and implementation, and their potential impact on global or regional climate governance to show that the APP and MEF have been effective in inducing climate action by their members. This paper applies an analytic framework of the six dimensions of global government developed by John J. Kirton. The development of environmental initiatives of six Asia-Pacific countries(the U.S., Canada, Japan, China, Korea and Russia) have been accompanied by the introduction of energy efficient technologies policies such as building and clean coal policies.

The problem of climate change is the major challenge to the world community. However, the full world community still fails to find an adequate solution to this problem. In such a situation, the mutual efforts of plurilateral institutions, such as the G8+5, MEM (now MEF), APEC and APP are major drivers of the successful solution to the problem of climate change. This study examines these informal plurilateral institutions’ role, their effectiveness in policy creation and implementation, and their potential impact on global or regional climate governance to show that the APP and MEF have been effective in inducing climate action by their members. This paper applies an analytic framework of the six dimensions of global government developed by John J. Kirton. The development of environmental initiatives of six Asia-Pacific countries(the U.S., Canada, Japan, China, Korea and Russia) have been accompanied by the introduction of energy efficient technologies policies such as building and clean coal policies.

Industry growth and the reduction of available seasonal labour in New Zealand’s horticulture and viticulture industries led to a collaboration with the government in 2005, and the formation of a seasonal labour strategy for the future, the Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme (RSE) was launched in 2007. The objectives of this policy were twofold: to fill labour gaps of the horticulture and viticulture industries and to promote economic development in Pacific Island states by prioritising workers from the region. Different actors have different aims, and different measure for success. In order for this scheme to be successful for the New Zealand government it needs to meet theses policy objectives of supplying reliable labour to the industries, and increasing economic development in the Pacific. For Pacific island states success depends on the continuity of the scheme, and the remittances that workers will send home to aid economic development. For the industries success comes from having a dependable and controllable labour force. Success for the workers in the scheme relies on them making as much money as possible during the season to meet their goals of financing family and community needs. In order to achieve these various successes workers are made unfree. Unfreedom means that the workers have no freedom in the labour market and are restricted to working for the grower stipulated in the employment contract. Conditions of employment contracts, visa regulations and informal pressures to be ‘good’ men both at work and in free time from the Vanuatu government, men’s home communities and industry participants all work to limit the men’s freedom, which is entrenched largely through threats of being sent home or blacklisted from the scheme. Workers are aware of the mechanisms used to control them and they do resist some of the conditions imposed, but only in a limited way that will not see them excluded from the scheme. Using the anthropological approach of participation observation this research was undertaken in the first season of the RSE scheme 2007/2008, where I lived and worked with 22 ni-Vanuatu migrant workers in Central Otago to gain knowledge of how, they and others in the industry experienced the RSE scheme.

This thesis focuses on the activities of a group of young French people staying in a hostel in Noumea from 1991 to 1993. It draws on my fieldwork in Noumea and Mare in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia. The main part of the thesis looks at the interactions of this group of young people with other ethnic and social groups living in New Caledonia. These include the Kanaks, the "Caldoches" (native-born Caledonians of French origin), the "Metros" (immigrants from metropolitan France), Pacific islanders, Vietnamese and Indonesians. The thesis also includes a short section describing Mare itself and my fieldwork there. Particular attention is paid to the Kanaks and to the Caldoches, whose rural and urban lifestyles are compared and contrasted to those of the young people being studied. Relations between these young people, newly arrived in the French Pacific, and those of the colony's established inhabitants, allow themes of globalization, travel, knowledge, reflexivity and alterity to be explored vis-a-vis anthropological theory. Kanak behaviour, towards Kanaks and others, is shown to relate to ideas of knowledge, power, gender and hierarchy, prevalent in both Polynesia and Melanesia. The work is underpinned by explanations of, and references to, the international and local historical and geographical context of New Caledonian social and political behaviour. It attempts to show the bitter disputes and resentments arising between ethnic groups. It discusses civil unrest, the Kanaks' desire for independence, and some possible economic and social consequences.

Food production systems need to keep pace with the rising global population. Food from aquatic environments comes from both capture fisheries and aquaculture. Industrial fishing pressure has caused a global loss of more than 90% of large predatory fishes and 80% of the world’s fish stocks are reported as fully exploited or overexploited. Global finfish, shellfish and aquatic plant aquaculture has been steadily increasing to meet the global demand for seafood. In British Columbia, aquaculture is primarily marine, with salmon and shellfish accounting for the majority of species cultured. Although shellfish aquaculture accounts for significantly less production and value compared to salmon aquaculture, the amount of foreshore dedicated to farming shellfish is nearly half (44%) the total area utilized by all aquaculture in the Province. Introduced Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) (74%) dominate shellfish aquaculture in British Columbia. Pacific oysters are known to be very efficient generalist filter feeders that can grow faster and larger than native species. Extensive aquaculture is a form of aquaculture, where farmed animals feed exclusively on naturally occurring food in the surrounding water column. The goal of this research was to determine if there was a measureable depletion of phytoplankton around shellfish farms along the west coast of Canada and the United States. Chlorophyll-a, a pigment found within phytoplankton, was used as a proxy for phytoplankton abundance for this study. In field season one, two bays were studied, one exposed to shellfish culture (Westcott Bay) and one not exposed to shellfish culture (Fisherman Bay). The concentration of chlorophyll-a was measured in each bay at three locations at two depths (0.5 and 3 meters) and at two tidal heights (high and low). Chlorophyll-a concentration was found to be related to either depth or tide, with location in a bay showing no difference in either of the bays studied. In addition to water column measurements, 100 Pacific oysters were placed at two locations within Westcott Bay Seafarm to test for local differences in oyster growth. The results from this experiment showed that Pacific oysters grown in the center of a shellfish farm were smaller than oyster grown at the farm’s periphery. Field season two tested for spatial patterns between chlorophyll-a concentration and proximity to a shellfish farm in three different bays (Westcott Bay, Trevenon Bay and Gorge Harbour). A measureable depletion footprint of chlorophyll-a concentration was detected in the two sheltered shallow bays tested (Westcott Bay and Gorge Harbour), whereas no depletion footprint was detected in the exposed, deep bay (Trevenon Bay). Tide height played a significant role in predicating chlorophyll-a concentration in all three of the bays studied. These results suggested that some areas may be more suitable for shellfish culture than others. Taken together, this research demonstrated a measureable gradient of phytoplankton in sheltered shallow bays exposed to shellfish culture with depletion closest to the farm site, as well as greater oyster growth at the periphery of shellfish farms where phytoplankton would be predictably in greater abundance. / Graduate

In this study, palaeomagnetic methods have been combined with field and volcanological techniques to identify, classify and correlate the pyroclastic deposits found on Ascension Island, South Atlantic, allowing them to be placed into a temporal and geographic framework. Pyroclastic material is abundant on the island and, in general, wellpreserved, making Ascension an ideal site to study the nature and distribution of the pyroclastic products of this type of composite volcano or stratovolcano. A better understanding of the nature and distribution of the products of past pyroclastic eruptions on Ascension should enhance our ability to assess volcanic hazard around stratovolcanoes world-wide. Field mapping and stratigraphic logging have revealed the presence of several major pyroclastic sequences on Ascension. These comprise extensive felsic (pumice) and mafic (scoria) lapilli deposits, two major and several minor exposures of welded material and numerous breccia deposits that exhibit great variation in juvenile/lithic content, matrix type and content and internal structure. Preliminary interpretations of the deposits were made in the field, based on features such as welding, grain shape and internal structures. However many of the deposits - particularly the breccia deposits - display ambiguous field characteristics that could be attributed to pyroclastic or epiclastic processes and their origins could not therefore be determined from field characteristics alone. [See pdf for continuation of abstract].