Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study aims to present the general way in which Husserl understand the meaning of body as body-live from the bias of the sensations as well as the general sense of the body as zero-point (Nullpunkt), positioning this study from paragraphs §36-37 and §41 of the work Ideas II. In the first chapter we present the historical and philosophical reasons for the theme investigation, the etymological and philosophical origins of the term Leib and general aspects of the "body" in Ideas II work. In a second time, we drove a study on the constitution of the body as the body alive from the bias of sensations. In the third chapter of this work, we study the meaning of zero-point (Nullpunkt) body and the way the body from its zero (Null) position is originally the show look of things (Ding). / O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral apresentar o modo como Husserl compreende o sentido de corpo como corpo-vivo a partir do viés das sensações, bem como, o sentido de corpo como ponto-zero (Nullpunkt), posicionando esse trabalho nos parágrafos §36-37 e §41 da obra Ideias II. No primeiro capítulo apresentaremos as razões histórico-filosóficas que justificam a investigação da referida temática, as origens etimológicas e filosóficas do termo Leib e os aspectos gerais do corpo na obra Ideias II. Em um segundo momento, dirigiremos um estudo sobre a constituição do corpo como corpo-vivo a partir do viés das sensações. No terceiro capítulo deste trabalho, estuda-se o sentido de corpo como ponto-zero (Nullpunkt) e o modo como o corpo a partir de sua posição zero (Null) constitui originariamente o aparecer visual das coisas (Ding).

Tracing the Material considers how James Joyce’s Ulysses, Virginia Woolf’s The Years, and Samuel Beckett’s Murphy represent material spaces and objects as a way of engaging with the fraught histories of England and Ireland. I argue that these three writers use spaces and objects to think through and critique nineteenth and early twentieth-century conflicts and transitions, particularly in the areas of empire, nationalism, gender, and family. Writing in the 1920s and 1930s, in the decline of British ascendency, the rise of the Irish Free State, and between the World Wars, these writers seek to interpret their history through the material world as a way of articulating their political, cultural, and social dissatisfactions, and to imagine the future. Drawing in part from Walter Benjamin’s materialist historiography and Jacques Derrida’s texts on spectrality and mourning, I investigate how the material world becomes the means through which nations and individuals express their guilt and desires, mourn losses, cut their losses, articulate the present, and anticipate the future. A study of the material world in these novels thus yields insights into how literary texts respond to history, both overtly and implicitly, foregrounding the importance of physical spaces and things in the larger narratives of national and personal history. My dissertation offers a new understanding of the way twentieth-century literature navigates its history through materiality, destabilizes subject-object distinctions, and exposes the often-unexpected power of the non-human world.

L'histoire de l'humanité témoigne de l'importance séculaire du cheval et la thèse a pour objet d'en vérifier l'expression en droit par la détermination du statut juridique du cheval. Conformément aux classifications juridiques traditionnelles, le cheval est d'abord chose et bien meuble. Mais l'analyse du régime juridique du cheval révèle que sa nature est admise par le droit et cette évolution est déterminée par la consécration de son autonomie de mouvement et de sa sensibilité. De chose, le cheval devient alors chose vivante. Cependant, sitôt admise, la nature vivante du cheval est récusée par le droit afin de limiter les effets juridiques qui y sont attachés, notamment en droit de la responsabilité. D'apparence contradictoire, cette construction juridique est pourtant justifiée par l'intérêt supérieur de l'homme. Cette considération de l'homme et du cheval en droit affirme l'irréductibilité de leur qualification, d'être juridique pour l'un, de chose vivante pour l'autre. Leur assimilation ne saurait être juridiquement envisagé quel que soit l'autonomie de mouvement et la sensibilité du second. Distinct des êtres juridiques mais non réduit à une simple chose, le cheval s'affirme en droit comme une chose vivante. / Human history reveals the centennial importance of the horse and the thesis has for object to verify the expression in law, by determination of the legal status of the horse. In accordance with the traditional legal classifications, the horse is first thing and movable. But the analysis of the legal regime of the horse reveals that its nature is admitted by the law and this evolution is determined by the consecration of its movement autonomy and his sensitivity. First a thing, the horse becomes a living thing. However, admitted as soon as, the living nature of the horse is challenged by the law in order to limit the linked legal effects, notably in the responsibility law. In contradictory appearance, this legal construction is yet justified by the man's superior interest. This man and horse consideration in law affirms the irreducibility of their qualification, to be legal for one, and a living thing for the other. Their assimilation would not be juridically considered whatever are the autonomy of movement and the sensitivity of the second. Distinct of the legal beings but not reduced to simple thing, the horse affirms itself in law like a living thing.

The thesis presents research on relationships in the context of the unfinalized lyric project Potopa (The Flood) of František Halas. Main points of analysis are questions of fragment, catastrophe and of (lyric) speaker or witness in the sense of specific speech formed by the traumatic event. A reading of the poems belonging to The Flood (as well as the question of the borders of the text and questions of the whole and possible shape of the piece in general) is founded mainly in the context of Christianity, thematic and compositional connections and with regard to the historical event. I'm not so concerned with the national accents of the works of Halas at that time (his engagement in the Czech resistance was interrupted after the arrest of Vladislav Vančura and others by Gestapo - for Halas it's also the time of the most intensive work on Potopa). The aim is rather to see The Flood as a poem witnessing the horror and the catastrophe of the second world war in general. After the opening analysis of characteristic traits of The Flood follows comparisons with selected works of czech literature, primarily with Znamení moci (The Sign of Power) of Jan Zahradníček, Básně z koncentračního tábora (Poems from the concentration camp) of Josef Čapek and Čas (Apokalypsa mixte) (Time) of Jiří Kolář. In concrete...

H. Rider Haggard's imperial gothic novel, She, A History of Adventure (1887), is a narrative of ruins that speak of a vanished past and presage ends: of empire, of history, of culture. Haggard's novel follows two British adventurers as they travel to Africa in search of a mysterious woman that a potsherd--a ruin in miniature--tasks them with killing. There, they encounter ruin after ruin: pots, roads, caves, canals, sculptures, and more. These ruins serve as sentinels, as walkways, and as homes; they signal, warn, resist, witness, remind, and--not least--exist in a landscape that is anything but empty. Though seemingly inert, the ruins are actants possessing agency and able to influence the people and objects around them. But in Haggard's novel of colonization and conquest, these ruins do not act alone. Instead, they form an assemblage, a group of vibrant materials that collaborate and collude to resist twin onslaughts from ancient Egypt and Victorian Britain. Two accounts thus emerge from the encounter of human and ruin. In one, the ruins establish a symbiotic relationship with their would-be possessor. In the other, the ruins reject the men who seek to make the artifacts part of the narrative of imperialism. In this way, the ruins in She become counteragents of empire, as heroic as Haggard's human characters and worthy of recognition for the pivotal role they play in the novel.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att utmana tolkningar av arkeologiskt material som kan spegla rituella handlingar under yngre järnålder. Begreppet kult har blivit ett populärt samlingsbegrepp inom arkeologin men saknar ofta en tydlig definition. Religiösa tolkningar av rituellt material verkar ha företräde framför profana tolkningar – amulettringar tolkas gärna som religiös rekvisita istället för som objekt använda vid juridiciella aktiviteter. Uppsatsen kommer att belysa hedern och alliansernas betydelse i det forntida samhället som en motvikt till den fornnordiska religionen samt propagera för att en plats kan ha använts för både sakrala och profana ändamål. Fokus i studien ligger på kultplatsen Lilla Ullevi samt tingsplatsen Anundshög i Mälardalen. Det arkeologiska materialet jämförs och analyseras med hjälp av litteratur från arkeologi, ortnamnsforskning och religionshistoria. Resultatet visar att platsernas rituella funktioner inte kan åtskiljas genom det arkeologiska materialet. Kultplatsen och tingsplatsen passar båda in på den i norrön litteratur benämnda Vi-platsen, en fredad plats avsedd för rituella handlingar. / The purpose of this essay is to challenge interpretations of archaeological material that may reflect ritual actions during the Late Iron Age. The term cult has become a popular collective term in archeology but often lacks a clear definition. Religious interpretations of ritual material seem to take precedence over profane interpretations – amulet rings are often interpreted as religious props instead of objects used in juridical activities. The essay will highlight the importance of honor and alliances in ancient society as a counterweight to the Old Norse religion, as well as propagandize that a place may have been used for both sacred and profane purposes. The focus of the study is on the cult site Lilla Ullevi and the court site Anundshög in Mälardalen. The archaeological material is compared and analyzed with the help of literature from archaeology, place name research and religious history. The results show that the ritual functions of the sites cannot be separated through the archaeological material. The cult site and court site both fit into what is called the Vi-place in Norse literature, a protected place intended for ritual acts.

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This dissertation explores the life and works of eighteenth-century labouring-class poet Mary Leapor. Leapor’s ability to use everyday objects to write poetry that speaks to important social and cultural transformations of the period is one of the most remarkable and interesting aspects of her poetry, and it sets her apart from other labouring-class writers. Therefore, while this dissertation situates Leapor as a female laborer who writes poetry about the labour she performs, it is more interested in how she uses her poetry about the labour she performs—and particularly how she offers her own version of “thing theory”—in order to speak to a number of problems of which labour is just one. By spotlighting the complex role of objects in Leapor’s poetry, this dissertation shows how she uses those objects to articulate new conceptions of the labouring body’s relationship to authorship and authority, claim authorship as a form of useful labour, and legitimize her own gendered and class-inflected authority as a subject in literary and intellectual discourse. While acknowledging the context of material history, I focus on the ways Leapor uses particular things to rethink the possibilities of labouring-class life, identity, literary expression, and what it might have meant for her to imagine a new kind of human subjectivity that is itself inseparable from the concept of labour. Moreover, Leapor’s work shows that she identifies labouring individuals as part of a community whose experience is heavily organized socially around labour but argues that their lived experience has provided them with a particular identity and perspective. Ultimately, this dissertation works to decenter our own moment in the history of ideas by showing how Leapor was theorizing about forms of situated knowledge over two hundred years before it entered academic discourse in the 20th century through feminist theories of embodied ways of knowing. Leapor’s poetry is not just an object that should be studied through a theoretical lens; it should be understood as a theory of situated knowledge transmitting ideas from its own materially embedded position. Leapor’s poetry lives on as a labouring thing—changing, growing, and theorizing as living humans do—inviting its readers to contemplate the complex components of being an embodied thinker. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation focuses on the life and works of Mary Leapor (1722-1746) and builds upon recent interest in the cultural work of particular literary forms by examining the emergence of the labouring-class writer and the rise of a new poetic mode, the labour poem. Existing scholarship has begun to explore the many ways these texts represent class-based and gendered oppression, hardship, and work, and how these writers were able to combine several literary traditions to speak out against adverse conditions. By emphasising the material history of inanimate objects and nonhuman animals found within labouring-class writing, my project seeks to demonstrate how Leapor and other labouring-class writers used their poetry about the labours they performed in order to speak to something more than labour, such as what it means to be a subject in a world that is circumscribed by things like status, class and gender.

Title: Administration of an immovable thing in enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the administration of an immovable thing in enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent. The administration of an immovable thing is a new way of enforcement procedure, implemented to Czech legislation by amendment of the Civil Procedure Code that came into effect on 1st January. 2013. This thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first one contains just the brief overview of the main problems. Second chapter describes the enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent in general. Third chapter explains detailed characteristics of an administration of an immovable thing in enforcement procedure conducted by a court enforcement officer and by a licensed enforcement agent, its process, duration and conclusion. Fourth chapter deals with identification of main problems of an administration of an immovable thing and deals with them. Especially deals with problems regarding possible limitations of court in modification of leasing and tenure contracts. The possible use of an immovable thing by a debtor and possible...

Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic guarantees each person a right to own property. However, to protect this fundamental right, a secondary legislation must state which things can be refered to as property and which ways to create the ownership are legally relevant. Civil law of the nowaday Czech Republic has gone through a significant history. As to a part of the Austrian Empire, the later Austro-Hungarian Empire, the austrian legislation had been applied in the lands of former Kingdom of Bohemia and here it remained in force even after the fall of Austro-Hungarian Empire, when a new country, the Czechoslovakia, was formed. The regulation contained in the Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB), in other words the austrian Civil Code of 1811, was built mostly on Roman law basis. Such an influence can be exhibited e.g. on the provisions about things in legal sense and their divisions or about the ownership of things and means of its creation. In the lands of former Kingdom of Bohemia, the ABGB stayed in use until 1950, when it was succeeded by a new Civil Code. The Civil Code of 1950 was a result of only two year long process of recodification, that should create new rules for a new system based on the idea of socialism, leaving the Roman law principles behind....