Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic guarantees each person a right to own property. However, to protect this fundamental right, a secondary legislation must state which things can be refered to as property and which ways to create the ownership are legally relevant. Civil law of the nowaday Czech Republic has gone through a significant history. As to a part of the Austrian Empire, the later Austro-Hungarian Empire, the austrian legislation had been applied in the lands of former Kingdom of Bohemia and here it remained in force even after the fall of Austro-Hungarian Empire, when a new country, the Czechoslovakia, was formed. The regulation contained in the Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB), in other words the austrian Civil Code of 1811, was built mostly on Roman law basis. Such an influence can be exhibited e.g. on the provisions about things in legal sense and their divisions or about the ownership of things and means of its creation. In the lands of former Kingdom of Bohemia, the ABGB stayed in use until 1950, when it was succeeded by a new Civil Code. The Civil Code of 1950 was a result of only two year long process of recodification, that should create new rules for a new system based on the idea of socialism, leaving the Roman law principles behind....

This essay provides a study of five Swedish locales in the Mälar Valley and Öland, namely Arkels tingstad, Aspa löt, Tingstad flisor, Anundshög and Signhilds kulle/Fornsigtuna, and their possible use as sites of Viking Age thing assemblies. Historical texts, place names and archaeological excavations are queried through the aid of a theoretical assemblage drawing on De Landa, Deleuze & Guattari, as well as Icelandic, British and Scandinavian research. Following this, I propose that the locales chosen as thing sites were communicational nexuses localised on commons in borderzones between land domains. Thus, space commonly understood as in the elite's periphery insteadbecomes of central importance.

After situating my interest in issues of women’s participation in technoscience, starting withmy experiences in the 1970s, this thesis turns to consider women’s visibility in more recenttechnoscience, in the light of European Commission figures indicating a slower progressionfor women into the more prestigious positions in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineeringand Mathematics) than the Commission had hoped.Two media case studies are presented focusing on the visibility of women in the EuropeanUnion (including the United Kingdom). One case study considers the media campaign whichinitiated the public promotion of a European Commission campaign to encourage women intoscience. The campaign-launch taster video was “Science it’s a girl thing! The other casestudy involved an analysis of media from a ‘Day in the technology news’ drawn from theBBC TechNews website on the 7th January 2018.The analysis of the social imaginary draws upon still images clipped from the short videoclips. The discussion is set within the context of the ‘woman question’ in science and ‘thescience question in feminism’ and both the notion of the gaze, and also Deleuzian notions offaceicity and affect. This analysis then reflects upon the research question: “Dorepresentation and visual modelling, visual encounters, or some less tangibleaffective factors, play a role in continuing an androcentric focus in science andtechnology, and how might this impact on the on-going exclusion or disincentivisingof technology and research careers for women, even if narratives havechanged and initiatives have tried to entice more women into STEM and research inthe UK and European Union?” Ultimately the underlying interest is “What can bedone about the woman question in science and technology in these areas if we are to try and redress the imbalance in women’s participation?”

In dieser Arbeit schlage ich eine phänomenalistische Interpretation von Kants Idealismus vor, die sich jedoch in einigen Punkten von Standard-phänomenalistischen Interpretationen unterscheidet. Erscheinungen sind in meiner Lesart der Inhalt von Vorstellungen, aber nicht das eigentliche Objekt der Erkenntnis. Denn Erscheinungen sind von den erscheinenden Objekten verschieden. Diese sind vielmehr die Dinge an sich, welche wir zum transzendentalen Gegenstand der Erkenntnis machen. Allerdings erkennen wir sie lediglich, wie sie erscheinen, und nicht, wie sie sind. Somit bleibt die Unerkennbarkeit der Dinge, wie sie an sich sind, gewahrt. Im Verlauf meiner Argumentation diskutiere ich zahlreiche Aspekte von Kants Philosophie. Darunter sind die Unterscheidung zwischen Erscheinungen und Dingen an sich, Kants Verhältnis zur Cartesischen Epistemologie, die Widerlegung des Idealismus, sowie nicht zuletzt seine Theorie der Synthesis zu nennen. Mein Ziel ist dabei nicht nur zu zeigen, dass Kant ein Phänomenalist ist, sondern auch die Art seines Phänomenalismus zu charakterisieren. / This publication defends a phenomenalist interpretation of Kant’s idealism, which, however, deviates from usual phenomenalist interpretations in several respects. According to my reading, appearances are the content of representations, but not the true object of cognition. The object to which our cognition refers is rather the thing itself as the transcendental object. Nonetheless, we only cognize them as they appear and not as they are in themselves. Thus the unknowability of things as they are in themselves is retained. In the course of my presentation, I discuss a number of aspects of Kant’s philosophy, among which are the distinction between appearances and things in themselves, Kant’s relationship to Cartesian epistemology, the refutation of idealism, and not least his theory of synthesis. My aim is not only to show that Kant is a phenomenalist, but also to characterize the kind of his phenomenalism.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-03T12:32:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Sergio Vieira Conterato.pdf: 965280 bytes, checksum: 37b80ad428bfaee27fb8e31e9545665e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T12:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Sergio Vieira Conterato.pdf: 965280 bytes, checksum: 37b80ad428bfaee27fb8e31e9545665e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aims to study the concept of thing in itself in the Critique of Pure Reason and the origins of the controversy that surrounds it. In the light of this scope, this work was elaborated and articulated in three chapters whose purpose was to point out the origins of the controversy that involves the concept of thing itself, the main objectors and their respective objections to the thing itself. Given these questions to the thing itself, we’ve approached Allison's proposal to defend a non-polemical use of the concept of thing itself, from the understanding that the distinction phenomena and thing itself are two ways of considering the same thing. Next, it deals with the construction of the concept of thing itself within the Critique of Pure Reason, addressing the implications of texts of the Preface, Transcendental Aesthetics, Analytic Concepts and Analytic of the Principles for the consolidation of the meaning of the thing considered in itself it. In this sense, the differences between the thing itself, phenomenon, transcendental object and noumenon, and especially in what sense some of these concepts can be used as equivalents in the light of the Critique of Pure Reason, stand out. Finally, the importance of the concept of thing itself in Transcendental Idealism was analyzed, since the criticisms were incisive, but Kant remained with the concept of thing itself in his Theory of Knowledge. Thus, the task of the concept of thing itself in Transcendental Idealism was observed, which led to the conclusion that the thing considered in itself, in spite of the controversies surrounding it, is essential for the success of Kant's critical program, named as Transcendental Idealism whose thesis is the access to the objects of the senses, since these depend on the pure forms of sensibility and the impossibility of the cognoscent subject to scan things considered in themselves, since their existence does not depend on the human faculty of knowledge / Essa dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o conceito de coisa em si na Crítica da Razão Pura e as origens da polêmica que o envolve. À luz desse escopo, o trabalho foi elaborado e articulado em três capítulos, cujo propósito foi de apontar as origens da polêmica que envolve o conceito de coisa em si, os principais objetores e seus respectivos questionamentos à coisa em si. Dado estes questionamentos à coisa em si, abordou-se a proposta de Allison em defender um uso não polêmico do conceito de coisa em si, a partir da compreensão que a distinção fenômeno e coisa em si são dois modos de considerar a mesma coisa. Em seguida, trata-se da construção do conceito de coisa em si no interior da Crítica da Razão Pura, abordando as implicações de textos do “Prefácio”; “Estética Transcendental”; “Analítica dos Conceitos” e “Analítica dos Princípios” para a consolidação do significado da coisa considerada em si mesma. Nesse sentido, destacam-se as diferenças entre coisa em si, fenômeno, objeto transcendental e númeno e, especialmente, em que sentido alguns desses conceitos podem ser utilizados como equivalentes à luz da Crítica da Razão Pura. Por fim, analisou-se a importância do conceito de coisa em si no Idealismo Transcendental, visto que as críticas foram incisivas, mas Kant permaneceu com esse conceito em sua Teoria do Conhecimento. Sendo assim, observou-se a tarefa do conceito de coisa em si no Idealismo Transcendental o que conduziu à conclusão de que a coisa considerada em si mesma, a despeito das polêmicas que a envolve, é imprescindível para o êxito do programa crítico de Kant, nomeado como Idealismo Transcendental cuja tese é o acesso aos objetos dos sentidos, pois estes dependem das formas puras da sensibilidade e a impossibilidade do sujeito cognoscente esquadrinhar as coisas consideradas em si mesmas, porque o modo de existir dessas não dependem da faculdade humana de conhecimento

ABSTRACT THE GROWING DESERT: NIHILISM AND METAPHYSICS IN HEIDEGGER&rsquo / S THOUGHT Duman, Musa Ph. D., Department of Philosophy Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ahmet inam March 2009, 209 pages In this study, we explore Heidegger&rsquo / s understanding of nihilism as the essential dimension of metaphysics, of metaphysical experience of Being, and in the following, we address his responses to it. Heidegger takes nihilism as rooted in the metaphysical way of thinking, hence metaphysics and nihilism standing in a primordial identity. Such metaphysical way of thinking as a framework in which Being is experinced and articulated, explicitly or implicitly in all areas of Western culture, from art to science, gives us the deep history or movement of Western tradition. Heidegger considers such movement to be presenting an ever growing threat, indeed as something to be consummated in the eeriest possibility of world history, that is, total destruction of human essence as an openness for the disclosure of Being. He points out to this underlying phenomenon with various designations: forgetfullnesss of Being, abandonment of Being, darkening of the world, Gestell and devestation are some of them. In this tradition, Being, from Plato and Aristotle onwards, becomes nothing at all, that is, excluded from any thoughtful consideration, reduced to a mere abstraction. Anything nihilistic, if fully delved into, would prove to conceal at its heart an alienation to the true sense of Being. Therefore, we need to develop a way of thinking outside the dominion of metaphysics, which should not only discover No-thing as the concealment dimension of Being, thus be deeply open to our finitude, but also learn to respond thoughtfully and thankfully to the gift of Being in, through and towards which we ex-sist as human beings. Vis-a-vis the futural potentials of nihilism in this long end of Western history, the futural character of Heidegger&rsquo / s thinking, his search for a new way of thinking that would incipate the other beginning, harbours a strange Tension that is characteristic of his whole philosophy.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymo institutas ir šio teisių gynimo būdo įgyvendinimo sąlygos Lietuvos teisėje. Pirmoji baigiamojo darbo hipotezė – priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymas yra dvilypė sąvoka, talpinanti savyje du institutus – prievolės vykdymo sustabdymą ir sutarties vykdymo sustabdymą. Ji darbe pasitvirtino. Atlikta lyginamoji analizė parodė, jog kai kuriose kontinento šalyse priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymas pozityviojoje teisėje yra įtvirtintas bendros prievolės vykdymo sustabdymo teisės ir exceptio arba sutarties vykdymo sustabdymo teisės forma. Tose šalyse, kuriose prievolės vykdymo sustabdymo teisė neįtvirtina, exceptio yra suprantamas šiek tiek plačiau – į jo taikymo sferą patenka ir tie atvejai, kurie kitose šalyse būtų priskirti prievolės vykdymo sustabdymui. Tačiau nepaisant to, prievolės vykdymo sustabdymas ir exceptio yra skirtingos teisinės prigimties ir turėtų būti skiriami net ir tuo atveju, jeigu to nedaro pozityvioji teisė. Viena pagrindinių to pasekmių yra tai, kad sutarties vykdymo sustabdymo, priešingai nei prievolės vykdymo sustabdymo, neįmanoma įveikti pateikiant adekvatų prievolių įvykdymo užtikrinimą. Antroji baigiamojo darbo hipotezė – pagrindinis priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymo instituto sutartiniuose santykiuose tikslas yra išsaugoti sutartinius santykius, paskatinti skolininką pašalinti pažeidimus bei įvykdyti savo įsipareigojimus (favor contractus principas). Ši... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master thesis analyses the institute of withholding performance of a counter obligation and the necessary conditions of its lawful realisation by the creditor. The first hypothesis of the thesis is the following: withholding performance of a counter obligation has a structure consisting of two elements – general right of retention and suspension of performance of a contract, also known as exceptio. This hypothesis was confirmed by the thesis. The comparative analysis which was carried out in the thesis showed that in some continental countries withholding performance is implemented in two tier structure – in the form of the general right of retention and exceptio. In those countries where positive law does not establish general right of retention exceptio is provided with elements which in other countries is though in the terms of a general right of retention (exceptio is thought to be a broader right). Nonetheless, general right of retention and exceptio are different in their legal nature. Therefore, those rights should be distinguished even if the positive law of the respective jurisdiction does not do that. The main outcome of this is that exceptio cannot be overridden by providing the adequate assurance of performing the contract (security). The second hypothesis of the thesis – the main objective of withholding performance in contractual relations is to provide incentives for the parties of a contract to “keep the contract alive”, for the debtor to eliminate the... [to full text]

Czech animated allegories of the period of 1946 to 2012 encode their political ideas in objects and things, rather than through conventional narrative techniques such as voice-over or dialogue. The existence of these objects in cinematic time and space is integral to this process of political encoding, which is achieved through the selection of objects, cinematography and editing. In some of these films, time and space themselves are politically encoded. Materialist critical approaches to the film texts can help illuminate these latent political meanings. 'Thing theory', which puts a critical emphasis upon reading objects and things, exposes the politically resistant role of simple, domestic objects in the films of Jiří Trnka and Hermína Týrlová. Trnka's cinema in particular defends traditional, pastoral modes of being in which the individual is rooted within their environment. 'Actor-network-theory', a means of interrogating the relationship between actors in networks, resonates with the political ideas present in the cinema of Surrealist artist Jan Švankmajer. Švankmajer's central political project is an interrogation of anthropocentrism and attempts by humans to exert systems of control and order upon non-human actors. Rather than celebrating functional, domestic objects like Trnka or Týrlová, Švankmajer's cinema is radically anti-utilitarian. Objects are depicted as things that resist categorisation. 'Rhythmanalysis' – a mode of poetic-scientific investigation developed by philosopher Henri Lefebvre – can be used to unpick the rhythms in the animations of Jirí Barta. Barta's films critique rational clock time and the design of urban spaces through the use of editing patterns and repetition. Finally, all three materialist approaches in combination help illustrate the political content of animated films (and live-action films with significant passages of animation) produced in the wake of the Velvet Revolution. Such films often question the relationship between the individual Czech citizen and the Czech capital city of Prague. The animated films of the aforementioned directors and historical periods, tend to give precedence to the material world of objects over the semiotic world of humans, though these two realms are often shown to be inter-dependent. To this end, the political messages of the films are conveyed not through language, but through images and things.

Culinary narratives are frequently employed to portray migrant identities and societies in Asian diaspora literature This thesis examines cuisine and consumption in Alison Wong’s As The Earth Turns Silver by highlighting the socio-political linkages between material culture and ethnic identity formation of Chinese migrants in New Zealand. Using Brown’s thing theory, food is reframed as site of meaningful discourse to interrogate the role of cuisine and consumption in mediating the migrant experience. It demonstrates the material and cultural importance of food in facilitating ethnic and political identification, transcultural exchange, and independence for frequently oppressed migrant individuals in diaspora literature.  Conversely, food functions as vectors of aggression in racialising the ethnic other by communicating artificial notions of morality, national identity, and purity to reinforce the hegemony. Additionally, culinary objects facilitate how characters articulate their dislocation and fragmentation as hybrid individuals. Finally, I undertake a craft analysis of Wong’s novel by drawing connections between Wong’s hybridity and her narrative design. I use thing theory to demonstrate how characters use culinary objects to negotiate hybridity while the application of transference technique reveals the way material objects are embedded with abstract emotions to communicate writer and character ethnic subjectivity. Findings from the critical analysis are applied to my short story collection Raw. Thing theory provides the theoretical framework for the practical application of transference in my creative thesis, demonstrating its efficacy in improving craft. The creative thesis demonstrates the applicability of theory in creative practice. Finally, it offers an analytical framework for contextualising food as a site of discourse for hybridized identity politics in diaspora literary criticism.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier la présence et l'évolution des objets dans plusieurs romans d’Alain Robbe-Grillet : Les Gommes, Le Voyeur, La Jalousie, Dans Le Labyrinthe, La Maison de Rendez-vous et Djinn. Bien qu’ils soient partout dans l’œuvre, les objets de Robbe-Grillet n’ont encore jamais été étudiés de manière spécifique, détaillée, et à partir d’un large corpus. L’approche de notre travail est littéraire mais aussi sociologique. Il convient en effet de redonner aux objets la place qu’ils occupent dans les relations humaines. C'est à la lumière des recherches d’Abraham A. Moles, Jean Baudrillard, Bernard Blandin, entre autres, que nous avons choisi de nous pencher sur les rapports qui lient l'homme aux objets. Au terme de cette exploration, nous arriverons à la conclusion suivante : les objets robbe-grillétiens sont tantôt muets et opaques, tantôt parlants. Cet effet est pleinement manifesté dans les techniques descriptives qu'adopte le romancier. / This thesis aims at investigating the presence and the evolution of objects in several novels by Alain Robbe-Grillet: Les Gommes, Le Voyeur, La Jalousie, Dans le Labyrinthe, La Maison de Rendez-vous and Djinn. Although that objects have an evident existence in Robbe-Grillet’s work, they have never been studied specifically, in details, and from a large corpus. The approach of our work is literary but it is also sociological. It is suitable to give objects the statute they occupy in human relations. In the light of the research of Abraham A. Moles, Jean Baudrillard, Bernard Blandin, among others, we have chosen to dwell on the relations that link humans to objects. After this “exploration”, we reach the following conclusion: the objects are sometimes mute and opaque, sometimes talking. These characteristics are obvious in the description techniques which the novelist uses.