The manures have been used as organic nutrient sources in many soil and climatic conditions, and their effects on technical, economic and environmental aspects are dependent on their characteristics and it can be changed by soil tillage. Many studies have been performed to analyse these aspects, however a few of them have analysed the interactions of these three aspects. The analyse of long-term use of manure can contribute to understand of their impact on the agricultural system. Furthermore, it also can contribute to make decision about their use as fertilizer with aim the rational use. The objectives of this study were to quantify and analyse the technical, economical and environmental aspects of organic nutrient sources, do a combine analyse of these three aspects, and to compare the different nutrient sources. The study was carried out at Epagri Experimental Station of Campos Novos, in a Haplorthox, using a long-term experiment. The treatments were a combination of five tillage systems (no-till, chisel plow, conventional tillage, conventional tillage with crop residues burned, and conventional tillage with crop residues removed from the field) with five nutrient sources (TES = control, no fertilizer; AM = mineral fertilizer according with technical recommendation for each crop; EA = 5 Mg ha-1 of moisture poultry litter; ELB = 60 m3 ha-1 of liquid cattle manure; and ELS = 40 m3 ha-1 of liquid pig manure). A model was used to quantify and analyse the effect of nutrient sources in the technical, economic, and environmental aspects, for each nutrient source within each soil tillage. The model had attributes from soil, plant, economic, as well as personal opinion. The outputs were triangular pictures and theirs areas with 90% confidence limits. The attributes in the technical aspect were soil pH in water, potential acidity at soil pH, available P and K, organic matter, exchangeable Al, Ca and Mg, macroporosity, bulk density, available water content, water stability of aggregates, dry-matter of winter cover crops, and root length and distribution in the soil profile. In the economical aspect, the attributes were variable costs of production, total income, and the cost of the necessity of lime and fertilizers application to improve soil chemical condition after nine years of applying treatments. For the environmental aspect, the attributes were available Cu and Zn, moderately and labile P compounds, diversity index of soil mesofauna, and questioner with technical opinion about nutrient sources and soil tillage impacts. Nutrient sources promoted improvement in the majority of analised aspects, but the effect was variable among tillage systems. Organic sources did not differ in technical aspect after nine years of applying treatments. However, there was difference in the economical aspect, when the EA and ELS sources showed better performance. Regarding to environmental aspect, the ELS had the worst performance. In the combine analysis of the three aspects, the EA and ELS sources had better performance than ELB source. The better overall performance of nutrient sources was found in the conservation tillages, and the worse in the tillage systems with greater soil mobilization and burning or remotion of crop residues. / Os estercos têm sido utilizados como fontes orgânicas de nutrientes em diversas condições edafoclimáticas e seu desempenho nos aspectos técnico, econômico e ambiental são dependentes de suas características e alterados pela forma como o solo é manejado. Muitos estudos foram realizados analisando-os sob aspectos específicos, porém, poucos estudos têm analisado conjuntamente os aspectos técnico, econômico e ambiental. Uma avaliação mais ampla do uso continuado dos estercos como fontes de nutrientes através de ferramentas integradoras, pode contribuir no entendimento de seus efeitos no sistema e embasar a tomada de decisão no uso destas fontes, assegurando o seu uso de forma racional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar os aspectos técnico, econômico e ambiental do uso de fontes de nutrientes, associadas a sistemas de preparo do solo, comparando as fontes de nutrientes entre si, bem como fazer uma análise conjunta dos três aspectos estudados e testar o modelo de análise utilizado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi utilizado um experimento conduzido por dez anos na Estação Experimental da Epagri de Campos Novos/SC, em um Nitossolo Vermelho. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da combinação de cinco sistemas de preparo (plantio direto; preparo reduzido; preparo convencional; preparo convencional com resíduos queimados e; preparo convencional com resíduos retirados) com cinco fontes de nutrientes (testemunha, sem aplicação de nutrientes (TES); adubação mineral de acordo com a recomendação para cada cultura (AM); 5 Mg ha-1 de matéria úmida de cama de aves (EA); 60 m3 ha-1 de esterco líquido de bovinos (ELB) e; 40 m3 ha-1 de esterco líquido de suínos (ELS). Para avaliação do uso das fontes de nutrientes nos aspectos técnico, econômico, ambiental e no conjunto destes, foi utilizado um modelo com atributos de solo, de planta, econômicos e de opinião pessoal. As saídas deste modelo, para cada fonte de nutriente dentro de cada sistema de preparo do solo, foram figuras triangulares e a área das mesmas com intervalo de confiança a 90% de probabilidade. Os atributos utilizados no aspecto técnico foram pH em água, ISMP, P e K disponíveis, matéria orgânica, alumínio trocável, Ca e Mg trocáveis, macroporosidade, densidade do solo, conteúdo de água disponível, estabilidade de agregados em água, matéria seca das plantas de cobertura de inverno, comprimento e distribuição de raízes de milho em profundidade. No aspecto econômico foram utilizados os custos variáveis, a receita bruta e o custo de uma adubação corretiva mais calagem após nove anos de aplicação das fontes de nutrientes. No aspecto ambiental foram utilizados os atributos Zn e Cu disponíveis, formas lábeis e moderadamente lábeis de P, índice de diversidade da mesofauna do solo e dois questionários de opinião sobre o impacto ambiental do uso dos estercos e dos sistemas de preparo do solo. Verificou-se que as fontes de nutrientes promoveram melhorias na maioria dos aspectos analisados e o desempenho foi diferenciado nos sistemas de preparo. As fontes orgânicas não se diferenciaram quanto ao aspecto técnico após nove anos de uso. Porém, houve diferença no aspecto econômico, onde o EA e o ELS foram os que apresentaram o melhor desempenho. Quanto ao aspecto ambiental, o ELS foi a fonte orgânica que apresentou o pior desempenho. Na análise conjunta dos aspectos, o EA e o ELS foram as fontes de nutrientes que apresentaram o melhor desempenho, superando o ELB. O melhor desempenho geral das fontes de nutrientes ocorreu nos sistemas de preparo conservacionistas e o pior nos sistemas que envolvem maior mobilização do solo e remoção ou queima dos resíduos culturais.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to design a frame for an experimental vehicle. The primary object is to design a conception and layot of a drive unit. The frame design is followed by a creation of a model for an analysis. The model will serve for torsional stiffness computing using FEM analysis software. After evaluation of results additional chanhges of the design may take place. A vehicle will serve for testing combustion engines of the same conception and thus it is not intended to run on public roads.

This diploma thesis deals with the graphic processing of the chapter Birds (Aves) in natural science textbooks for teaching at elementary school or lower grammar school with a focus on the model species (hereinafter referred to as MS) used for the chapter. The focus on MS stems from the fact that the authors choose different taxa representatives from the taxon, they are not uniformly displayed or described. The theoretical part of the DT deals with the definition of a textbook and the possibilities of its analysis. In particular, research is described here, which focuses on the importance of graphic information in textbooks and misconceptions in pupils for the taxon birds. In the second part of the chapter I deal with the characteristics of the bird taxon. In the practical part of DT, my first goal is to map and analyze graphic information and its processing for the taxon birds (Aves) in natural science textbooks for primary and lower grammar school. The analysis involves the comparison of specific textbooks, the ways in which they are displayed, the ways of describing them in the text and other characteristics that relate to all general pictures that show important features of the group. Another aim of this part of DT is to describe and evaluate the MS for the bird tax (Aves), which would be...

The aim of this study is to establish a nation-wide cost-benefit framework for aviation projection appraisal. This framework is built upon Transportation System Analysis Model developed at Virginia Tech Air Transportation System Model (TSAM). Both supply and demand characteristics and their inter-dependence are investigated. It attempts to solve the absence of supply constraints in aviation demand forecast in the literature. In addition, external costs in term of noise and emission are also considered. A national environmental impact analysis introduced by new generation small aircraft system is conducted. Two case studies are discussed to illustrate the framework. The first one is based on the GPS Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Lower Landing Minima capability. It represents a nation-wide cost-benefit analysis with examination of both supply and demand. System-wide benefit of accessibility improvement and infrastructure cost are scrutinized at the same time. A prioritized set of candidate airports for this technology is provided as a result. The second study focuses on New York area. Benefits brought by DataComm technology are evaluated by multi-iteration simulations. DataComm is projected to reduce entry point intrail and final approach separation. The improvements are modeled at individual airport and New York airspace. Consumer surplus is estimated based on demand and delay relationship using TSAM. / Ph. D.

Problemformulering: För att minska beroendet i noterade bolag kommer nya reglerkring rotation införas. I onoterade bolag finns det inga reglerkring detta, kravet på revisorns oberoende är dock detsamma. Hur skulle ett införande av rotationsregel påverka beroendet och har det någon inverkan på revisorns vilja att anmäla ekonomisk brottslighet? En relation kan trots allt ändra mycket i hur man tänker och hur man agerar… Syfte: Syftet är att se hur kravet på revisorns oberoende påverkas av att det i Sverige inte finns någon rotationsregel och om detta påverkar revisorns anmälningsplikt av ekonomiskbrottslighet. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ metod. För att samla in empiriska data har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Resultat: Studien kom fram till att en rotationsregel skulle minska beroendet, det skulle dock kosta mer än vad det ger och därav är det ingen bra lösning. Vidare har studien visat att en brist i revisorns oberoende påverkar viljan att anmäla ekonomisk brottslighet. Denna ovilja syns främst när hoten mot oberoendet handlar om vänskap, jäv eller intäkter. / Problem definition: In order to reduce the dependency in listed companies, new rules of rotation will be established. For unlisted companies there are no existing rules and there will not be any, however the requirement of auditor independence is the same. How would an introduction of a rotation rule affect the auditor independence and would there be any effect on the auditor’s willingness to report crimes of economic nature. After all a relationship can change the way you think and act. Purpose: The purpose is to see how the requirement of auditor independence is affected by the lack of a rotation rule in Sweden and if this has any affect on the auditors reporting obligation. Method: The study was conducted through a qualitative method. To collect the empirical data, semi-structured interviews were used. Conclusion: The study concludes that a rotation rule would reduce the dependence, however this may not be a good solution as the costs exceeds the benefits. Further the study concludes that a lack of auditor independence affects the willingness to report crimes of economic nature. This reluctance appears mainly when the independence is threated by friendship, conflict of interest or revenues from clients.

A recente abertura de mercado, a carência de recursos públicos para investimentos em geração de energia, a dificuldade de realização de empreendimentos de grande porte por razão ambiental, bem como o programa de universalização do atendimento têm criado novas oportunidades no Setor Elétrico brasileiro, dentre as quais está a exploração de geração distribuída. Nesse âmbito, as micro redes que associam vários geradores de pequeno porte, operados por centro regional, vêm se revelando como uma interessante solução tanto para o investidor como para o atendimento de áreas de concessão específicas. Esta pesquisa apresenta um modelo de análise econômica da participação de geradores distribuídos, operando de forma pseudo-cooperativa, fundamentado na teoria dos jogos. O modelo foca o cliente, com futuro potencial de ser livre, capaz de gerar a sua própria energia através de geradores distribuídos. Uma micro-rede de geradores distribuídos pode ser constituída de vários agentes que, não obstante tenham toda ou parte de sua produção contratualmente comprometida, resolvem atuar de forma cooperada para auferir o ganho decorrente dos diferentes custos marginais de operação das máquinas, para cada nível de despacho de suas unidades. O modelo proposto prevê que a otimização da participação dos despachos das unidades cooperadas, em cada situação de carga, é obtida pela minimização global dos custos marginais totais, determinando a produção de cada gerador. O compartilhamento doganho advindo da cooperação é dado pela aplicação da Função de Shapley, que se fundamenta nas características técnicas e econômicas de operação de cada unidade. ) O modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho formulou o conceito pseudo-cooperação, que prevê a disponibilidade parcial da capacidade de geração de um ou mais agentes para produção dedicada à demanda cooperada da micro rede, de forma que a capacidade restante permanece para o agente oferecer a oportunidades do mercado. A otimização dos ganhos, tanto da rede cooperada como do agente que disponibiliza parte de sua capacidade ao mercado, é realizada através do compartilhamento do ganho da cooperação, da receita obtida da venda de energia ao mercado e do prêmio que o(s) agente(s) que transgride(m) sua(s) cota(s) mínima(s) de cooperação paga(m) aos participantes da cooperação. Com essa abordagem de cooperação parcial e otimização dos ganhos tornou-se possível maximizar os benefícios para os agentes e obter uma capacidade adicional, chamada neste trabalho de \"Sobra\", disponível para venda ao mercado. Desta forma, e como conclusão principal, pôde-se verificar que é possível a obtenção de ganhos adicionais sempre que um ou mais geradores trabalham de forma cooperada e que a pseudo-cooperação apresenta uma forma de aumentar esse ganho / The recent market expansion, the lack of public resources for investments in power generation, the difficulty of deployment of large projects due to environmental reasons, and also the program \"Universalização do Atendimento\" (program that aims to attend all country) has provided new opportunities on the Brazilian Electric Sector. One of these opportunities is the exploration of distributed generation. Under this idea, an interesting solution for the investor and also for the service provider in specific concession areas is the micro-grids. The micro-grids associate several small load generators it selves and these micro-grids are operated by regional centers. This research presents a model of economical analysis of the participation of distributed generators, operating in a pseudo-cooperative way, based in the game theory. The model adresses non free consumers that further may have the capability to be able to generate its own energy through distributed generators, as free consumers. A micro-grid of distributed generators can be composed by several agents that decide to act in a cooperative way aiming to earn from each level of dispatched power, through the different operational cost of the machines in the micro-grid. This is possible even having all or part the production already contractually committed. For each load situation, the proposed model foresees that the dispatch of power in each cooperated units is optimized by the global reduction of the costs thataffect the production of each generator. The share of the gain from the cooperation is given by the application of the Shapley function that is based in the technical and economical characteristics of operation of each unit. ) The developed model in this work has formulated a pseudo-cooperation concept, which foresees the partial availability of the generation capacity of one or more agents for dedicated production to the cooperated demand of the micro grid, so that the remaining capacity is available to be offered to opportunities of the market. The optimization of the gain over the cooperated grid, and also over the agent that make available its partial capacity to the market, is accomplished through the share of the cooperated gain, through the revenue obtained from the energy sold to the market, and also through the prize that the agents pay to other participants of the cooperation when they reach their minimal commitment. With the partial cooperation and gain optimization approach, it was possible to maximize the benefits for the agents and to obtain a surplus, called in this work of \"Sobra\", available to sell to the market. The main conclusion is that it is possible to obtain additional benefits whenever one or more generator work in a cooperative basis and that the pseudo-cooperation is a way to grown this benefits.

[pt] O mundo globalizado atual exige cada vez mais que empresas concentrem esforços no sentido de se adequarem a novos ambientes, para que possam concorrer até mesmo com grandes conglomerados internacionais. Nesse sentido, a Companhia Vale do Rio Doce - CVRD vem trabalhando intensamente na realização de um processo de internacionalização, buscando tornar-se uma das maiores companhias de mineração diversificada do mundo até o final desta década. Como parte de uma metodologia para auxiliar nesse processo, a CVRD desenvolveu um modelo para a avaliação de países com potencial para a expansão de seus negócios. Este trabalho visou confrontar o modelo de análise ambiental utilizado pela CVRD com a teoria existente, buscando fornecer parâmetros para a Empresa, de modo que ela possa aperfeiçoar cada vez mais sua avaliação, contribuindo, assim, para seu processo decisório. Após a comparação, verificouse que o modelo de análise ambiental adotado pela Vale contempla de forma exaustiva os principais critérios de avaliação necessários para esse tipo de tomada de decisão. No entanto, as análises realizadas, por se concentrarem em países específicos, não consideram a avaliação de uma carteira de países, o que possibilitaria a obtenção de um conjunto de opções estratégicas mais diversificadas. / [en] The current globalized world demands more and more that companies concentrate efforts in the way of adapt themselves to new environments, so that they can compete even with great international conglomerates. In this sense, Vale do Rio Doce Company - CVRD comes working intensely in the accomplishment of an internationalization process, seeking to become one of the largest diversified mining companies of the world until the end of this decade. As it starts from a methodology to assist in this process, CVRD developed a model for the evaluation of countries with potential for the expansion of its business. This work aimed confront the model of environmental analysis used by CVRD with the existing theory, seeking to supply parameters for the Company, so that it can improve more and more its evaluation, contributing, in this way, for its decisive process. After the comparison, it was verified that the model of environmental analysis adopted by the Vale contemplates in an exhaustive way, the main criteria of evaluation necessary for this kind of decision taken. However, the accomplished analyses, by the reason of they concentrate in specific countries, do not consider the evaluation of a portfolio of countries, what would enable the obtainment of a set of a more diversified strategic options.

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This thesis proposes a framework to design and analyze sustainability within complex urban transportation systems. Urban transit systems have large variability in temporal and spatial resolution, and are common in lifecycle analyses and sustainability studies. Unlike analyses with smaller scope or broader resolution, these systems are composed of numerous interacting layers, each intricate enough to be a complete system on its own. In addition, detailed interaction with the system environment is often not accounted for in lifecycle studies, despite its strong potential effects on the problem domain. To manage such complexity, this thesis suggests a methodology that focuses on integrating existing modeling constructs in a transparent manner, and capturing structural and functional relationships for efficient model reuse. The Systems Modeling Language (OMG SysML ) is used to formally implement the modeling framework. To demonstrate the method, it is applied to a large scale multi-modal transportation network. Analysis of key network parameters such as emissions output, well-to-wheel energy use, and system capacity are presented in a case study of the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. Results of the case study highlight several areas that differ from more traditional lifecycle analysis research. External influences such as regional electricity generation are found to have extremely large effects on environmental impact of a regional mobility system. The model is used to evaluate various future scenarios and finds that existing policy measures for curbing energy use and emissions are insufficient for reducing impact in a growing urban region.