Role-based modeling has been investigated for over 35 years as a promising paradigm to model complex, dynamic systems. Although current software systems are characterized by increasing complexity and context-dependence, all this research had almost no influence on current software development practice, still being discussed in recent literature. One reason for this is the lack of a coherent, comprehensive, readily applicable notion of roles. Researchers focused either on relational roles or context-dependent roles rather then combining both natures. Currently, there is no role-based modeling language sufficiently incorporating both the relational and context-dependent nature of roles together with the various proposed constraints. Hence, this paper formalizes a full-fledged role-based modeling language supporting both natures. To show its sufficiency and adequacy, a real world example is employed.

Since the year 1977, role modeling has been continuously investigated as promising paradigm to model complex, dynamic systems. However, this research had almost no influence on the design of todays increasingly complex and context-sensitive software systems. The reason for that is twofold. First, most modeling languages focused either on the behavioral, relational or context-dependent nature of roles rather than combining them. Second, there is a lack of tool support for the design, validation, and generation of role-based software systems. In particular, there exists no graphical role modeling editor supporting the three natures as well as the various proposed constraints. To overcome this deficiency, we introduce the Full-fledged Role Modeling Editor (FRaMED), a graphical modeling editor embracing all natures of roles and modeling constraints featuring generators for a formal representation and source code of a rolebased programming language. To show its applicability for the development of role-based software systems, an example from the banking domain is employed.

Information and communication technology (ICT) greatly influence today’s business processes be it in public or private sectors. Everything that is done in business requires ICT in one way or the other. Research in ICTs is therefore critical. So much research was and is still carried out in projects that develop or enhance ICT but it is still apparent that the success rate of these projects is still very low. The extensive coverage of ICTs implies that if the success rate is still that low, many resources are being wasted in the failed projects; therefore, more research is needed to improve the success rate. Previous research has focussed on factors which are critical for the success of ICT projects, assuming that all ICT projects are the same. As a result, literature is full of different suggestions and guidelines of the factors critical to ICT projects’ success. This scenario brings challenges to project managers who end up using their own personal judgement to select which factors to consider for any project at hand. The end result is the high failure rate of ICT projects since there is a very high chance of applying the same critical success factors to different types of ICT projects. This research answered the question: which factors are critical to the success of computer networking projects in Zimbabwe and how these factors could be used for building a model that determines in advance the success of such projects? Literature reviewed indicated that most CSFs were not focused on specific types of ICT projects, hence were generalised. No literature was found on ICT projects’ CSFs in Zimbabwe. More so, no CSFs were found for computer networking projects as a specific instance of ICT projects. No model existed that predicts computer networking projects’ success. This study addressed the gaps by developing a CSF framework for ICT projects in Zimbabwe, determining CSFs for computer networking projects in Zimbabwe and the development of a logistic regression analysis model to predict computer networking projects’ success in Zimbabwe. Data was collected in Zimbabwe using a unique three-staged process which comprise metasynthesis analysis, questionnaire and interviews. The study was motivated by the fact that most available research focused on CSFs for general ICT projects and that no research was found on CSFs influencing projects in computer networking. Meta-synthesis analysis was therefore conducted on literature in order to identify CSFs as given in literature. The approach was appropriate since the researcher had noticed that there were extensive ICT projects’ CSFs and that no such research has been carried out in Zimbabwe. These CSFs formed the basis for the determination (using a questionnaire) of ICT projects CSFs for Zimbabwe in particular. Project practitioners’ viewpoints were sought through questionnaires. Once CSFs for ICT projects in Zimbabwe were determined, they formed the basis for the determination of unique critical success factors for computer networking projects in Zimbabwe. Interviews were used to get further information that would have been left out by questionnaires. The interview questions were set to clarify some unclear or conflicting responses from the questionnaire and providing in-depth insights into the factors critical to computer networking projects in Zimbabwe. The data i.e. critical success factors for computer networking projects guided the development of the logistic regression analysis model for the prediction of computer networking projects’ success in Zimbabwe. Data analysis from the questionnaire was analysed using SPSS Version 23.0. Factor analysis and principal component analysis were some of the techniques used in the analysis. Interview data was analysed through NVivo Version 10.0. From the results it was deduced that factors critical to ICT project management in Zimbabwe were closely related to those found in the literature. The only apparent difference was that CSFs for ICT projects in Zimbabwe were more specific thereby enhancing their applicability. Computer networking projects had fewer CSFs than general ICT projects. In addition, CSFs for general ICT projects were different from those critical to computer networking projects in Zimbabwe. The development of a comprehensive set of general ICT projects’ CSFs was the first contribution of this study. This was achieved through meta-synthesis analysis. The other contribution was the development of a CSF framework for ICT projects specific to Zimbabwe and those specific to computer networking projects in Zimbabwe. The major contribution was the development of the logistic regression analysis model that predicts computer networking projects’ success in Zimbabwe. These contributions will provide literature on ICT project management in Zimbabwe which will subsequently assist ICT project managers to concentrate on specific factors. The developed prediction model can be used by project managers to determine possible success or failure of ICT projects; thereby possible reducing wastage of resource. / School of Computing

反壟斷法(我國為公平交易法)上的效率抗辯，是指經營者通過證明結合的效率效果足以抵消或超過反競爭效果而取得反壟斷法豁免。“減損競爭”和“促進效率”這兩大因素的權衡是企業結合反壟斷控制的核心內容。 第一章為引言部分，提出本文的研究動機，並對研究方法、研究限制及論文大綱進行簡要介紹。在第二章介紹效率抗辯定義，及反壟斷法視野下普遍被接受的主要效率類型。第三章對效率抗辯制度在歐美國家的發展作了回顧。第四章則是利用經濟分析方法，計算反競爭效果，再比較分析實質性減少競爭標準和嚴重妨礙有效競爭標準之差異。第五章分三部份，第5.1章提及普遍被採納的效率抗辯模式，主要係一體分析模式、抵消分析模式和混合分析模式三種。並建議基於我國國情和《公平交易法》的相關規定，我國宜採用混合分析模式。第5. 2章就效率抗辯制度的適用標準而言，主要有價格標準、消費者剩餘標準、總剩餘標準和權重平衡標準。第5. 3章建議確立效率抗辯制度的證明標準、證明方法。尤其，就效率抗辯制度的適用條件而言，主要有效率為集中所特有、效率的及時性、效率的可證實性、在壟斷或接近壟斷的集中案件不應適用等要件。第六章建議我國明確建立安全港標準，凡屬於安全港範圍的結合不再作進一步審查。第七章綜合上述的結論，試著對我國效率抗辯制度建立提供建議 。 關鍵字：效率抗辯、事業結合、實質性減少競爭標準、嚴重妨礙有效競爭標準、抵消分析、一體分析、混合分析、價格標準、消費者福利標準、總剩餘標準、權重平衡標準 / The efficiency plea on the antitrust law refers that the intensified efficiency effect proved by the operator is sufficient to set off or stronger than the anti-competition effect so as to be exempted by the antitrust law. Competition impairment and efficiency promotion are two factors need to be traded off during the anti-monopoly control on concentration for business operators. Chapter One presents the motive , approach, framework, scope and limitations of the paper. Chapter Two introduces the definition of efficiency and the main types of efficiency which includes production efficiency, allocative efficiency, dynamic efficiency and other efficiencies. Chapter Three provides a brief history of efficiency plea practices in Europe and the United States . Chapter 4 tries to compare the Substantial Lessening of Competition test (SLC) with Significantly Impedes Effective Competition test (SIEC ) standards and try to prove the SIEC is suitable for our country. Chapter 4 also attempts to analyze anti-competitive effects of mergers by using economic analysis methods. Chapter Five is divided into three sections. Section one analyzes the main types of efficiency defense system models, including the integrated analysis model, offset analysis model and mixed analysis model. Considering the actual situation in our country and in accordance with regulations by the Antitrust Law of Taiwan, a mixed analysis mode is suggested for application. Section two focuses on the welfare standards of price standard, consumer welfare standard, the total surplus standard and the balancing weights standard. Section three recommends that standard of proof and method of proof and types of application conditions shall be established. Especially, the main types of application conditions are efficiency specific to concentration, the timeliness of the efficiency, the verifiability of the efficiency and whether the efficiency defense system is applied in the situation of near monopoly. Chapter Six defines the relevant market and suggest Critical loss analysis should be introduced for the relevant market definition. Chapter Six also suggests to adopt the " strong safe harbor" standard which means that once undertakings belong to the safe harbor range，they will no longer be subject to further review. The final chapter tries to offer some suggestions on the establishment of efficiency defense in Taiwan . Key words: efficiency plea, concentration of undertakings, the Substantial Lessening of integrated analysis model, offset analysis model, mixed analysis model, price standard, consumer welfare standard, the total surplus standard, the balancing weights standard

1 online resource ([13], 172 leaves) / The concept of a service-oriented approach and the role of communication in such an approach is nothing new. Service management and marketing are two constructs that are deemed invaluable for an organisation operating in the current competitive and seamless globalised business environment. Literature proposes that a market-oriented point of view is not enough anymore to achieve a competitive advantage; the core solution to an organisation's problems should lie in a management perspective that understands the internal value-generating processes of customers and employees alike. This study strives to assess the role of internal communication in creating a service-oriented approach. Particular attention is given to the support that communication can provide to an organisation wishing to establish a service-oriented approach. The evolution of the service-oriented approach is discussed along with the internal and external changes that took place in the organisational environment. A service-orientation as a possible answer to environmental changes is discussed. An assessment of the contribution of communication to service orientation was undertaken. The results of the research undertaken have led to the deduction that internal communication at George Municipality is not effective. / COMMUNICATION SCIENCE / MA - SPEC IN ORG COMMUNIC

En la actualidad, el rol que cumplen los bancos en la economía del país y el impacto que tienen en las diferentes clases sociales es cada vez más importante. Estos siempre han sido un mercado que históricamente ha recibido un gran número de quejas y reclamaciones. Es por ello que, un mal servicio por parte del proveedor, una deficiente calidad de los productos y un precio fuera de mercado son las principales razones por las que los clientes abandonan una entidad bancaria. Esta situación va aumentando cada vez más y los bancos muestran su preocupación por este problema intentando implementar modelos que hasta el momento no han logrado cumplir con los objetivos. Además, existe un elevado nivel de competencia que obliga a las entidades financieras a velar por la lealtad de sus clientes para intentar mantenerlos e incrementar su rentabilidad. Este proyecto propone un Modelo de Análisis Predictivo soportado con la herramienta SAP Predictive Analytics, con el fin de ayudar en la toma de decisiones para la retención o fidelización de los clientes potenciales con tendencia a la deserción en la entidad bancaria. Esta propuesta se realizó mediante la necesidad de los mismos de conocer la exactitud de deserción de sus clientes categorizados potenciales. Se desarrolló una interfaz web como canal entre el Modelo de Análisis Predictivo propuesto y la entidad bancaria, con el fin de mostrar el resultado obtenido por el modelo indicando la exactitud, en porcentaje, de los clientes con tendencia a desertar. Además, como Plan de continuidad se propone 2 proyectos en base a la escalabilidad del Modelo de análisis predictivo propuesto, apoyándonos en la información obtenida en la etapa de análisis del modelo mismo. / Currently, the role played by banks in the country's economy and the impact they have on different social classes is increasingly important. These have always been a market that has historically received a large number of complaints and claims. It is therefore, poor service by the supplier, poor product quality and a price outside the market are the main reasons why customers leave a bank. This situation is increasingly and banks. In addition, there is a high level of competition that forces financial institutions and the loyalty of their customers to try to maintain them and increase their profitability. This project proposes a Predictive Analysis Model supported with the SAP Predictive Analytics tool, in order to help in making decisions for the retention or loyalty of clients with the tendency to drop out in the bank. This proposal was made through the need to know the accuracy of the desertion of its categorized clients. A web interface is shown as a channel between the Predictive Analysis Model and the bank, in order to show the result by the model that indicates the accuracy, in percentage, of clients with a tendency to defect. In addition, as a continuity plan, 2 projects are proposed based on the scalability of the Predictive Analysis Model, based on the information in the analysis stage of the model itself. / Tesis

The aim is to gather pollen sequences and derive from them synthetic information on past species distribution and Holocene vegetation history. Lonicera nigra was selected as a model taxa. The phylogeographic hypothesis that its Alpine and Carpathian populations survived the LGM in separate refugia is supported only by the Late-Glacial record. This shrub migrated rapidly from southern to central Europe during the warm oscilations of the Late Glacial. The synthesis of vegetation history was produced by applying the REVEALS model, which can filter out following factors influencing the relationship between pollen and vegetation: pollen taphonomy, pollen productivity and pollen dispersal. It was necessary to calculate and test those parameters, so the goals were partly methodical. Pollen productivity estimates are calculated within the Relevant Source Area of Pollen, which is influenced by vegetation structure. Subsequent validation of those values in the area of the REVEALS model 10000 km2 and selection of additional values for lacking taxa created the best set of parameters for the study area. The source fossil dataset for purposes of this synthesis is the newly developed Czech Quaternary Pollen database (PALYCZ). Non-direct multivariate analysis of pollen percentages including all taxa revealed a similarity...

En utgångspunkt för den föreliggande avhandlingen och doktorsstudien är den spridning och ökning av projektarbetsformens tillämpning, som skett sedan mitten av 1900-talet. Det har blivit allt vanligare med så kallade multiprojektmiljöer, dvs. verksamheter där projekt är en normalt förkommande arbetsform och av så stor betydelse att projektledning och projektstyrning (t.ex. värdering och uppföljning av projekt) är en viktig fråga för organisationens ledning. För många organisationer där förmågan att hantera projektarbetsformen blivit avgörande för överlevnad och lönsamhet finns därför ett stort behov av att förbättra projekthanteringen. Det dominerande synsättet har länge varit att alla projekt i grunden är likartade och kan ledas och styras effektivt med standardiserade projektledningstekniker och modeller. Alltfler forskare menar dock att det är så stora skillnader mellan olika projekttyper att projekthanteringen måste anpassas efter projektens särdrag, vilket förutsätter en möjlighet att analysera det aktuella projektet – att kunna ställa en ”projektdiagnos”. I en ambition att öka kunskapen om projekten i sig, är syftet med doktorsstudien att utveckla beskrivningar av de särdrag i projekt som har avgörande betydelse för projekthantering i multiprojektmiljöer. Tre fallstudier har genomförts i tre organisationer som utvecklat och implementerat en projektmodell för att förbättra sin projekthantering. Fallstudierna har delvis genomförts med aktionsforskning som metod. Detta har gjort det möjligt att studera projekthanteringen under lång tid, och att skapa nyanserade beskrivningar av särdragen i respektive multiprojektmiljö. Utifrån fallstudierna, projektforskningen och egna erfarenheter från projektmiljöer, har ett ramverk för strukturerad projektanalys utformats i syfte att öka resultatens generaliserbarhet. Ramverket, som består av tre analysmodeller och tre grundläggande perspektiv på projekt, utgör en begreppsapparat för strukturerad projektanalys som är fristående från fallstudierna. Studien visar hur särdragen i olika projekttyper, t.ex. förekomsten av dubbla operativa logiker och olika slag av komplexitet, är avgörande dels för projekthanteringen, dels för vilka förbättringsåtgärder som är effektiva i en multiprojektmiljö. Ytterligare ett bidrag från studien är det ramverk som utformats med utgångspunkt i den stora variation som olika projekt uppvisar ur ett resultatperspektiv. / A starting point for the present thesis is the increased application of the project work form, a form that has been growing in usage since the mid 1900s. Today, multiproject environments have become increasingly common, i.e. organisations where projects are a normal part of the working environment and where they are of such great importance that project management and project steering (e.g. evaluation and follow-up) are considered important for the organisation's management. In many organisations where the ability to apply the project work form is critical for survival and profitability, there is a great need to improve the management of projects. The dominating view has long been that all projects are inherently alike, and can be effectively managed and controlled with standardised project management techniques and models. However, more and morere searchers are pointing out that because there are in fact quite distinct differences between different types of projects, project management must be adapted to the distinctive characteristics of the project, which presupposes the possibility of analysing the project in question – of being able to make a "project diagnosis". In an attempt to increase knowledge about projects as a type of work form, this doctoral study aims to develop descriptions of distinctive characteristics in projects that are essential for project management in multiproject environments. Three case studies have been performed in three organisations that have developed and implemented a project model to improve their project management. The case studies have been performed using action research methodology. This has made it possible to study project management during an extended period of time, creating nuanced descriptions of the distinctive characteristics in each multiproject environment. From the case studies, project research and personal experience in project environments, a framework for Structured Project Analysis (SPA) has been designed with the aim of increasing the generalisation of the results. The framework, based on three analysis models and three basic perspectives of projects, provides a conceptual model for structured project analysis independent of the case studies. The study shows how the various distinctive characteristics of different project types, such as the presence of dual operational logics and varying types of complexity, are crucial for both management of projects and for deciding which improvement measures are most effective in a multiproject environment. A further contribution of the study is the framework that has been designed based on the wide variation presented by different projects through a results perspective.

FMCG快速移動消費性產品泛指商品使用週期較短、產品消費速度較快、消費者需要不斷重複購買的產品，由於消費者對此種產品的涉入程度低、認知品牌間產品特性差異不大，為了提高市佔率，企業常會以品牌價值創造做為行銷要點，因此，本研究主要依據邱志聖教授所提出的「4C策略行銷分析架構」，就FMCG買方面對品牌廠商所投入的行銷組合的價值評估，與賣方在交易過程獲得品牌權益累積的作法，以雙方所投入的四種成本：外顯單位效益成本 (C1)、資訊搜尋成本(C2)、道德危機成本(C3) 以及專屬陷入成本(C4) ，找出品牌發展與建構的成功關鍵因素。 採用居家領導品牌案例並針對產品生命週期的產品導入期、成長期等品牌建構、發展時期進行成功因素分析，發現： 1.就產品導入、品牌建構期： 品牌建構的基礎是商品，品牌廠商必須確保消費者獲得與品牌承諾一致的C1商品品質與效益，產品的開發策略也必須聚焦於產品本身的關鍵技術或者利基開發滿足各種消費者需求，且能不斷提升與累積其使用產品總效益的產品組合延伸，再透過有效的C2投資，建議採用中央路徑直接溝通品牌的商品獨特利益，並採用整合性的行銷傳播媒體傳遞一致的商品訊息與品牌形象，建立一致清楚的品牌內涵並系統性的累積品牌資產。品牌建構的過程必須在商品上市前即對於可能的C3成本建立有效的管控做法與危機處理機制，而持續透過與買者C1效益連結為品牌商品的專屬資產，透過C2活動建立的品牌印象累積品牌專屬資產C4，建立品牌忠誠。 2.就產品成長、品牌發展期： 維持品牌商品的穩定產品品質與運用關鍵技術進入新區隔市場或者產品線延伸都是持續降低消費者外顯單位效益成本C1的有效做法，再透過活用不同的溝通通路與新興科技整合傳遞一致的定位與商品、品牌訊息，降低消費者C2並持續累積品牌C1效益訊息傳遞進而建立品牌的專屬資產C4。品牌發展階段C3的管理控制作業甚或危機處理致關重要，所提及穩定的C1產品品質、透過C2建立C4品牌信任感、面對品牌競爭的C2回應操作都是控制或降低道德危機成本C3的關鍵因素。自品牌建構期到發展期必須定義清楚與系統性的累積消費者對於該品牌的技術方案產品效益、品牌印象偏好等品牌的專屬陷入成本C4，持續的追蹤與運用C4創造更深厚的品牌資產，產生態度與行為的忠誠，促使品牌永續的發展。

1 online resource ([13], 172 leaves) / The concept of a service-oriented approach and the role of communication in such an approach is nothing new. Service management and marketing are two constructs that are deemed invaluable for an organisation operating in the current competitive and seamless globalised business environment. Literature proposes that a market-oriented point of view is not enough anymore to achieve a competitive advantage; the core solution to an organisation's problems should lie in a management perspective that understands the internal value-generating processes of customers and employees alike. This study strives to assess the role of internal communication in creating a service-oriented approach. Particular attention is given to the support that communication can provide to an organisation wishing to establish a service-oriented approach. The evolution of the service-oriented approach is discussed along with the internal and external changes that took place in the organisational environment. A service-orientation as a possible answer to environmental changes is discussed. An assessment of the contribution of communication to service orientation was undertaken. The results of the research undertaken have led to the deduction that internal communication at George Municipality is not effective. / COMMUNICATION SCIENCE / MA - SPEC IN ORG COMMUNIC