Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / A historical analysis of the Iraqi military suggests that certain actions should be taken if the state building process of the United States led coalition is to be successful. The fulcrum of power in Iraq has always been the internecine ethnic, religious, and tribal relationships and interactions. This thesis studies the recently constructed security structure of Iraq, particularly the new Iraqi Armed Forces, by focusing on likely influences of the ethnic and sectarian factions and social structure of the country on security and reconstruction/reintegration of the new Iraqi Military. The thesis brings into sharp focus a singular fact that the military of Iraq has always been used in one way or another against one section of the population or another by the prevailing political power using the time-honored virtues of patronage and corruption. The use of the military in Iraq as an internal political tool more than anything else contributed to the lack of national identity, the prerequisite for a sound military structure. The thesis presents some situational operating methodologies that if followed should provide a structurally sound modern Iraqi military rather than a supernumerary police force. The recommendations would not only provide a military as a strong basis for national unity and identity, but they would create a military contributing to regional stability. / Major, Turkish Army

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Systems engineering is a vital element of systems acquisition, and yet, as a result of previous Department of Defense (DoD) and United States Air Force (USAF) policies and practices, many government systems engineers today lack the systems engineering/management skills required to successfully execute national security space programs. The purpose of this thesis is to study and understand common issues that have impacted the ability of the USAF to cost-effectively acquire satellite systems. The research performed here involves an analysis of the differences between the traditional DoD systems acquisition and the national security space systems acquisition processes and an investigation of previous national efforts to improve these processes. The analysis results, together with the findings from a review of successful and struggling space programs, are then used to discover trends that aid in the formulation of the recommendations in this thesis. Specifically, to improve USAF systems engineering management skills and thereby improve the national security space systems acquisition process, the role of the government systems engineer should be defined as one of risk management, and the government systems engineers should be trained, equipped, and tracked in order to efficiently perform systems engineering in support of the space systems acquisition process. Finally, the research findings will provide a foundation for future researchers to expand upon the recommendations and make steady progress toward improving DoD and USAF space systems engineering expertise. / Outstanding Thesis

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in 50% fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Management (in the Field of Security). March 2016 / Defence Review 2015 concluded that the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) was in a “critical state of decline”, faced imminent and irreversible loss of capabilities and questioned its ability to meet all of its ordered defence commitments (Department of Defence, 2015c, pp. ix; 99). This is a grave indictment considering it is entrusted with the constitutional mandate to defend the Republic (Republic of South Africa, 1996, Sec 200). This begs the question “what went wrong?” Causes raised include the apparent disjuncture between the defence mandate and budget. It is unlikely, however that the blame can be attributed to a funding shortfall and overly ambitious defence mandate, alone. Some question whether a flawed institutional civil control structure might be to blame for compromising military command and thereby the ability of the armed forces to ensure effective defence. Did the new government go too far in imposing robust civil control over the SANDF in 1994, effectively emasculating the SANDF? Alternatively is the selected model for South Africa’s civil control and oversight regimes simply inappropriate or otherwise ineffective? Whether the failure lies with the selected model itself or in its execution are issues that were examined in the study. This study takes as its point of departure, various Defence Review 2015 policy proposals that, it was argued, point to deeper flaws in the institutional civil-military arrangements within the DOD. As such, they are fundamental to our understanding of the civil control challenges confronting the DOD and the formulation of policy options and recommendations. What the study highlighted was that the ultimate challenge for the DOD could be reduced in simple terms to finding an agreeable solution that would satisfy both the statutory civil control precepts and the Chief SANDF’s desire for freedom from undue interference with his executive military command. Central to the entire civil control debate is of course the balance DOD design, around which the DOD transformation project is structured, and the role of the Sec Def in exercising civil control in a ‘collaborative relationship’ with the Chief SANDF. There is general consensus that the balance DOD design has 1 Colonel C.B. Hepburn, late of the Transvaal Scottish, is employed on a term contract as Deputy Director Departmental Performance Monitoring and Evaluation; Defence Policy, Strategy and Planning Division; Defence Secretariat. His staffing at the integrated Defence Head Office provided him with access to the strategic level of defence policy decision-making and daily engagement with senior leaders at the point of interface between the ‘civilian’ Defence Secretariat and the Defence Force. The views expressed in this student academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defence or any other agency of the South African government. C.B. HEPBURN 416498 failed to live up to expectations and that it has proven difficult to establish and maintain the optimum balance between civil control and an effective armed service. What is equally obvious is that even after more than two decades of democratic consolidation; the DOD has yet to complete its transformation. If Defence Review 2015 is anything to go by then it can be expected that the process is set to continue for at least the next 25 years. That civil control remains a contested concept within the DOD is not in doubt. The solutions may be elusive; however, there is strong evidence that the answers lie more with how the Def Sec should be capacitated rather than the current focus on repositioning to better enable civil control of defence and to perform the duty assigned to it. Structural issues are clearly a factor and should indeed be dealt with in the broader DOD reorganisation. Nonetheless, there is a strong argument presented that instead of restructuring, better use should be made of performance agreements, delegations and detailed instructions. Given that the DOD is recognised in law as a ‘special case’, there should be a strong legal argument for amending the applicable legislation to make provision for a ‘special delegation regime’ or performance agreements, as a solution to the DOD’s immediate needs for providing an effective armed service. Keywords: Civil control; oversight; Defence Review 2015; South African National Defence Force; armed services; budget; civil-military relations; Constitutional mandate; defence ministry, military command and control, defence secretariat. / GR2018

Försvarsmakten lägger varje år ca 5 % av sin budget på infrastruktur, alltså kostnader för mark, anläggningar och lokaler. Infrastruktur är till sin natur mycket långsiktigt: tar lång tid att skapa och används under ännu längre tid, idealt längre än femtio år. När något väl är byggt är det både kostsamt och tidskrävande att ändra på detta. Detta gör att beslut avseende infrastruktur behöver vara väl underbyggda och avvägda för att ekonomiska medel ska användas på ett så bra och effektivt sätt som möjligt. Denna studie har undersökt beslutsfattande angående infrastruktur inom Försvarsmakten.Studien har genomförts med en induktiv kvalitativ ansats där vi intervjuat ett antal personer inom Försvarsmakten som arbetar med infrastruktur, antingen som huvuduppgift eller som deluppgift. Personerna är handläggare snarare än beslutsfattare, på central nivå inom olika funktioner. Under intervjuerna har vi sökt de intervjuades syn på beslutsfattande avseende infrastruktur.Vi har funnit att beslutsfattandet påverkas av ett antal faktorer: sökande efter eget ansvar och mandat samt efter vem som har ansvar och mandat att fatta beslut, vissa skillnader eller motsättningar mellan handläggning på central och central gemensam nivå, en obenägenhet att ta risker, sökande efter prioriteringar, en upplevd personalbrist, samt ett handläggande som sker i isolerade funktioner eller stuprör. / The Swedish Armed Forces annually allocates approximately 5 % of its budget for military infrastructure, i.e. costs for land, fortifications and buildings. Infrastructure is by its nature very long term: it takes time to construct, and the construction is to be in use for an even longer period of time, ideally more than fifty years. By the time the construction is complete it is both costly and time consuming to make changes. The effect of this is that decisions concerning infrastructure needs to be well founded for the financial resources to be used as efficiently as possible. This study has looked into the decision making concerning infrastructure within the Swedish Armed Forces.The study was made using an inductive qualitative approach using interviews of a number of armed forces officers working in connection with infrastructure, either as a main task or as a part time task. The persons being interviewed are staff officers, or managers, rather than decision makers, centrally placed within the Headquarters of the armed forces. During the interviews we have sought the interviewees own views of decision making concerning infrastructure.We have found that the decision making is affected by a number of factors: a search for one’s responsibility and mandate and who has the responsibility and mandate, differences and conflicts between managing in different functions, a reluctance to take risks, a search for prioritizations, a perceived lack of manpower, and a managing within isolated functions.

La République Centrafricaine, 622 984 km2 pour 4,525 millions d’habitants en 2012, est une ancienne colonie française, indépendante le 13 août 1960. Durant les premières décennies post-indépendance, un État faiblement structuré a été mis en place. Au moment où les efforts conjugués des bailleurs de fonds commençaient à inscrire une nouvelle dynamique de stabilité, la rébellion de la Séléka conduite par Michel Djotodia, a pris le pouvoir le 24 mars 2013. Depuis lors, le pays est confronté à l’une de ses crises majeures, caractérisée par l’intermittence de la violence, la pluralité des acteurs et la complexité des facteurs belligènes. Le défi de sécurité étant un déterminant incompressible, ce travail est construit autour de l’impact irréversiblement positif de la refonte des Forces de défense et de sécurité dans la construction de la paix, de la stabilité et du développement. / The Central African Republic, 622,984 km2 area for 4.525 million inhabitants in 2012, is a former French colony that became independent on August 13, 1960. During the first decades of post-independence, a weakly structured state was established. At the time when the combined efforts of the donors were beginning to introduce a new dynamic of stability, the Séléka rebellion led by Michel Djotodia took power on March 24, 2013. Since then, the country has faced one of its major crisis, characterized by the intermittent violence, the plurality of actors and the complexity of the belligerent factors. The security challenge is an incompressible means, this academic work is built around the positive irreversibly impact of the armed forces and security in the building of peace, stability and development in Central African Republic.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar e registrar a participação de brasileiros nas Forças Armadas dos EUA desde a Guerra do Vietnã até o presente momento. O fenômeno do alistamento militar de estrangeiros nas forças de batalha estadunidenses remonta aos tempos da Guerra de Secessão e compõe parte importante da história de diversas comunidades imigrantes no país. Desde a Guerra do Vietnã, há relatos de brasileiros lutando pelos EUA. No entanto, o fenômeno vira uma tendência mais numerosa a partir do momento que a imigração brasileira ganha maior expressão, na década de 1980. O trabalho busca, portanto, quantificar e discutir esta participação tanto a partir do ponto de vista da comunidade emigrada, quanto do ponto de vista individual dos emigrados entrevistados. / The present essay aims to investigate and register the participation of Brazilian immigrants on the US Armed Forces since the War of Vietnam till the present. The phenomenon of military enlistment of foreign-born in the different branches of the Armed Forces recalls to the Civil War period, thus being an important part of the history of many immigrant communities in USA. Since the War of Vietnam, there are reports of Brazilian-born personnel in the US military. The enlistment of Brazilians becomes a tendency as Brazilian immigration to the US becomes a phenomenon, in the mid 1980´s. This essay targets to quantify and discuss this participation simultaneously from the point of view of the Brazilian community and from the personal views of those who enlisted.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-16T12:15:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Giordano Melges de Souza.pdf: 1951270 bytes, checksum: 1fc595e96393c237f6e707c320f228d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T12:15:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giordano Melges de Souza.pdf: 1951270 bytes, checksum: 1fc595e96393c237f6e707c320f228d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present research aims to study the military professional athlete and their effectiveness befor the nacional legal system, in particular Law 9.615/98, commonly known as Pelé Law, and High Yield Athlete Program, related to the agreement between Defense and Sports Ministries. The Law 9.615/98 is a protective law for Brazilian athletes, so then, it presents articles that in the practical world are ineffective, such as the case of article 44, subsection II. Such inefficiency is due to the existence of the High Yield Athlete Program, which deals with an agreement between the Defense Ministry and the Sport Ministry, where high-level athletes are supported by the Armed Forces. However, this support brings with it a contradiction with the law 9.615/98, evidencing the ineffectiveness of its article 44, item II, observed that the non-existence of a criminal law regarding the noncompliance of this article corroborates the norm’s innocuousness / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o Atleta Profissional Militar e a sua efetividade perante o ordenamento jurídico nacional, em especial a Lei 9.615/98, vulgo Lei Pelé, e o Programa Atleta de Alto Rendimento, referente ao convênio do Ministério da Defesa e ao Ministério do Esporte. A Lei 9.615/98, por se tratar de lei protetiva dos atletas brasileiros, apresenta artigos que no mundo prático são ineficazes, como o caso do artigo 44, inciso II. Tal ineficácia se dá pela existência do Programa Atleta de Alto Rendimento, que versa sobre um convênio do Ministério da Defesa com o Ministério do Esporte, onde atletas de alto rendimento são apoiados e suportados pelas Forças Armadas. Entretanto, esse suporte dado pelas Forças Armadas traz consigo uma contradição frente à Lei 9.615/98, evidenciando a ineficácia que artigo 44, inciso II demonstra no seu texto, observado que a inexistência de norma penal quanto ao descumprimento deste artigo corrobora a inocuidade da norma

An estimated 22,000 children were born in England during the Second World War as a result of relationships between British women and .American GIs. Of these children, around 1,200-1,700 were born to African .American servicemen. These figures are estimates only; the actual number of births will never be known. / The research study is based on personal interviews with eleven members of this cohort. The interviews explore their life experience and examines their sense of identity as ex-nuptial children, of mixed-race parentage, who had no contact with and usually little information about their GI fathers. Of the eleven mothers, over half were married with at least one other child at the time of the birth. Nine participants/respondents were raised by their mother or her extended family. Two were institutionalised. At the time of the interviews all of the respondents were either searching for, or had found, their black GI fathers. / This is a qualitative study which aims to bear witness to the lived experience of this cohort and to analyse the meaning individuals gave to their experience. Data collection involved personal interviews with the eleven participants. The data was then subject to a thematic analysis and the major themes and issues identified. Content analysis was undertaken using a constructivist approach. / The interviews are presented as elicited narrative relayed through an interpretive summary. Consistency was maintained by using common questions organised within a loose interview framework. The findings were organised around the major conceptual issues and themes that emerged from the case summaries. Common themes, including resilience, racial identity, self esteem and stress were identified. / The researcher has professional qualifications as a social worker and clinical family therapist. She has ten years experience in the field of adoption, including the transracial placement of Aboriginal and overseas children in Australian families. She is also a member of the researched cohort. Issues arising when the researcher is also a member of the researched cohort are discussed in the methodology. / The experience of this cohort suggests that despite the disadvantages of their birth, they fared better than expected. The majority demonstrated high levels of resilience, successfully developing a sense of identity that incorporated both the black and white aspects of their racial heritage. However, for some this success was only achieved at considerable personal cost, with several participants reporting relatively high levels of stress and/or stress related symptoms, such as anxiety, mental illness and heart disease.

<p>En intervjustudie genomfördes på ett urval av åtta kadetter, studerande på Försvarshögskolans taktiskt-operativa officersprogram. Kadetterna hade alla en gemensam bakgrund från grundutbildningen likväl som från en internationell insats. Den semistrukturerade intervjun syftade till att finna de faktorer vilka påverkade dem att söka internationell tjänst och officersutbildning. Resultatet av studien visade att det var en mängd motivationsfaktorer vilka samverkade för att de intervjuade skulle söka internationell tjänst och sedan officersutbildningen. Motivationsfaktorerna kunde delas in i två kategorier, n<em>ödvändiga motivationsfaktorer</em> och e<em>ngagerande motivationsfaktorer</em>. De nödvändiga motivationsfaktorerna måste alla vara uppfyllda för att individen skall vilja åka på internationell tjänst eller genomföra officersutbildning. Dessa faktorer bygger i huvudsak på tillit till egna, kollegornas och förbandets förmågor samt på familjens acceptans. Om en av de nödvändiga motivationsfaktorerna inte är uppfyllda spelar det ingen roll om de engagerande faktorerna finns där, beslutet att genomföra ovanstående blir sannolikt inte av. De engagerande motivationsfaktorerna krävs däremot för att ett beslut om genomförande skall fattas. Dessa engagerande motivationsfaktorer är däremot oberoende av varandra och kan verka var och en för sig eller tillsammans. Nämnda motivationsfaktorer består av förbandsanda, kamratskap och personlig utveckling. Försvarsmakten kan påverka samtliga motivationsfaktorer. För att denna påverkan skall var möjlig krävs det välutbildade och yrkesskickliga officerare vilka minst har de nödvändiga motivationsfaktorerna tillfredställda. En adekvat officersutbildning och förebilder inom officerskåren, på alla nivåer samt ett genomtänkt anhörigstöd utgör grundförutsättningar för detta.</p> / <p>A field survey has been made on a selected group of cadets, studying on the Swedish Defence College officers training program. All of the cadets had a common military background, both from basic training as from military service abroad. The purpose of the survey was to find the motivation factors which led to the cadet’s choice to serve in the abroad service and thereafter commence officers’ training school. The result of the essay showed that there were a number of motivation factors which worked together. The motivation factors could be separated into two categories, <em>necessary </em>motivation factors<em> and committed </em>motivation factors<em>.</em> The <em>necessary</em> motivation factors has to be satisfied in order to get the will to apply for abroad service or to commence officers training. These factors consists mainly of the factors, <em>trust</em> - <em>regarding own skills, trust - concerning the skills of your colleagues, officers and your unit, </em>and on the cadets <em>family’s acceptance</em>. The <em>committed</em> motivation factors consists mainly of three factors, p<em>ersonal development, companionship and discipline/fighting spirit. </em>The <em>committed</em> motivation factors has to be satisfied in order to make the decision to serve in the abroad service and to commence the officer’s training school. However, it is enough if only one of these factors are satisfied to make the decision. The Swedish armed forces are able to influence all of these factors. In order to make this possible the officers has to be well trained and have excellent skills in the military trade. They also need to have the necessary motivation factors satisfied. An adequate officers training, role models within the body of officers on all levels and an adequate support to the families of the soldiers and officers are basic factors in order to achieve this.</p>

<p>Försvarsmakten har sedan sekelskiftet gått ifrån att vara ett invasionsförsvar till att bli ett insatsförsvar. Under denna omvandling har Försvarsmakten blivit allt mindre och fått en mer internationell inriktning. Förband har lagts ned, personal sagts upp och materiel skrotats. Författaren är intresserad av att se hur detta har påverkat Försvarsmakten som en samhällsresurs.</p><p>Problemet som ställs i uppsatsen är huruvida regeringen har anpassat Försvarsmaktens uppgift att stärka det svenska samhället vid svåra påfrestningar i fred, mot bakgrund av den omvandling som skett. Syftet med denna uppsats är sålunda att undersöka och jämföra om uppgiften att stärka det svenska samhället vid svåra påfrestningar i fred har förändrats, utvecklats eller anpassats till det nya insatsförsvaret som Sverige har idag.</p><p>Som metod används en komparativ och kvalitativ textanalys av utvalda propositioner, departementsserier och regleringsbrev. De fakta i dokumenten som berör uppsatsämnet analyseras och jämförs, för att sedan sammanfattas och diskuteras. </p><p>Resultatet i uppsatsen påvisar att regeringen inte har ändrat uppgiften att stärka det svenska samhället vid svåra påfrestningar i fred, som ställs till Försvarsmakten. Men det påvisar även att en kontinuerlig anpassning av uppgiften sker i form av ett samarbete med andra myndigheter, denna utveckling kan följas på olika sätt i de utvalda källorna.</p><p>Författaren har dragit slutsatser kring det presenterade resultatet och kommit fram till att regeringen inte behövt ändra uppgiften. Men för att kunna effektivisera utnyttjandet av de resurser som Försvarsmakten kan tillföra vid svåra påfrestningar bör regeringen utveckla och precisera hur Försvarsmakten skall utnyttjas med störst effektivitet.</p> / <p>The Swedish Armed Forces has, since the turn of the century, transformed from an invasion defence to a type of mission oriented defence. This means that the Swedish armed forces have become smaller in volume, material has been terminated, a lot of personnel have been terminated and the amount of conscripts heavily reduced. The author is interested in how this has affected the Swedish armed force as recourse to the Swedish society.</p><p>Before and under the transformation, one of the Swedish armed forces duties has been to strengthen the Swedish society when hard tensions have emerged in peacetime. This duty has been presented in the regulations that the Swedish government give to the Swedish Armed Forces every year.  The duty is also one of the duties presented in the regulation that controls the Swedish Armed Forces activities.</p><p>The problem that is presented in the essay is how the Swedish government has adjusted this duty to the Swedish Armed Forces with this transformation in mind. The purpose of this essay is therefore to investigate and compare if the duties have been changed, developed and/or adjusted to the new Swedish armed forces as it is today.</p><p>The result of this paper shows that the government has not changed the duty to strengthen the society when hard tensions come. However, it also shows that there is a continuing adjustment to the duty in form of cooperation with other authorities. This development can be seen in different ways in the varying sources that have been presented in the essay.</p><p>The author has drawn some conclusions concerning the presented results and reached a conclusion that the government does not have to change the duty. It can be preserved as it is today. In order to use the resources that the Swedish armed forces contribute more efficiently, the government has to develop and specify how the Swedish armed forces can be used with the greatest efficiency.</p>