Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This research attempts to answer the following questions: How and why genocide became possible in Gishamvu and Kibayi? In other words, what was the nature of power at different epochs and how was it exercised? How did forms of political competition evolve? In relation to these forms of competition, what forms of violence occurred acrosshistory and how did they manifest themselves at local level up to 1994? And what was the place of identity politics? Then, what were economic and social conditions since colonial times up to 1994 and how were these conditions instrumentalized in the construction of the ideology of genocide? Finally, how did the Tutsi genocide unfold in Gishamvu and Kibayi? / South Africa

This study was designed to determine (a) the extent of the coverage in total wordage; (b) the direction and intensity of the articles; and (c) the impression conveyed by each newspaper toward the two main parties of the war. The findings show that (a) The New York Times devoted nearly twice as many words to the war as The Times of London; (b) the majority of the articles were neutral; (c) The New York Times was more favorable to the leftists and was as favorable to the rightists as The Times of London; and (d) the two newspapers were consistent in direction, and all deviation from neutrality remained within the limits of mild intensity.

Ma thèse de Doctorat porte sur un ensemble d’œuvres romanesques d’écrivains libanais issus d’une même génération (1959-1969), et dont les romans sont écrits et publiés après la Guerre civile libanaise (1975-1990), hors du Liban, en anglais et en français. Elle met en avant les aspects distinctifs de ces fictions qui relatent la double expérience de la guerre et de l’émigration. Les travaux sur l’analyse du discours de Ruth Amossy et Dominique Maingueneau ainsi que les apports de Peter Brooks sur la construction narrative en situation thérapeutique contribuent à notre analyse des stratégies narratives. La mémoire est également un biais par lequel le discours s’articule, et devient l’objet d’âpres tentatives de réappropriation. La théorie du trauma de Cathy Caruth et les travaux de Maurice Halbwachs sur la mémoire collective et sociale nous éclairent sur les mécanismes mémoriels déclenchés. Parallèlement, ces romans s’inscrivent dans une tentative d’écriture de l’histoire par l’utilisation d’archives, la mise en fiction d’évènements réels et le choix d’une multiplicité de voix narratives. Ces recours appellent à une réflexion autour de la production de mémoires. Les stratégies narratives, les mécanismes mémoriels et l’écriture de l’histoire sont autant de procédés qui trahissent un questionnement permanent autour de l’identité. Les écritures libanaises de l’émigration, par leurs stratégies audacieuses, leurs techniques innovantes et leur volonté de représenter une double expérience complexe, contribuent à la modernité des littératures libanaises et mondiales, et surtout à l’impossibilité de réduire la fiction à des catégories fixes. / My PhD thesis focuses on works of fiction by Lebanese immigrant writers that are part of the same generation (1959-1969) and whose novels were written and published after the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), outside of Lebanon, in both English and French. The thesis sheds light on distinctive aspects of these novels all of which share the dual experience of war and emigration. This dual experience generates various discursive strategies analysed in Ruth Amossy and Dominique Maingueneau’s work on the analysis of discourse as well as Peter Brooks’s contribution to narrative construction in therapy framework. Memory is a mean through which narrative is articulated as it turns into the object of harsh attempts of re-appropriation. Trauma theory, as developed by Cathy Caruth alongside the work of Maurice Halbwachs on collective and social memory, shed light on the mechanisms in which memory works in the studied novels. The novels are also part of an attempt to write history and draw on mixed material to do so: They use archives, fictionalise real events, and develop multiple narrative voices. These techniques lead to a reflection on historiography, the production of memories, and the traditional functions of reading. Narrative strategies, memory mechanisms, and the writing of history are part of a process illustrating a permanent concern about identity. YLebanese immigration narratives, through their audacious strategies, innovative techniques and willingness to represent a dual and complex experience, contribute to the shaping of both Lebanese and world literature’s modernity and more importantly to the impossibility of reducing fiction to fixed categories.

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished