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Written for the Institute of Comparative Law. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2010/04/28). Includes bibliographical references.

Final thesis Topic: Diplomatic protection Thesis supervisor: JUDr. Vladimír Balaš, CSc. Student: Marek Čermák Thesis on the topic of diplomatic protection deals with the granting of exercise of diplomatic protection by the states and is divided into seven chapters which follow each other. The first chapter describes the diplomatic protection and its historical foundations. The second chapter focuses on the possibility of exercise of diplomatic protection in respect of natural persons and the conditions that need to be fulfilled for the posibility of exercise of such protection. The third chapter focuses on the exercise of diplomatic protection in respect of legal persons and the conditions that must be fulfilled for the posibility of exercise of such protection. The fourth chapter describes the internationally accepted rule of exhaustion of local remedies, as well as exceptions to this rule. The fifth chapter describes the procedures of states where is no exercise of diplomatic protection, but enforcement of protection granted on other grounds. The sixth chapter deals with the procedures of states which are different from the rules of international law. And the seventh chapter describes the procedure of states in situation of granting diplomatic protection.

La Communauté des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) est l’une des « Communautés économiques régionales » africaines les plus dynamiques. L’ampleur de ses objectifs se révèle par les compétences qu’elle exerce dans les domaines de l’économie, de la sécurité et de la défense, des droits de l’homme et demain, en matière monétaire. Lors de sa naissance en 1975, en vertu d’un traité de coopération entre 15 des 16 Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest, la Communauté ne visait pourtant que la réalisation de programmes communs relevant exclusivement de la matière économique. Ce projet initial a été paralysé par des conflits armés dans certains Etats, qui ont entraîné des conséquences pour les autres pays, eux-mêmes souvent soumis à des troubles internes. Pour répondre à la poussée sécuritaire et pour renforcer l’efficacité économique, la CEDEAO est devenue en 1993 une Communauté politique et d’intégration économique. Elle ébauche alors une valorisation du respect des droits de l’homme dont le développement juridictionnel constitue une expérience originale. On peut parler d’une véritable juridictionnalisation de la Communauté depuis une vingtaine d’années. Les institutions communautaires ont fait l’objet de nombreuses réformes, certaines encore en cours, pour une répartition plus équilibrée de leurs compétences. En leur sein, la juridiction communautaire, créée en 1993, a renforcé ses activités grâce à la saisine par des personnes privées, notamment en matière des droits de l’homme. Les procédures d’examen des plaintes relèvent du droit communautaire, mais le droit substantiel dérive de l’interprétation que la Cour donne des instruments internationaux des droits de l’homme. Sa jurisprudence qui est systématiquement analysée dans la thèse reste fortement marquée par une asymétrie entre le contentieux des droits de l’homme en plein essor et celui de l’économie encore quasi-inexistant. Pour autant, en faisant progresser les principes de démocratie, d’Etat de droit et des droits de l’homme, c’est la sécurité juridique et l’intégration économique que la Communauté approfondit avec, comme objectif principal, le développement des populations. La sauvegarde de cet ordre juridique et juridictionnel fortement unitaire est indispensable. / The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is one of the most dynamic African "regional economic communities". Its goals span fields of economy, security and defense, human rights and, soon, monetary issues. When it was created in 1975, thanks to a treaty of co-operation pulling together 15 of the 16 West African States, the Community aimed only at carrying out joint programs related to economic issues. This initial project was undermined by armed conflicts in some states, as well as internal turmoil in some others. To respond to this security threat and to strengthen economic efficiency, ECOWAS has been transformed into a political and economic integration community in 1993. It then put emphasis on human rights. As such, the design process of its jurisdictional system is a genuine original experience.We can argue that there has been a real process of jurisdictionalization of the Community for twenty years. The Community institutions have been the subject of many reforms, some still in progress. The goal of these reforms is to create a more balanced distribution of power among the institutions. Within them, the Community jurisdiction, created in 1993, strengthened its activities by allowing referral from private persons, particularly in the field of human rights. Complaints procedures are governed by Community law, but the substantive law derives from the Court's interpretation of international human rights instruments. Its case law, which is systematically analyzed by our thesis, remains strongly marked by an asymmetry between the rapidly growing human rights litigation and that of the economy, which is still almost non-existent. However, in advancing the principles of democracy, the rule of law and human rights, it is the legal security and economic integration that the Community deepens, with the main objective to promote development. Safeguarding this highly unified legal and jurisdictional system is paramount.

This thesis deals with one of the modern topics of international law - diplomatic protection. It provides for its comprehensive assessment from a wider and deeper perspective on the background of the codification process, which culminated in 2006, when the International Law Commission (ILC) adopted 19 Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection. In the current state of international law, diplomatic protection is based on customary international law. It is an instrument to protect nationals (be it a natural or legal person) by their state of nationality, if they injured by another (host) state in violation of international law. Under the current definition, diplomatic protection means the invocation (through peaceful means) by a state of the responsibility of another state for an injury caused to a national by an internationally wrongful act of that another state. The aim of diplomatic protection is to implement this responsibility. The application and exercise of diplomatic protection is considered to be a sovereign, discretional right of the state, although the thesis points out the some recent developments in international law towards the need to recognize the rights and interests of the individual, as well as the constitutional practice of some states guaranteeing its citizens a (domestic) right to...

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of diplomatic protection and it's use in the system of international law. The goal of this thesis is to describe the legal institute of diplomatic protection and how it is exercised and to describe both the historical development of the institute and it's future direction. The thesis is divided into five chapters that gradually develop and analyse the topic. The first chapter deals with the definition of the legal term diplomatic protection and it's content. It also lists the conditions under which the diplomatic protection can be exercised. Part of the chapter deals with the history of the institute and also speaks about some legal institutes similar to diplomatic protection. The second chapter summarises the efforts taken in order to codify the institute and introduces Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection to the reader. This chapter also describes the current situation of usage of the institute. The third chapter is focused on exercising diplomatic protection on behalf of individual citizens. It's main focus is to list all the necessary conditions under which can diplomatic protection be used in those cases. The fourth chapter on the other hand deals with providing diplomatic protection to legal entities and the conditions of such provision. There is a...

Établissant une relation entre un État ou l’une de ses émanations, d’une part, et un investisseur d’autre part, le droit des investissements étrangers se meut au-delà de la distinction droit public/droit privé. Compte tenu du fait qu’il se situe à un point de jonction entre le droit international et le droit interne, le droit des investissements pose d’importantes questions relatives à la loi applicable, ainsi qu’aux juridictions compétentes. Conçu comme un ordre juridique spécifique provenant de l’interaction entre les ordres juridiques international et interne, le droit des investissements engendre de multiples répercussions quant à son interférence avec l’ordre juridique interne. Cette interférence, n’étant soumise à aucune hiérarchie de compétence législative ou juridictionnelle, soulève de sérieuses interrogations : quel serait le droit applicable lorsque les droits interne et international ont vocation à s’appliquer dans un même litige ? Dans le même ordre d’idées, quelle serait la juridiction compétente si les institutions juridictionnelles internationales et internes sont toutes les deux compétentes selon leurs propres règles de rattachement pour trancher le litige ? Les réponses à ces interrogations ne sont pas évidentes et continuent de donner lieu à de vifs débats. La question n’ayant pas été tranchée de façon ferme et définitive, la présente étude proposera d’y apporter des éléments de réponse en démontrant la manifeste prééminence du droit international de fond et de l’arbitrage transnational de nature à permettre d’écarter l’application de la loi locale et d’exclure la compétence des juges internes. Cette prééminence fera enfin l’objet d’un examen approprié. / Establishing a relationship between a State or one of its emanations, on the one hand, and an investor, on the other, international investment law moves beyond the distinction between public law and private law. Given the fact that it resides in-between international law and domestic law, international investment law raises important questions about the governing law and jurisdiction. Conceived as a specific legal order arising from the interaction between the international and the national legal orders, international investment law begets controversy with respect to its interference with the national legal order. This interference, which is not submitted to any hierarchy on the legislative or jurisdictional level, raises serious questions: what would be the applicable law when domestic law and international law are both involved in the same dispute? In a similar manner, what would be the competent court if the international and domestic jurisdictional institutions are both competent according to the rules of their own legal order? The answers to these questions are not obvious and continue to give rise to heated debates. As the issue has not been firmly and definitively resolved, the present study aims to provide an answer by demonstrating the pre-eminence of substantive international law and transnational arbitration to the point of clearly excluding the application of the local law and the competence of domestic judges. This pre-eminence will finally be subject to an in-depth examination.