Background: Running can lead to injuries, and there are several types of shoes that are designed to reduce them. Running shoes have not yet been proven to prevent running related injuries. This literature review has compiled the evidence of motion control, neutral, stability and minimalistic shoes that can be recommended depending on the individual's foot type for injury prevention. The aim of this review was to investigate whether there is evidence that support that different running shoes could prevent injuries to runners with different foot types. Methods: A descriptive design was chosen for this literature review. Six articles from the databases PubMed and PEDro that met the inclusion criteria were selected and examined according to the PEDro-scale. Results: When using the running shoe motion control, 17,6% of the participants got a foot injury regardless of the type of foot. When using stability shoes 32,4% was damages and that was also independent of the type of foot. The injury incidence with neutral shoes was 33,3% at neutral foot type and 25% at pronation. When using minimalistic shoes, an increased injury risk was seen by 20%. Conclusions: This literature review cannot confirm the hypothesis that running shoes based on foot type can reduce the injury risk.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / In Monte Carlo path simulations, which are used extensively in computational -finance, one is interested in the expected value of a quantity which is a functional of the solution to a stochastic differential equation [M.B. Giles, Multilevel Monte Carlo Path Simulation: Operations Research, 56(3) (2008) 607-617] where we have a scalar function with a uniform Lipschitz bound. Normally, we discretise the stochastic differential equation numerically. The simplest estimate for this expected value is the mean of the payoff (the value of an option at the terminal period) values from N independent path simulations. The multilevel Monte Carlo path simulation method recently introduced by Giles exploits strong convergence properties to improve the computational complexity by combining simulations with different levels of resolution. This new method improves on the computational complexity of the standard Monte Carlo approach by considering Monte Carlo simulations with a geometric sequence of different time steps following the approach of Kebaier [A. Kebaier, Statistical Romberg extrapolation: A new variance reduction method and applications to options pricing. Annals of Applied Probability 14(4) (2005) 2681- 2705]. The multilevel method makes computation easy as it estimates each of the terms of the estimate independently (as opposed to the Monte Carlo method) such that the computational complexity of Monte Carlo path simulations is minimised. In this thesis, we investigate this method in pricing path-dependent options and the computation of option price sensitivities also known as Greeks.

This thesis makes a number of contributions in the derivative pricing and risk management literature and to the growing literature that exploits information embedded in option prices. First, it develops an effective numerical scheme for importance sampling scheme of Fouque and Tullie (2002) based on a 2-dimensional lookup table of stock price and time to maturity that dramatically improves the speed of this importance sampling scheme. Second, the thesis presents an application of this importance sampling scheme in a Multi-Level Monte Carlo simulation. Such combination yields greater variance reduction compared to Multi-Level Monte Carlo or importance sampling alone. Third, it demonstrates how the Greeks can be computed using the Likelihood Ratio Method based on characteristic function, and how combining it with importance sampling leads to a significant variance reduction for the Greeks. Finally, it documents the positive relationship between the risk-neutral skewness (RNS) and future realized stock returns that is driven by the underperformance of highly negative RNS portfolio. The results provide strong evidence that the underperformance of stocks with the lowest RNS is driven by those stocks that are associated with a higher hedging demand, relative overvaluation and are also too costly or too risky to sell short. Moreover, by decomposing RNS into its systematic and idiosyncratic components, this thesis shows that the latter drives the positive relationship with future realized stock returns.

abstract: Most violinists of the Western classical tradition are untrained in the aural skills and left-hand techniques of microtonal intervals. This document surveys the nature of the problem and presents a manual for self-teaching the three-quarter tone step—the equal tempered ‘neutral second’ (N2) a quarter tone between the major and minor second intervals—through the melodic syntax of specific Persian classical music (PCM) modes. While the paper does not teach PCM performance, it does offer a method of melodic functional hearing through a new solmization system designed specifically for PCM. Additionally, the paper guides readers through the PCM repertoire by grouping modes with a shared functional usage of the N2. Combined with the pedagogical research of learning modalities and Edwin Gordon’s Music Learning Theory, these tools provide violinists with a method for achieving the aural accessibility and performance mastery of the N2. This process serves as a future model for learning unfamiliar intervals both within and without the Western classical tradition. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2020

Uppsatsens syfte var att kritiskt granska olika filosofiska utgångspunkter kring skäl för agerande samt hur skälen rättfärdigas utifrån värden och det goda. Hur trovärdiga och rimliga är argumenten som förs fram om skäl och dess relationen till värden och det goda?Följande filosofers teorier har granskats: Thomas Nagel, Christine Korsgaard samt R Jay Wallace. Jag argumenterar för att skäl för agerande bör vara baserade på goda grunder samt att skäl och värden bör betraktas vara subjektiva och agent-relativa. Nagel är den ende som hävdar att oreducerbara agent-relativa skäl finns, något som bestrids av både Wallace och Korsgaard. Dock menar jag att de båda uttrycker en viss agent-relativitet i sina argument, Korsgaard i ambitioner och Wallace i speciella fall. Samtliga tre bidrar på olika sätt med väsentliga argument om att skäl har ett moraliskt anspråk på agenten oavsett vilken typ av skäl de förespråkar. Dock kan värden omöjligt accepteras eller te sig trovärdiga utifrån Nagels argument om att värden är objektiva och uppstår utan mänsklig involvering. Korsgaard har en viktig poäng och lyckas på ett trovärdigt sätt bidra till förklaringen att värden endast kan uppkomma ur mänskligheten. Ett annat viktigt och relevant argument som belyses av alla tre handlar om hur vi måste förhålla oss till varandra som en förutsättning för det goda. Agent-relativa skäl ter sig som mest trovärdiga då de utgår från agentens förmåga och kapacitet att bedöma moraliska aspekter. Hur vi kommer överens om gemensamma skäl och hur vi delar dem kvarstår som olöst, så därför ter sig delade, publika och agent-neutrala skäl problematiska. / The aim of the thesis was to critically examine different philosophical views regarding reasons for action and how reasons are justified based on values and the good. How credible and reasonable are the arguments and their relation to values and the good? The theories of following philosophers have been examined: Thomas Nagel, Christine Korsgaard and R Jay Wallace. I argue that reasons for actions should be based on solid grounds and that the reasons and values should be considered as subjective and agent-relative. Nagel is the only one who claims that there are irreducible agent-relative reasons and values, something that is disputed by both Korsgaard and Wallace. However, I mean that they both a certain agent-relativity in their arguments, Korsgaard in ambitions and Wallace in special cases.They all contribute with significant arguments about the fact that reasons does have a moral claim on the agent, regardless of the type of reasons they advocate. However, values cannot possibly be accepted or appear credible based on Nagel's argument that the values are objective without human involvement. Korsgaard has an important view and succeeds in a credible way in contributing to the explanation that values can only arise from humanity. Another important and relevant argument, highlighted by all three, is about how we must relate to each other as a prerequisite for the good. Agent-relative reasons appear to be the most credible and are based on the agent's ability and capacity to assess moral aspects when relevant. How we can agree on reasons and share them remains unresolved, therefore shared, public and agent-neutral reasons seem problematic.

This study is part of a project which aim is solving the structure of the catalytic domain of neutral trehalase Nth1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The main goal of this thesis is the preparation of new constructs of yeast Nth1 and optimization of their purification protocols, the selection of the ideal buffer for crystallization trials using the method of differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and at last the protein crystallization. Another part of the thesis is the measurement of the enzymatic activity of pNth1 WT in the presence of Bmh1 protein, verification of trehalose binding to the selected constructs of Nth1 using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), thermoforesis (MST) and further crystallization with trehalose. Neutral trehalase is highly conserved trehalase that has been found in a wide variety of organisms. These enzymes belong to the class of hydrolases, subgroup of glycosidases and hydrolytically cleave trehalose into two glucose molecules. Trehalose is a naturally occurring non-reducing disaccharide serving in yeast cells a source of carbon and energy as well as protection against stress conditions such as a thermal shock. Trehalose hydrolysis is essential for flying insects, because it is present as the main sugar component of insect haemolymph, therefore trehalase inhibitors...

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / This work focuses on generating a new dynamical model of the nearby (9.5 Mpc) interacting galaxy system NGC 1512/1510. Neutral hydrogen (H i ) observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) are used to model the dynamics of the main H i disk using two routines, the two and three-dimensional modeling techniques. For the two-dimensional modeling technique, we adopt ROTCUR which is based on fitting a tilted ring model onto the 2D velocity field of the galaxy. The three-dimensional modeling routine used is 3DBarolo, which is a recently developed algorithm of fitting 3D tilted ring model to the full data cube. We note that the 2D approach fails to model the inclination profile of NGC 1512. Thus, a new rotation curve is generated using the three-dimensional modeling routine only i.e. by fitting a 3D tilted ring model to the H i line data cube of NGC 1512/1510.

Companies often require designers to work with and operate between different computer-aided design (CAD) systems. To interoperate between these systems, a neutral design standard for CAD models is needed that allows for generation, customization, and parameterization. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history and design intent. The research proposes a simplified, neutral design format that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems. The format proposes additional functionality not yet found in existing neutral formats or scripts. The system was tested by generating models in both NX and CATIA, then comparing the models for accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results. Utilizing the principles established with the neutral framework, a system was developed that facilitates a collaborative CAD modeling environment that supports the interaction of models within virtual reality (VR). A framework is presented that allows for the models to be created and then used in VR without the need for conversion. Strategies are discussed for minimizing the impacts of latency and unit testing was conducted to evaluate functionality. Furthermore, feasibility of using modern game engines such as Unity, Unreal Engine, and Godot to aid in the development of both VR and physics simulations are discussed. The above foundation and frameworks enhance collaboration in training and simulation in VR environments. This research demonstrates that by using neutral design standards, collaboration could be improved between different software, as well as between different engineers. Common strategies can be used for solving issues with conversions across the design space and integrated into future VR systems. This research will be indispensable to furthering studies of collaboration and design in remote environments.

Companies often require designers to work with and operate between different computer-aided design (CAD) systems. To interoperate between these systems, a neutral design standard for CAD models is needed that allows for generation, customization, and parameterization. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history and design intent. The research proposes a simplified, neutral design format that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems. The format proposes additional functionality not yet found in existing neutral formats or scripts. The system was tested by generating models in both NX and CATIA, then comparing the models for accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results. Utilizing the principles established with the neutral framework, a system was developed that facilitates a collaborative CAD modeling environment that supports the interaction of models within virtual reality (VR). A framework is presented that allows for the models to be created and then used in VR without the need for conversion. Strategies are discussed for minimizing the impacts of latency and unit testing was conducted to evaluate functionality. Furthermore, feasibility of using modern game engines such as Unity, Unreal Engine, and Godot to aid in the development of both VR and physics simulations are discussed. The above foundation and frameworks enhance collaboration in training and simulation in VR environments. This research demonstrates that by using neutral design standards, collaboration could be improved between different software, as well as between different engineers. Common strategies can be used for solving issues with conversions across the design space and integrated into future VR systems. This research will be indispensable to furthering studies of collaboration and design in remote environments.

In this knowledge overview the aim is to discover possible ways for teachers in the REfield to uphold an objective and neutral position in teaching RE in Sweden. We wouldlike to point out that this article does not conduct our own research, but we have compiledand analysed other researchers' work. With this in mind a broad perspective is presentedto give a wide overview of the matter at hands. It will depart from ten different academicarticles and a few chapters of books of relevance for this knowledge overview. We willlook at the current syllabus of RE in the Swedish high school as well as the value ground.These may come across as ambiguous, and we will point out critical points made in them.We also look at Sweden's Lutheran history, which we found is key to understanding thepresent steering documents. We present concrete didactic perspectives to the matter andhow these could be interpreted in the classroom, this from both national and internationalperspectives. Finally, a discussion is presented regarding the possibilities that exist withinthe concept of objectivity that concludes whether this is achievable or not. In this we havefound that there is not one clear answer, rather multiple perspectives that can be viewedand considered in teaching. To conclude we find that this subject can be further developedand researched to be able to present a larger and more extensive result and discussionconcerning this rather abstract and complex concept that is objectivity in education.