Dans ce mémoire, nous avons étudié les convertisseurs d’interface permettant l’interconnexion d’une source basse tension non linéaire et d’un bus DC moyenne tension. La source choisie, pour l’étude, était une pile à combustible de type PEM. La structure de puissance retenue correspondant à la mise en cascade d’un convertisseur entrelacé en entrée et d’un convertisseur trois niveaux en sortie. Afin de dimensionner au mieux le convertisseur global, nous avons proposé un modèle analytique permettant de connaitre l’ensemble des pertes dans le système en fonction du point de fonctionnement et de ses paramètres. Nous avons montré que l’ensemble des pertes dans le convertisseur peut être modélisé par deux résistances non linéaires dont l’estimation est possible à partir des modèles moyens du convertisseur. Une commande basée sur le concept de platitude des systèmes différentiels a été utilisée pour assurer les différentes contraintes du système tout en obtenant des propriétés dynamiques élevées en asservissement et en régulation. Dans la dernière partie du mémoire, nous nous sommes intéressés aux solutions permettant de satisfaire les contraintes sur le taux d’ondulation de courant en entrée du convertisseur. Nous avons proposé et dimensionné une nouvelle structure de convertisseur permettant de supprimer les ondulations de courant générées par le convertisseur de puissance. Ce filtre actif se connecte en parallèle avec le convertisseur de puissance. Des résultats expérimentaux ont permis de montrer que le taux d’ondulation de courant d’un convertisseur élévateur a été réduit, le taux d’ondulation de courant passant de 23.3% à 1.9% / In this thesis, we studied interface converters enabling the interconnection of a low voltage nonlinear source and a medium voltage DC bus. The source selected for the study was a fuel cell PEM. The chosen power architecture corresponds to a cascaded structure constituted with an interleaved Boost converter at input stage and a three-level Boost converter at output stage. To design the converter, we proposed an analytical model to know the total losses in the system according to the operating point and its parameters. We showed that all losses in the converter can be modeled by two nonlinear resistors. An estimation of these resistors, deduced from average model of the converter, is developed. A control based on the concept of differential systems flatness has been used for the proposed converter structure. It allows taking into account the different system constraints. High dynamic properties as regard to external perturbations or parameters variations are achieved. In the last part of the thesis, we investigate solutions to respect the constraints on the rate of input current ripple. We propose a new active filtering converter connected in parallel with the power one. We have shown that the ripple current of a boost converter was reduced, the ripple current being reduced from 23.3% to 1.9%

Abstract not available

This thesis discusses the modeling of a micro-grid with photovoltaic (PV)-wind-fuel cell (FC) hybrid energy system and its operations. The system consists of the PV power, wind power, FC power, static var compensator (SVC) and an intelligent power controller. Wind and PV are primary power sources of the system, and an FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system. A simulation model for the micro-grid control of hybrid energy system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. A SVC was used to supply reactive power and regulate the voltage of the hybrid system. To achieve a fast and stable response for the real power control, the intelligent controller consists of a Radial Basis Function Network-Sliding Mode Control (RBFNSM) and a General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The pitch angle of wind turbine is controlled by RBFNSM, and the PV system uses GRNN, where the output signal is used to control the DC/DC boost converters to achieve the MPPT.

<p>In this thesis, controllers for power oscillation damping, transient stability improvement and power flow control by means of a Controlled Series Compensator (CSC) and and a Dynamic Power Flow Controller (DPFC) are proposed. These devices belong to the group of power system components referred to as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The developed controllers use only quantities measured locally at the FACTS device as inputs, thereby avoiding the risk of interrupted communications associated with the use of remote signals for control.</p><p>For power systems with one dominating, poorly damped inter-area power oscillation mode, it is shown that a simple generic system model can be used as a basis for damping- and power flow control design. The model for control of CSC includes two synchronous machine models representing the two grid areas participating in the oscillation and three reactance variables, representing the interconnecting transmission lines and the FACTS device. The model for control of DPFC is of the same type but it also includes the phase shift of the internal phase-shifting transformer of the DPFC.</p><p>The key parameters of the generic grid models are adaptively set during the controller operation by estimation from the step responses in the FACTS line power to the changes in the line series reactance inserted by the FACTS device. The power oscillation damping controller is based on a time-discrete, non-linear approach which aims to damp the power oscillations and set the desired power flow on the FACTS line by means of two step changes in the line reactance separated in time by half an oscillation cycle.</p><p>A verification of the proposed controllers was done by means of digital simulations using power system models of different complexities. The CSC and DPFC controllers were shown to significantly improve the small-signal- and transient stability in one four-machine system of a type commonly used to study inter-area oscillations. The CSC controller was also tested for 18 different contingencies in a 23-machine system, resulting in an improvement in both the system transient stability and the damping of the critical oscillation mode. </p>

Worldwide concern about the environmental problems and a possible energy crisis has led to increasing interest in clean and renewable energy generation. Among various renewable energy sources, wind power is the most rapidly growing one. Therefore, how to provide efficient, reliable, and high-performance wind power generation and distribution has become an important and practical issue in the power industry. In addition, because of the new constraints placed by the environmental and economical factors, the trend of power system planning and operation is toward maximum utilization of the existing infrastructure with tight system operating and stability margins. This trend, together with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources, will bring new challenges to power system operation, control, stability and reliability which require innovative solutions. Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices, through their fast, flexible, and effective control capability, provide one possible solution to these challenges. To fully utilize the capability of individual power system components, e.g., wind turbine generators (WTGs) and FACTS devices, their control systems must be suitably designed with high reliability. Moreover, in order to optimize local as well as system-wide performance and stability of the power system, real-time local and wide-area coordinated control is becoming an important issue. Power systems containing conventional synchronous generators, WTGs, and FACTS devices are large-scale, nonlinear, nonstationary, stochastic and complex systems distributed over large geographic areas. Traditional mathematical tools and system control techniques have limitations to control such complex systems to achieve an optimal performance. Intelligent and bio-inspired techniques, such as swarm intelligence, neural networks, and adaptive critic designs, are emerging as promising alternative technologies for power system control and performance optimization. This work focuses on the development of advanced optimization and intelligent control algorithms to improve the stability, reliability and dynamic performance of WTGs, FACTS devices, and the associated power networks. The proposed optimization and control algorithms are validated by simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC, experimental studies, or real-time implementations using Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) and TMS320C6701 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Platform. Results show that they significantly improve electrical energy security, reliability and sustainability.

This thesis studies different aspects of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices which are used to improve the power transfer capability and increase the controllability in electric power systems. In the thesis, different aspects on the usage and control of Dynamic Power Flow Controllers (DPFC) and related FACTS devices are studied. The DPFC is a combination of a Phase Shifting Transformer (PST) and a Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)/Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR). The thesis proposes and studies a new method, the Ideal Phase-Shifter (IPS) method, for selection and rating of Power Flow Controllers (PFC) in a power grid. The IPS method, which is based on steady-state calculations, is proposed as a first step in the design process for a PFC. The method uses the Power controller plane, introduced by Brochu et al in 1999. The IPS method extends the usage of decoupling methods in the Power controller plane to a power system of arbitrary size. The IPS method was in the thesis used to compare the ratings of different PFC:s required to improve the power transfer capability in two test systems. The studied devices were here the PST, the TSSC/TSSR and the DPFC. The thesis treats control of ideal Controlled Series Capacitors (CSC), TCSC, TSSC/TSSR, and DPFC. The goals of the FACTS controllers which are developed are Power Oscillation Damping (POD), fast power flow control, and transient stability improvement in the power system. New adaptive control strategies for POD and power flow control are proposed and studied in different models of power systems by time-domain simulations. A strategy for transient stability improvement is also proposed and studied. Additionally, different methods for study of Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR), which is associated with series compensation in power systems, are investigated. Here, four of the most common methods for frequency scanning to determine the electrical damping of subsynchronous oscillations in a power grid are studied. The study reveals significant differences of the electrical damping estimates of the studied standard methods when applied to a four-machine test system. / QC 20110819

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andreoli_al_me_bauru.pdf: 2837768 bytes, checksum: 899d0f484921dccf16d7027e336d500b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa aplicada ao desenvolvimento de um equipamento eletrônico microprocessado destinado ao controle de demanda máxima e de fator de potência em instalações elétricas. Motivado pelo aumento na demanda e pela limitação nos recursos do sistema elétrico interligado, o uso de equipamentos que permitam o gerenciamento de energia pelo lado da demanda tem se difundido com grande velocidade, pois é o método de racionalização do uso de energia elétrica que apresenta boa relação entre custo e benefícios, trazendo resultados favoráveis em curto prazo. O uso de controladores de demanda máxima e de fator de potência nas instalações atendidas por contratos de fornecimento horo-sazonal é uma forma de garantir que o sistema não ultrapasse os limites contratuais, que resultam em aplicação de multa, e também um modo de se operar o sistema dentro de parâmetros conhecidos evitando perdas excessivas, racionalizando a utilização de seus componentes. Embora não exista regulamentação relacionada a tarifas diferenciadas de energia elétrica para unidades atendidas em baixa tensão, a utilização de controladores de demanda máxima e fator de potência pode trazer à esta classe de consumidores os benefícios do gerenciamento de energia, reduzindo perdas e em muitos casos permitindo a diminuição no valor da fatura de energia. Pelo ponto de vista do fornecimento, a existência de controle de demanda nas unidades consumidoras permite um melhor planejamento e maior aproveitamento do sistema de distribuição, minimizando investimentos no setor. Para aplicação em unidades consumidoras de porte reduzido, os equipamentos de gerenciamento de energia disponíveis no mercado apresentam dois inconvenientes principais: o excesso de recursos que na maioria dos casos não é explorado em sua... / The present work is the result of an applied research to the development of an electronic microcontrolled device used in the control of maximum demand and power factor in small and medium range electric facilities. Stimulated by the increase of demand and limitation of electrical resources of the interconnected system, the use of demand-side energy management devices was increased, since this method is the better mode to provide the energy rationalization, good cost-benefits relationship and presents best results in a short time interval after its implementation. The use of maximum demand and power factor controllers in facilities with differential billing fares is a method of guarantee that the agreement limits will not be exceeded, resulting in penalties, and also a safe mode of system operation, reducing losses and rationalizing the use their components. Although don't exist regulation related to the differential billing applied to low-voltage supplied consumers, the use of maximum demand and power factor controllers can bring to this consumers category the benefits of energy management, reducing losses and in most cases decreasing the energy billing. In the supply point of view, the demand control in consumers units allow the better planning and the best utilization of distribution system, minimizing the investment in this sector. For application in small-size consumer units, the commercially available energy management devices have two inconvenient: excess of resources, in the most cases sub-utilized which increase the price, and the need of a special external energy meter or energy transducer, uncommon in this class of facility. The device developed in this research have an electronic energy measurement system and associated signals independent of the supplier's meter, and also... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

CNPq, CAPES / O presente trabalho inclui a revisão das normas de qualidade de energia elétrica, a fim de normatizar o desenvolvimento do projeto seguindo normas nacionais e internacionais; a simulação de algoritmos como CFA e FFT, a fim de verificar a viabilidade de seu uso, bem como as limitações associadas ao processamento de formas de onda fortemente distorcidas. Inclui também a proposição e a verificação de um algoritmo capaz de calcular os índices (selecionados durante a revisão das normas) que pudessem avaliar a qualidade de energia através de sinais de tensão e corrente. Para o desenvolvimento do protótipo, foram selecionados sensores de tensão e de corrente confiáveis para o sistema de aquisição; um DSP, que executa os algoritmos previamente simulados, processando em tempo real os sinais adquiridos pelos sensores, a fim de reportar o estado da rede elétrica e/ou eventos ocorridos na rede através de um módulo ZigBee, responsável pela transmissão desses dados de forma segura. A classe de eventos de variação de tensão de curta duração foi incluída no processamento em tempo real realizado pelo DSP. Devido à imprevisibilidade e à rapidez da ocorrência desses eventos, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta capaz de gerar essa classe de eventos, o gerador de VTCD. A análise de QEE em tempo real se mostrou viável mesmo com a utilização de dispositivos de baixo custo, permitindo, ainda que com algumas limitações, o levantamento de informações de QEE às quais cargas conhecidas estavam submetidas. / The present document includes a comprehensive literature review on power quality issues, to keep the development of this project aligned with national and international standards related; simulation algorithms such as FFT and CFA in order to verify the feasibility of its use, as well as limitations associated with the processing of strongly distorted waveform. It also includes the proposal and verification of an algorithm able to calculate the indices (selected during the standards review) that could assess the power quality through voltage and current signals. For prototype development, voltage and current sensors were selected for reliable acquisition system; a DSP, which running the previously simulated algorithms in order to process in real time the acquired voltage and current signals provided by sensors in order to report the status of the mains grid and/or events occurrence on the network through a ZigBee module, responsible for safety transmission data. The short term voltage change events class was also included in the real time processing performed by the DSP. Due to the unpredictability and short duration of these events, it was developed a tool capable of generating this class of events, the STVC generator. The PQ analysis in real time was feasible even with the use of low cost devices, allowing, although with some limitations, the survey of PQ information which known loads was submitted.

CNPq, CAPES / O presente trabalho inclui a revisão das normas de qualidade de energia elétrica, a fim de normatizar o desenvolvimento do projeto seguindo normas nacionais e internacionais; a simulação de algoritmos como CFA e FFT, a fim de verificar a viabilidade de seu uso, bem como as limitações associadas ao processamento de formas de onda fortemente distorcidas. Inclui também a proposição e a verificação de um algoritmo capaz de calcular os índices (selecionados durante a revisão das normas) que pudessem avaliar a qualidade de energia através de sinais de tensão e corrente. Para o desenvolvimento do protótipo, foram selecionados sensores de tensão e de corrente confiáveis para o sistema de aquisição; um DSP, que executa os algoritmos previamente simulados, processando em tempo real os sinais adquiridos pelos sensores, a fim de reportar o estado da rede elétrica e/ou eventos ocorridos na rede através de um módulo ZigBee, responsável pela transmissão desses dados de forma segura. A classe de eventos de variação de tensão de curta duração foi incluída no processamento em tempo real realizado pelo DSP. Devido à imprevisibilidade e à rapidez da ocorrência desses eventos, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta capaz de gerar essa classe de eventos, o gerador de VTCD. A análise de QEE em tempo real se mostrou viável mesmo com a utilização de dispositivos de baixo custo, permitindo, ainda que com algumas limitações, o levantamento de informações de QEE às quais cargas conhecidas estavam submetidas. / The present document includes a comprehensive literature review on power quality issues, to keep the development of this project aligned with national and international standards related; simulation algorithms such as FFT and CFA in order to verify the feasibility of its use, as well as limitations associated with the processing of strongly distorted waveform. It also includes the proposal and verification of an algorithm able to calculate the indices (selected during the standards review) that could assess the power quality through voltage and current signals. For prototype development, voltage and current sensors were selected for reliable acquisition system; a DSP, which running the previously simulated algorithms in order to process in real time the acquired voltage and current signals provided by sensors in order to report the status of the mains grid and/or events occurrence on the network through a ZigBee module, responsible for safety transmission data. The short term voltage change events class was also included in the real time processing performed by the DSP. Due to the unpredictability and short duration of these events, it was developed a tool capable of generating this class of events, the STVC generator. The PQ analysis in real time was feasible even with the use of low cost devices, allowing, although with some limitations, the survey of PQ information which known loads was submitted.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:37:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_RicardoBorges_M.pdf: 725231 bytes, checksum: e24b9811f14e33910092b2f639a89050 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O método desacoplado rápido (MDR) [2] é uma variante do tradicional método de Newton [1] para a resolução do problema de fluxo de carga (obtenção do estado de operação de redes elétricas de potência). Sabe-se que o MDR apresenta desempenho insatisfatório quando aplicado a redes de distribuição, devido à desfavorável relação r/x dos ramos, resultando num processo de cálculo que pode apresentar divergência ou convergência lenta (grande número de iterações). Há algum tempo foi proposta uma alteração no MDR, chamada de rotação de eixos[4], que melhora as características de convergência do método. A idéia consiste em obter uma rede fictícia para a qual o MDR funcione bem e cujo estado de operação (magnitudes e ângulos de tensão) seja o mesmo da rede original. O valor do ângulo de rotação de eixos, único para toda a rede, é determinado empiricamente. Recentemente uma outra proposta de rotação ótima de eixos[5] foi apresentada, sugerindo modificações ao método que trouxeram maior automação aos cálculos, apesar de efeitos desfavoráveis em relação à manipulação de matrizes e ao significado físico da rede elétrica durante o processo iterativo. O presente trabalho traz um novo algoritmo de rotação de eixos que supera algumas desvantagens dos métodos apresentados em [4, 5], com bom desempenho. Além disso, traz uma interessante contribuição sobre a rotação de barras do tipo PV, não abordado anteriormente / Abstract: The fast decoupled loadflow (FDLF) [2] is a variant of the traditional Newton method [1] for solving the loadflow problem (find the operational state of electrical power networks). It is well-known that FDLF presents unsatisfactory performance when applied to distribution systems. Their unfavourable r/x branch ratios may lead to divergence or slow convergence (large number of iterations). A modification to the FDLF, called axesrotation[4], was proposed some time ago, which improves convergency of the method. The idea is to obtain a fictitious network for which the FDLF performs better and which operational state (voltage magnitudes and angles) is the same as the original network. However, the rotation angle is determined empirically. Recently the optimal axes rotation[5] was presented, suggesting some modifications that led to more automated calculations, despite of some undesirable effects on matrices handling and also to the physical meaning of networks during the iterative process. This research work presents a new algorithm for axes rotation that overcomes some disadvantages found in [4, 5], with good performance. Moreover, it brings an interesting contribution on the rotation of PV buses, not previously considered. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica