The author's doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1920, but not published as a thesis. / Bibliography: p. [351]-355.

Public service announcements (PSA) have been utilized successfully to promote the health behaviors to the public. In spite that Hong Kong government keep increasing the budget of PSA (admanGo, 2015;2016), the effectiveness of PSA is seldom measured. Previous studies focus on testing the discourses, contents, and public's interpretations of PSA (Chan and Huang, 2015; Chan & Chang, 2013; Wong, 2006). Little research tries to explore the design and effectiveness of PSA. Besides, Hong Kong is facing a serious road safety issue due to the rapid development of the economy. And the convenient use of mobile phones causes the public pays less attention to road safety issue. According to the annual report of road safety council (2015), "inattentively" is the primary contributory factor in road accidents both from driver perspective and passenger perspective. A study was designed to investigate the public attitudes and behavior related to road safety and their responses to public service announcements using narrative or fear appeals. Two main theories were utilized to create the theoretical framework for this study: Regulatory fit theory and the Theory of planned behavior. The hedonic principle plays a role in the basic function of RFT and TPB. Both of them aim to change people's behavioral intentions and concerns that people approach pleasure and avoid pain. The core principle in RFT is to examine people's approach and avoidance mechanisms based on the two regulatory focus systems. On the other hand, TPB emphasizes that people's intentions are performed based on the chronic perceptions of the positive or negative outcomes of the recommended behaviors. Once people think the recommended behaviors are favorable, they are more likely to engage, which matches the principle of pleasant and pain from RFT. This study investigates the impact of either focusing on promotion or prevention in the Regulatory fit theory along with fear appeal, which could modify the variables in Theory of planned behavior, by taking road safety as a context. The purpose of this study is to explore whether Regulatory fit theory with fear framing will have merit under several conditions that may influence individuals' emotional responses, behavioral intentions, and information processing. Survey methodology was adopted. A model incorporating variables in RFT and TPB was proposed. A structured questionnaire was designed to include the key constructs in the RFT and TPB. Altogether 523 responses were collected from 30 November 2017 to 24 December 2017, including 106 respondents from the questionnaire in paper form and 481 from the online platform, in Hong Kong and Mainland China. Four types of stimuli were designed to examine the model. Empirical data of this study confirms the high influence of predictors including attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms to predict behavior intention. In particular, subjective norms are the highest-level predictor. About the self-regulatory fit, promotion focus predicts more than prevention focus on health communication. What's more, the results showed that perceived relevance is a key factor when people make decisions about a health-related behavior. This study theoretically attempts to extend Regulatory fit theory by adding fear as the emotional variable that tests whether fear is fit/unfit for an individual's regulatory focus, especially in the behavioral health context, which can help practitioners better understand the use of fear appeal along with Regulatory fit theory and how it impacts individuals' health behaviors. Practically, this study explores the theory-driven communication strategy for practitioners. Fear appeal is one of the most common tactics in health communication campaigns, but there is a lack of research to compare the practical impact of fear appeal. For instance, most practitioners prefer to adopt fear appeal rather than emotional appeals or narrative appeals in health promotions, but few empirical studies have verified the benefits of fear appeal from a theory-based perspective. Furthermore, this study seeks to answer some questions in daily health communication in daily life by applying the Regulatory fit theory, such as how different focus-oriented people understand the fear appeals in health messages. The findings of this study will explore some effective message strategies for health communications and marketing practitioners.

Over the past few decades, we have observed a transformation of the economy and a shift to more knowledge-based and fast paced work. Against the backdrop of complex organizational issues and multifaceted job demands, research has evolved to better integrate the social context into models of organizational stress and well-being. Stewardship has been proposed as an organizational approach that emphasizes a sense of purpose towards the common good through the sharing of power, resources and information across networks to work through complex issues. The main objective of this thesis is to develop and empirically test an analytical framework examining the role of stewardship in the relationship between organizational stress and well-being. A central premise of this research is that contextual factors of the work environment can play a key role in the mitigation of work stress. More specifically, stewardship is viewed as an organizational approach that helps executives to navigate their complex demands and be more resilient to organizational stress. The predictive power of this conceptual model was evaluated through the examination of senior executives from the public service of Canada. Using a mixed-methods approach this thesis is organized around three scientific articles. Using a large sample of public service executives (N = 2314), the first study developed and tested a questionnaire measure of organizational stewardship and used this measure to investigate the relationship between this construct and established measures of organizational stressors, work resources, perceived stress and well-being. Findings supported the validity of the instrument. In addition, results indicated that stewardship was negatively associated with work stressors and perceived stress and positively associated with traditional organizational resources and indicators of individual and organizational well-being. The second study furthered the conceptualization of organizational stewardship through a qualitative approach using interviews among senior executives (N = 15). Findings revealed that organizational stewardship was conceptualized with four key elements: i) service over self-interest, ii) sustainability of the public service beyond one’s career, iii) working with a collective orientation and iv) mission-focused management of resources. In addition, the barriers and facilitators of stewardship were centred on organizational processes and practices within the public service context. In the third study (N = 1996), a multi-level analysis of survey data demonstrated that organizational stewardship played a moderating role in the relationship between role ambiguity and distress among senior executives: departmental stewardship acted as a buffer against job stressors. Overall, the findings from this thesis support stewardship as an organizational resource in the relationship between organizational stress and well-being and emphasize the need to increase our current understanding of this concept as it relates to organizational health.

Title: Television in the Service of the Public - a Study of the Public Service Concept (Television i allmänhetens tjänst - en studie av public service-begreppet). Author: Daniel Färnstrand Aim: To describe the ideals, or principles, that the Public Service Ideology or concept of Pub­lic Service is based upon. The two main questions the paper aims to answer are thus: · Which principles should, according to the theoretical norm, guide Public Service activity? · Which principles guide Public Service television in Sweden today, according to the actual guidelines for the Public Service organization SVT? Method / Material: A study of relevant literature is carried out. Further, the actual guidelines for SVT are summarized. The normative guidelines are then also summarized, and a compari­son is made between this summary and the actual guidelines for SVT. Main results: Although a comprehensive definition is hard to find within the theoretical frame­work, a summary of the theoretical ideal is carried out. Hereby, a broad definition of the theoretical, normative ideal for Public Service activity is created. A comparison between the actual guidelines for SVT and the theoretical ideal of Public Service activity, revealed that these show almost exact coherence. The ideal seems to have been fulfilled, at least when one analyses the guidelines for SVT. Whether these guidelines are then followed by the actual ac­tivity of SVT is a question outside the range of this paper. Number of pages: 41 Course: Media and Communication Studies C. University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University. Period: Spring 2000 Tutor: Lowe Hedman Keywords: Broadcasting, Public Service, Public Service Concept, Public Service Ideology.

Human resources management is a key aspect in Public Administration. In fact, it is argued that people are indeed the most valuable resource to any organisation. However, it is imperative to note that having people within an organisation does not automatically translate into results. Success within an organisation stems from implementing best practice human resources management. Performance management is one of the aspects involved in streamlining human resources management in an organisation. The foundation of this research is therefore based on the realization that performance management is a key factor to achieving results in Uganda’s public sector. Similar to several other countries, Uganda’s public sector has gone through various transitions and reforms. The performance management system that stands in the current public sector is a result of the reforms in the public sector. In order to understand the environment in which public servants operate, this research starts by giving a background to the history of the public sector and the evolution of the public service through the public service reform programme. Attention is then drawn to the theoretical framework by way of identifying the standards required in any given performance management system. Based on these identified standards and the research objectives, an evaluation of the implementation of performance management in Uganda’s public sector is discussed with specific reference to the Ministry of public service. The final chapter of the research gives critical recommendations to improve public sector performance management in the Ministry of public service and the Ugandan Public service as a whole. The research findings indicate that performance management policies in Uganda’s public sector are founded on the right and basic principles of performance management. However, critical measures should be put in place to address the actual implementation of performance management in the public sector in order to improve results. / Public Administration / M.A. (Public Administration)

Human resources management is a key aspect in Public Administration. In fact, it is argued that people are indeed the most valuable resource to any organisation. However, it is imperative to note that having people within an organisation does not automatically translate into results. Success within an organisation stems from implementing best practice human resources management. Performance management is one of the aspects involved in streamlining human resources management in an organisation. The foundation of this research is therefore based on the realization that performance management is a key factor to achieving results in Uganda’s public sector. Similar to several other countries, Uganda’s public sector has gone through various transitions and reforms. The performance management system that stands in the current public sector is a result of the reforms in the public sector. In order to understand the environment in which public servants operate, this research starts by giving a background to the history of the public sector and the evolution of the public service through the public service reform programme. Attention is then drawn to the theoretical framework by way of identifying the standards required in any given performance management system. Based on these identified standards and the research objectives, an evaluation of the implementation of performance management in Uganda’s public sector is discussed with specific reference to the Ministry of public service. The final chapter of the research gives critical recommendations to improve public sector performance management in the Ministry of public service and the Ugandan Public service as a whole. The research findings indicate that performance management policies in Uganda’s public sector are founded on the right and basic principles of performance management. However, critical measures should be put in place to address the actual implementation of performance management in the public sector in order to improve results. / Public Administration and Management / M.A. (Public Administration)

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka goda nyheter i Aktuellt mellan år 2000 och 2014. Två frågeställningar formulerades för studien. Dels hur förekomsten av goda nyheter förändrades i programmet, dels vilka roller och karaktärer de hade under den nämnda perioden. I studien användes termen goda nyheter som ett paraplybegrepp för olika typer av nyheter med något slags konstruktiv eller positiv vinkel. Metoden för studien var en kvantitativ innehållsanalys och urvalet baserades på skapandet av syntetiska veckor. 90 Aktuelltsändningar analyserades, vilket gav 722 analysenheter, alltså nyhetsinslag. Resultatet visade att de goda nyheterna fördubblades från 2000 till 2014. De flesta goda nyhetsinslagen handlade om kultur, nöje eller medier men det var inom ämnena ekonomi, arbetsmarknad och näringsliv som de goda nyheterna ökade mest. De goda utrikesnyheterna mer än tredubblades och de senare åren i undersökningen var utrikesnyheter goda i större utsträckning än inrikesnyheter. De goda nyheterna var i genomsnitt längre än andra nyheter. Resultatet tolkades och diskuterades utifrån teorier om nyhetsvärdering, medielogik och kommersialisering samt utifrån hur resultatet förhöll sig till public services och Aktuellts uppdrag. En möjlig förklaring till ökningen av goda nyheter är att de avvek från normaltillståndet i både samhället och nyhetsflödet. Därmed blev de unika och nyhetsmässiga. En annan tolkning är att de var en viktig del av nyhetsmixen och bidrog till en dynamisk mediedramaturgi. Även den höga konkurrensen om mediekonsumenterna skulle kunna vara en bidragande faktor till ökningen av goda nyheter.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Robert J. Shoop / Women leaders today have many sources to draw on for inspiration, motivation, and sustenance in their civic participation. Their participation is possible, in large part, because of generations of women who opened doors and broke down barriers. Women also face persistent barriers and challenges to leadership. What factors have influenced women, allowing them to move beyond historical limitations of participation to the exercise of leadership in the field of public service? This study employed qualitative research methods to explore women's pathways to civic leadership, focusing on women’s narratives using a collective case study design. The pathways explored in this study involve experiences and relationships that have led the subjects to, through, and away from service in the public sector. Cultural capital and social reproduction theory, with its focus on the individual’s dispositions and interactions with social institutions, was the framework used to explore the kinds of support, inputs or advantages women acknowledge as having an impact in their civic leadership. Female Truman Scholars, selected during their college years for their potential leadership in public service, formed the research population of the study. Respondents in this study, female Truman Scholars selected from 1977-1998, had at least ten years of education, career, and life experience from the time of selection. Themes that emerged from analysis of the data describe the impact of personal and family relationships, the role of mentoring, financial challenges and commitment to public service as critical experiences and relationships that both drive and impede respondents’ pathways. Respondents described personal and family relationships as inspirations and barriers; the presence of mentors as both a help and a hindrance, and the absence of mentors also as both benefit and deficit; meeting or succumbing to the financial challenges of public service careers; and finding their commitment to public service slip into disillusionment, or reinforced as a source that sustains. Findings related to the additive nature of gender roles to other challenges faced in public service leadership, the shadow-side of mentoring, and perseverance and disaffection related to one’s commitment to public service were informed by theory yet also highlight the complexity of women’s pathways.

In the recent years, there have been many reports on the prevalence of corruption in the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. Corruption impacts negatively on the image of organisations since it erodes public trust and delegitimises such organisations. Therefore, good corporate governance practices should be adopted to prevent corruption. The purpose of this study was to analyse the governance system of the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development with the view to identifying shortcomings in the system.

tProgrammet Vetenskapens värld har funnits sedan 1971. Sedan starten har redaktionen sänt program kontinuerligt och behandlat olika vetenskapliga områden. Vi vill undersöka om programmet påverkas av det marknadsmässiga eller det normativa styrfältet och i så fall på vilket sätt. Genom att undersöka Vetenskapens världs redaktion och arbete utifrån flera olika perspektiv hoppas vi kunna utläsa ett eller flera mönster. Våra forskningsfrågor är följande: Hur har Vetenskapens världs ämnesurval varierat över tid? Vad grundas ämnesurvalet på? På vilket sätt arbetar Vetenskapens världs redaktion för att leva upp till public service-uppdraget? De metoder vi har använt oss av har olika fallgropar. För att stärka resultatets validitet har vi valt att kombinera flera metoder. Med en kvantitativ studie har vi kartlagt vilka ämnen som programmet har behandlat vid tre årsnedslag. Denna har kompletterats med en observationsstudie på Vetenskapens världs redaktion och en semistrukturerad intervju med Anna Schytt, redaktionschef. I studien har vi kommit fram till att Vetenskapens världs ämnesvärdering har utvecklats i takt med en ökad indirekt konkurrens och förändrade villkor. Det pågår ett ständigt utvecklingsarbete och en kontinuerlig marknadsanpassning inom både webb och broadcast. Den tekniska utvecklingen av webben är prioriterad för att göra den mer användarvänlig och attrahera en bred publik. Inom broadcast publikanpassas innehålletfrämst genom ämnesmixen. Förändringar över tid är att programmet numer behandlar fler ämnen och sänds oftare än tidigare. Aktuella ämnen ökar parallellt med globaliseringen och anpassas till samhälleliga trender och normer