The current study explores the influence nontraditional framing of beauty and ugliness has on college aged females' interpretation of beauty. Focus group sessions were used to assess this influence, during which the women were asked several questions within two open discussions of beauty. The television sitcom Ugly Betty, which features an alternative framing of beauty standards, was shown between each discussion and used to analyze the media's influence. The results show that the discussion and the new framing of beauty and ugliness in the clip influenced the women's interpretations by either creating new understandings or re-enforcing existing beliefs. The women also considered media images of beauty to have a third-person effect with younger audiences being more impacted. Social comparison was used slightly in explaining beauty definitions and standards for women. / Master of Arts

本研究探討「電視政論性談話節目」的第三人效果。第三人效果假說指出，人們會傾向認為，媒介訊息對自己的影響較小，對他人的影響較大。當媒介訊息產生第三人效果認知時，會使人們採取對應行動，為保護自己或他人不受訊息的負面影響而支持限制媒介，因此本研究的主要目的，在探討一般人對電視政論性談話節目的認知與態度，是否存在第三人效果（third-person effect），以及第三人效果是否會導致人們支持限制電視政論性談話節目。 　　本研究除了探討電視政論性談話節目是否會產生第三人效果外；並採用人口變項、電視政論性談話節目的社會需要性、政治注意及政治自我能等變項，來預測電視政論性談話節目的第三人效果認知，同時也進一步採用第三人效果認知來預測人們是否支持對電視政論性談話節目進行限制。 　　本研究的資料來自中央研究院2008 年台灣地區社會變遷調查計畫第五期第四次大眾傳播組的數據，這項研究共有1980 份有效問卷。資料分析顯示，電視政論性談話節目對台灣民眾會產生第三人效果，受訪民眾普遍認為電視政論性談話節目對於一般民眾產生的負面影響，大於對自己的負面影響。 　　其次，在電視政論性談話節目的社會需要性方面，受訪者認為社會越不需要電視政論性談話節目，第三人效果認知差距越大。對於政治的注意程度方面，研究結果發現，受訪者對政治注意程度較高，越傾向認為對自己和其他人的負面影響較大。同時，受訪者認為電視政論性談話節目的負面影響越大，也就越傾向支持對電視政論性談話節目進行限制；電視政論性談話節目「對自己的負面影響」、「對其他人的負面的影響」和第三人效果認知差距三變項，均是預測支持政府限制電視政論性談話節目的顯著變項。 / The research is about “third person effect” of political call-in program. The“third-person effect” hypothesis states that mass media have geater effect on others than on himself or herself. When “third person effect” occurs, people tend to protectthemselves or others from being influenced negatively by media, which lead them to favor the restriction of media. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to analyze the　existence of “third- person effect” among general pereception and attitude toward　television political call-in program and whether “third preson effect” would lead people to favor political call-in program. In addition to the analysis of third person effect of political call-in program, demographic variable, desirability of TV political call-in program, political attentionand external political self-efficacy are all adopted to predict the third person effect of political call-in program. In the mean while, the result of third person effect is used topredict whether people favor the restriction of political call-in program. The data of research comes from Academia Sinica, project of the Taiwan Social Change Survey, 2008 issue fifth, fourth time, section of mass communication. This research includes 1980 valid samples. The result of data analysis indicates that TV political call-in programs have effects on interviewees generally believe that TV political program have greater negative effects on others than on themselves. In addition, as to the desirability of TV political call-in program, interviewees think that less desirability of TV political call-in program lead to greater gap of the perception toward third person effect. As for the political attention, the result indicates that the higher political attention of interviewee, the high tendency for people to think greater third person effect on others and themselves. Mean while, interviewees think that the greater negative influence of political call-in program, there is higher tendency for them to favor the restriction of political call-in program. The influence of political call-in program on oneself, the others and third-person perception, the three significant variables are all favorable to the restriction of TV political call-in program.

The prospective student-athletes’ use of an online recruiting platform to seek college scholarships has become a norm. College coaches recruit prospective-student athletes often using tools like global personal contacts, on-site recruiting, and online recruiting platforms. Online recruiting platforms offer several services and vary in price. This study examines female student-athlete golfers’ use of the online recruiting platform to seek scholarships from a global perspective. Previous research suggests that prospective student-athletes prefer online recruiting platforms while college coaches often use other outlets which can lead to miscommunication and lost opportunities. The services, price, and usability of 20 sports online recruiting platforms in the United States were examined to find out what is offered to prospective-student athletes. Interviews of NCAA Division I collegiate coaches were conducted to examine the most common recruiting tools used by the coaches and their opinions of the use of online recruiting platforms.

A 3 (crisis response strategy) x 3 (medium) factorial design experiment was conducted to determine if information graphics conveyed through online news sources may be more beneficial for organizational reputations during some crisis situations than the use of news videos and text-based news stories. Variables examined include cognitive and affective appraisal, third-person effect, behavioral response and crisis response strategy. Recent research in organizational crisis communications has pointed to the fact that more information is needed regarding how individuals react cognitively and affectively to crisis communications. Current crisis communications literature is also sparse concerning the behavioral aspects of crisis message reception and social media usage. This study addressed these concerns and built on the established framework of Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT).

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本研究是國內第一個以「警政負面新聞」為主題的研究，希望藉由第三人效果的認知假設，探討警政負面新聞的影響。除了探討警察人員對警政負面新聞是否存在所謂的第三人效果之外；並分別從人口變項、議題涉入感、社會距離、職業認同感等變項，探究對警政負面新聞的認知影響，同時也進一步就行為層面上的關係加以剖析。 本研究以服務於全國二十三縣市警察局之現職警察為目標，採用問卷調查法為主，回收並取得八百四十六份有效問卷。資料分析顯示，警政負面新聞對警察人員產生第一人和第三人的效果，受訪警察認為警政負面新聞對於自己的影響大於一般警察，即呈現了所謂的第一人效果；同時又普遍認為警政負面新聞對於一般民眾會產生更大的負面影響，呈現非常明顯的第三人效果。就社會距離而言，警政負面新聞對於一般警察和一般民眾的影響，會隨著與受訪者之間的距離增加而增加。這種社會距離的形成，肇因於不同團體之間的異質性和不確定感。 對於警政議題涉入感方面，研究證實受訪者對警政新聞議題涉入愈高者，普遍認為對自己、一般警察、一般民眾愈會造成負面影響。本研究同時發現警察的職業認同感維持在中度以上，結果顯示職業認同感可以正面預測「對自己的影響」、「對一般警察的影響」、「對一般民眾的影響」三者，即警察的職業認同感愈高，愈傾向認為警政負面新聞的負面影響愈大。受訪者認為警政負面新聞的影響愈大，愈傾向支持媒介限制行動。總的來說，警政負面新聞「對自己的影響」、「對一般警察的影響」、「對一般民眾的影響」等變項，均是預測支持警政機關採取媒介限制行為的顯著變項。 / This thesis is the first study in Taiwan focusing on “negative police news”, attempting to apply the third person effect theory to study the possible impact of negative news coverage of police. This research furthermore investigates several variables, including demographic variables, issue involvement, social distance, and professional identification, and their influence on the perception of negative police news. A relationship of exposure of negative news and support of media regulation is analyzed at the same time. A survey of 846 incumbent officers from twenty-three metropolitan police agencies in Taiwan was conducted. Results show that negative news coverage of police has both first and third person effects on police officers. Officers consider that effects of negative police news have stronger impact on themselves than on other officers. They generally consider that negative police news has more negative influence on the general public. From a viewpoint of social distance, an attitude formed through heterogeneity and uncertainty among different social groups, this study found that effects of exposure to negative police news upon perception of the effect on other officers were more limited than on the general public. From the aspect of issue involvement, the more the officers were involved in negative news issues, the more they consider negative police news has negative effects upon themselves, other officers and the general public. This study also concluded that the higher the professional identification a police officer held, the more she/he tended to consider that negative police news had a stronger impact. We also found that there was a tendency that police officers were more likely to support media regulation. Effects upon oneself, effects upon other police officers, and effects upon the general public of negative news coverage of police, were all variables significantly predicting the support of media regulation.