The purpose of this thesis is to  examine the education level and its role on income distribution in the member states of the European Union (EU). The data are assembled given the period between 2005 and 2009 with a cross- country data analysis. Knight & Sabot argue that high schooling level narrows income distribution, due to "wage compression". Our analysis denotes that education is an important contributor to changes in income distribution. Higher educational levels usually refer to more equal distribution, and vice versa. Also, welfare regimes role on distribution of income is an important factor. The results indicate that higher education leads o narrower income distribution between the rich and poor. It is significant without taking into account the socialdemocratic welfare regimes. This can be explained by the benefits reccieved by the unemployed citizens, whicch increase the consumption of the quartile with lower average income level. Yet, education increases the income level of the poor and decreases the income level of the higher income quartile due to the availability of more specialized labor, the "wage compression" effecct.

Historically, data on wine consumption has been difficult to obtain. Wine consumption habits have traditionally been reported as a mean value for various age groups and genders. In light of recent studies that have investigated actual alcohol consumption, this thesis investigates the accuracy of applying mean values to sub-groups within a population.

Esta pesquisa visa realizar uma radiografia da desigualdade de renda no estado de São Paulo a partir da base de dados disponibilizada pelos Censos de 1991 e 2000. Nesse sentido, avaliar-se-á qual o valor dos indicadores de desigualdade de renda para os diferentes níveis de agregação existentes no Estado disponibilizados pelo Censo. No caso, a metodologia aplicada é a mesma utilizada por Bourguignon e Morrisson em seu trabalho seminal \"Inequality among world citizens: 1820 - 1992\" (2002), que ressalta o fato de que os estudos sobre a desigualdade mundial são, em sua maioria, simplistas demais ao só considerarem a desigualdade de renda entre países, mas não levar em conta desigualdade dentro dos mesmos. Assim, baseados nos indicadores tratados em Bourguignon (1979), os autores estimam a desigualdade entre países e dentro dos países, dado que a soma de ambas seria igual à desigualdade de renda total. A presente pesquisa faz a mesma análise, mas tendo como foco o estado de São Paulo ao invés do mundo e utilizando-se da variável rendimento mensal domiciliar - dada pelo Censo - dividida pelo número de moradores por domicílio. A radiografia da desigualdade de renda no Estado é feita nos seguinte níveis de agregação: Mesorregiões, Microrregiões, Municípios. Além disso, a presente pesquisa visa descrever a desigualdade de renda existente entre diferentes tipos de áreas existentes em um território - sendo essas delimitadas pelo IBGE - tentando avaliar como a dicotomia Urbano\\Rural se refletiria no que diz respeito à evolução da desigualdade de renda nesses setores. Por último, a presente pesquisa visa avaliar a desigualdade de renda domiciliar total existente entre domicílios com um mesmo número de moradores, visando mensurar a variação de bem-estar entre os anos de 1991 e 2000, a partir da pressuposição que a renda é uma boa proxy de bemestar. / This research aims to hold a radiography of the income inequality in the state of Sao Paulo from the database provided by the Censo of 1991 and 2000. Accordingly, it would assess what are the values of the wealth inequality indicators for the different levels of aggregation existing in the State - provided by Censo. In the case, the methodology is the same as used by Bourguignon and Morrisson in his seminal work \"Inequality among world citizens: 1820-1992\" (2002), which underscores the fact that the studies on global inequality are, in their majority, too simplistic to only consider the inequality of income between countries, but does not take into account inequality within the same. Thus, based on indicators treated in Bourguignon (1979), the authors estimate the inequality between countries and within countries, since the sum of both would be equal to the total inequality of income. This research makes the same analysis but focusing on the state of Sao Paulo instead of the world and using the variable household monthly income - given by Censo - divided by the number of residents per home. A radiograph of the wealth inequality in the state is made in the following levels of aggregation: Mesorregiões, Microrregiões, and Municipalities. Moreover, this research aims to describe the inequality of income between different types of areas existing in a same territory - these were defined by IBGE - trying to assess how the dichotomy Urban \\ Rural is reflected with regard to the evolution of income inequality in these sectors. Finally, this research aims to assess the home income inequality between households with the same number of residents, to measure the variation of well-being between the years of 1991 and 2000, from the assumption that the income is good proxy of welfare.

Šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje didėjanti ekonominė nelygybė neretai suvokiama kaip neišvengiamas pasaulio šalių modernizacijos ir ekonominio vystymosi padarinys. Tačiau naujos tendencijos patvirtino, kad ekonominę nelygybę galima (bent iš dalies) valdyti, taikant tikslines ekonomines-socialines politikos priemones. Siekiant minėto tikslo, itin svarbu analizuoti pajamų nelygybės atsiradimo prieţastis ir jos dinamiką, ieškoti priemonių, galinčių sumažinti ekonominės nelygybės mastą šalyje. Šiame darbe analizuojama gyventojų pajamų nelygybės samprata, jos prieţastys, problemos, ryšys su ekonomikos augimu, tiriama Lietuvos gyventojų pajamų nelygybė Europos Sąjungos šalių kontekste. / In modern society, the growing economic inequality is often seen as an inevitable world modernization and economic development outcome. However, new trends have proven that economic inequality can be (at least partially) operated, through targeted social-economic policies. In achieving this objective it is essential to analyze the causes of income inequality and its dynamics, look for measures that can reduce the extent of economic inequality in the country. This paper analyzes the concept of income nequality and its causes, problems, relationship with economic growth. The research in the analysis is income inequality in Lithuania in context of European Union countries.

Esta pesquisa visa realizar uma radiografia da desigualdade de renda no estado de São Paulo a partir da base de dados disponibilizada pelos Censos de 1991 e 2000. Nesse sentido, avaliar-se-á qual o valor dos indicadores de desigualdade de renda para os diferentes níveis de agregação existentes no Estado disponibilizados pelo Censo. No caso, a metodologia aplicada é a mesma utilizada por Bourguignon e Morrisson em seu trabalho seminal \"Inequality among world citizens: 1820 - 1992\" (2002), que ressalta o fato de que os estudos sobre a desigualdade mundial são, em sua maioria, simplistas demais ao só considerarem a desigualdade de renda entre países, mas não levar em conta desigualdade dentro dos mesmos. Assim, baseados nos indicadores tratados em Bourguignon (1979), os autores estimam a desigualdade entre países e dentro dos países, dado que a soma de ambas seria igual à desigualdade de renda total. A presente pesquisa faz a mesma análise, mas tendo como foco o estado de São Paulo ao invés do mundo e utilizando-se da variável rendimento mensal domiciliar - dada pelo Censo - dividida pelo número de moradores por domicílio. A radiografia da desigualdade de renda no Estado é feita nos seguinte níveis de agregação: Mesorregiões, Microrregiões, Municípios. Além disso, a presente pesquisa visa descrever a desigualdade de renda existente entre diferentes tipos de áreas existentes em um território - sendo essas delimitadas pelo IBGE - tentando avaliar como a dicotomia Urbano\\Rural se refletiria no que diz respeito à evolução da desigualdade de renda nesses setores. Por último, a presente pesquisa visa avaliar a desigualdade de renda domiciliar total existente entre domicílios com um mesmo número de moradores, visando mensurar a variação de bem-estar entre os anos de 1991 e 2000, a partir da pressuposição que a renda é uma boa proxy de bemestar. / This research aims to hold a radiography of the income inequality in the state of Sao Paulo from the database provided by the Censo of 1991 and 2000. Accordingly, it would assess what are the values of the wealth inequality indicators for the different levels of aggregation existing in the State - provided by Censo. In the case, the methodology is the same as used by Bourguignon and Morrisson in his seminal work \"Inequality among world citizens: 1820-1992\" (2002), which underscores the fact that the studies on global inequality are, in their majority, too simplistic to only consider the inequality of income between countries, but does not take into account inequality within the same. Thus, based on indicators treated in Bourguignon (1979), the authors estimate the inequality between countries and within countries, since the sum of both would be equal to the total inequality of income. This research makes the same analysis but focusing on the state of Sao Paulo instead of the world and using the variable household monthly income - given by Censo - divided by the number of residents per home. A radiograph of the wealth inequality in the state is made in the following levels of aggregation: Mesorregiões, Microrregiões, and Municipalities. Moreover, this research aims to describe the inequality of income between different types of areas existing in a same territory - these were defined by IBGE - trying to assess how the dichotomy Urban \\ Rural is reflected with regard to the evolution of income inequality in these sectors. Finally, this research aims to assess the home income inequality between households with the same number of residents, to measure the variation of well-being between the years of 1991 and 2000, from the assumption that the income is good proxy of welfare.

No description available.

This paper analyses the structure of the European income inequality by a decompo-sition in a within- and between-component. It illustrates a replication of the work of Beblo and Knaus (Rev Income Wealth 47(3):301-333, 2001) and decomposes the income inequality for the EU-28 in 2014 by using data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The Theil index is applied to additively decom-pose the sources of inequality into a within- and between-component by countries, country groups and demographic groups. This is done by using equivalised dispos-able household income and income before transfers and taxes. The results show that inequality, with regard to disposable income, is highest for households with house-hold heads older than 59 years and lowest for households with children. Moreover, high income countries have lower inequality, higher social expenditures and show a stronger relative reduction of income inequality after transfers and taxes than low income countries. On country group level, Social-Democratic countries have the lowest income inequality and redistribute most, while the opposite holds true for Baltic countries.

Esta Tesis Doctoral versa sobre desigualdades regionales. Integra una serie de trabajos que se detienen en medir y explorar las desigualdades regionales, típicamente en España, a partir de distintos enfoques analíticos. En los primeros dos capítulos, se hace hincapié en la medición y descomposición de la desigualdad regional a través de índices sintéticos y, en particular, se subrayan las atractivas propiedades que brinda el índice de Theil población-ponderado, o segunda medida de Theil. En el primer capítulo se analizan las desigualdades inter-regionales en España a través del uso de esta medida. Así, se computan las desigualdades para diversos criterios de renta regional; se identifican las regiones más influeyentes; se descompone las desigualdad por fuentes aditivas de la renta y por factores multiplativos; se desglosan las variaciones del índice en los cambios atribuibles a las rentas y a las variaciones en poblaciones; y, finalmente, se efectúa un análisis comparativo de las desigualdades regionales nominales y reales, esto es, tras ajustar por las diferencias en niveles de precios.En el capítulo segundo se revisa con detalle el método de descomposición multiplicativa aplicado en una de las secciones del capítulo 1. En concreto, se discuten los problemas del método convencional en lo que respecta al tratamiento de las correlaciones inter-factoriales, por lo que se recomienda una reformulación. Adicionalmente, se discute la idoneidad de agregar las tasas de ocupación y actividad en un solo factor, con tal de evaluar la contribución global de los factores globales, y de eliminar como factor diferenciado el demográfico, con lo que el desglose de las rentas per cápita tomaría un formato bi-factorial. Atendiendo a estos comentarios se efectúa una implementación empírica para las regiones europeas. En el capítulo tercero nos aproximamos a las desigualdades regionales en España pero apartir del impacto que produce el sector público, a través de sus flujos fiscales, de gasto e ingreso. Pero en lugar de preocuparnos por la magnitud global de los saldos fiscales regionales sugerimos la idoneidad de separar éstos flujos según su naturaleza. De este modo, identificamos cuatro tipos; los flujos ligados a la administración general; los de carácter territorializable; los de redistribución personal y los de regulación y promoción económica. La estimación de tales flujos ha llevado a un intenso trabajo de regionalización de los flujos generales empleando hipótesis estándar sobre su incidencia e indicadores de incidencia. Por otra parte, subrayamos que cualquier interpretación de tales flujos en clave territorial habría de centrarse en aquellos que explícita, o implícitamente, tienen una naturaleza territorial. El resto se generan en base a otros criterios, sobretodo personales. Finalmente, los dos últimos artículos examinan el nexo entre educación y las economías regionales. En uno de ellos se examina la vinculación entre educación y renta en las regiones españolas a partir del enfoque de las tasas de rendimiento educativo; en el otro se aborda la relación empírica entre educación media y desigualdad educativa (la curva de Kuznets educativa). El primero creemos que es un complemento a la clásica literatura sobre tasas de rendimiento educativo personales. El segundo, creemos que puede ser útil en términos de la valoración de la política educativa en España y de la evolución de las distribuciones de renta nacional, y regionales. / This PhD dissertation is related to regional inequalities. It includes some works, which explore regional inequalities, mainly in Spain, through the employment of different approaches.In the first two chapters, it is stressed the appealing properties associated with the Theil population-weighted inequality index. Specifically, in the first chapter regional inequalities in Spain are analysed by using this measure. Thus, inequality levels are computed by using several income indicators; also the main influential regions are identified; Spanish regional inequalities are decomposed by income sources and by multiplicative factors; time-variations of the index are broken-down into the role played by income and population variations; and, finally, a comparative analysis between nominal inequalities an real inequalities is made. In chapter two, we revise the multiplicative inequality decomposition methodology applied to our Theil population-weighted index. In particular, we discuss the problems inherent with the treatment of factorial correlations and, consequently, we suggest a change into the decomposition formula. In addition, we argue that we might aggregate occupation and activity rates into a single factor, which would capture the role played by labour factors, and we might remove the demographic factor, given its limited empirical relevance. According to these points, we make an empirical implementation for European regions.In chapter three we examine regional inequalities in Spain through the impact made by Public Sector. Thus, we estimate and analyse the regional fiscal flows. We do not concentrate in the aggregate amount. Instead, we make a differentiated analysis by several categories. In particular, we identify four groups of flows: general administration, regional flows, personal redistribution programmes and economic regulation flows. We underline that if we want to interpret fiscal flows in regional terms we should concentrate into the analysis of the regional category.Finally, the last two chapters examine the nexus between education and Spanish regional economies. In chapter four we explore the aggregated relationship between education and regional incomes by using rates of return to schooling methodology; in chapter five we test the association between educational expansion and educational inequality in Spain, and its regions (i.e. educational Kuznets curve).

This research project examines variations in inequality in individual earned incomes across U.S. metropolitan areas. The main analysis includes thirteen explanatory variables from three major perspectives - the political economy perspective, the demand-side perspective and the labor force supply-side perspective. In addition, I applied path models to explain causalities between some independent variables and used the decomposition of the Theil index to show the between-group effects. The results indicate that most demand-side and supply-side factors significantly contribute to variances in metropolitan income inequalities, while the impact of political economic factors are very limited. The paper is organized in the following manner: Chapter I is the introduction; Chapter II reviews literature focusing on the level of earning inequality and its predictors; Chapter III describes data and measures of variables; Chapter IV introduces statistical methods (including OLS regression model, path analysis, and decomposition of the Theil index); Chapter V presents the results of OLS regression model and its explanations; Chapter VI explains path analysis and decomposition analysis and their results; and finally, Chapter VII discusses the current research project and its implications for future studies.

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