Precipitation (P) and precipitable water (W) are important components of the hydrological cycles in the earth system, and their seasonal cycles are closely related to monsoon circulations over monsoon regions. Through theoretical analyses and extensive analysis of data from in-situ measurements, satellite remote sensing, and regional reanalysis, significant progress has been made (via four peer-reviewed publications) in four areas related to P, W, and monsoon onset and retreat. First, based on the normalized W index, a novel unified method is proposed to determine global monsoon onset and retreat dates. The results are consistent with those obtained from different local criteria. Second, theoretical and data analyses demonstrate that, because of the large annual range of temperature, W can increase from winter to summer anywhere except in the tropics, including both monsoon and nonmonsoon regions. Third, while the seasonal variation of P is, in general, caused by complex processes (e.g., atmospheric circulations), thermodynamic derivations and data analysis demonstrate that the variation of P from winter to summer can be easily understood from the comparative strength between the change of water vapor and the change of temperature. In monsoon regions, the change of water vapor from winter to summer is much greater than the change of temperature, so P has an in-phase relation with W. While in some of the nonmonsoon regions, where winter is the rainy season, the change of temperature is much greater than the change of water vapor, leading to an out-of-phase relation between P and W, and, relative to summer, the coldness of the winter air is much more significant than its dryness. Finally, the satisfactory performance of the globally unified monsoon index can be understood by comparing the seasonal cycles of P and W. The significant positive correlations between P and W at seasonal and synoptic scales imply that W has the ability to indicate both the means and the interannual variations of the monsoon onset and retreat. Since large increase of W from winter to summer can occur in both monsoon and nonmonsoon regions, the global monsoon regions cannot be obtained from the seasonal change of W.

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Resumo: Em um contexto ainda marcado pela falta de clareza pedagógica acerca de "o que ensinar" e "como ensinar" a criança menor de seis anos, a presente investigação teve como objetivo sistematizar princípios para a organização do ensino na educação infantil a partir da perspectiva Histórico-Cultural. Partindo-se do entendimento de que pensar o problema da organização do ensino implica compreender a natureza da prática do professor de educação infantil, tomou-se essa prática social como objeto da investigação. Realizou-se, assim, uma análise teórica da prática do ensino na educação infantil, buscando apreendê-la para além da aparência pseudoconcreta e de suas expressões singulares e particulares, identificando-se o produto almejado e as relações essenciais que constituem e definem essa prática social na qual os professores de educação infantil se engajam como agentes. Dados empíricos para a análise da prática foram coletados por meio de observações em salas de aula das turmas do maternal, jardim I e jardim II e questionários respondidos por dez professoras de uma escola municipal de educação infantil localizada em um bairro da periferia de uma cidade de médio porte no interior do Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida paralelamente a um processo de formação continuada com os professores e a diretora da instituição, o qual também funcionou como fonte de dados. Os fundamentos filosóficos e metodológicos da investigação derivam do Materialismo Histórico-Dialético, com ênfase às categorias de concreticidade, universalidade, historicidade e totalidade e ao conceito de pensamento teórico. A partir da análise dos dados, buscou-se apreender o produto almejado pela prática singular-concreta tomada como referente empírico da investigação e elaborou-se um modelo teórico da prática do ensino na educação infantil, que constituiu ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the Brazilian context, still marked by the lack of clear pedagogical understanding about "what to teach" and "how to teach" children under six years old, the present investigation had the goal of systematizing principles to the organization of teaching in early years education from the Culturalhistorical perspective. Starting from the understanding that discussing the problem of teaching organization implies to understand the nature of the early years teacher's practice, this societal practice was taken as the object of our investigation. Thus, a theoretical analysis of the teaching practice in early years education was carried out, seeking to apprehend it to beyond the pseudoconcrete transparence and its singular and particular expressions. In that sense, the analysis sought to identify the (desired) product and the essential relations of this societal practice to which early years teachers engage as agents. Experimental data to the analysis of the practice were gathered through observation in classrooms of a public early years school and also through questionnaires answered by ten teachers of that school, which was located in the suburbs of a medium city in the country side of São Paulo State - Brazil. The study was developed simultaneously with a process of continuous formation for the teachers and the school's director, which also worked as a data source. The methodological and philosophical fundamentals of the investigation derive from the Historical-dialect materialism, with emphasis on the categories of concreteness, universality, historicity and totality and on the theoretical thinking concept. From data analysis, we sought to apprehend the desired product through concrete-singular practice taken as empirical reference of the investigation and we elaborated a theoretical modeling of the teaching practice in early years education, which constituted the study ...(Complete abstract click electronic address below) / Orientador: Newton Duarte / Coorientador: Lígia M. Martins / Banca: José Luís Vieira de Almeida / Banca: Márcia Regina Goulart Stemmer / Banca: Marilda Gonçalves Dias Facci / Banca: Sueli Terezinha Ferreira Martins / Doutor

Mathematical models for plant location problems form an important class of integer and mixed-integer linear programs. The Two-Stage Capacitated Plant Location Problem (TSCPLP), the subject of this thesis, consists of a three level structure: in the first or upper-most level are the production plants, the second or central level contains the distribution depots, and the third level is the customers. The decisions to be made are: the subset of plants and depots to open; the assignment of customers to open depots, and therefore open plants; and the flow of product from the plants to the depots, to satisfy the customers' service or demand requirements at minimum cost. The formulation proposed for the TSCPLP is unique from previous models in the literature because customers can be served from multiple open depots (and plants) and the capacity of both the set of plants and the set of depots is restricted. Surrogate constraints are added to strengthen the bounds from relaxations of the problem. The need for more understanding of the strength of the bounds generated by this procedure for the TSCPLP is evident in the literature. Lagrangian relaxations are chosen based more on ease of solution than the knowledge that a strong bound will result. Lagrangian relaxation has been applied in heuristics and also inserted into branch-and-bound algorithms, providing stronger bounds than traditional linear programming relaxations. The current investigation provides a theoretical and computational analysis of Lagrangian relaxation bounds for the TSCPLP directly. Results are computed through a Lagrangian heuristic and CPLEX. The test problems for the computational analysis cover a range of problem size and strength of capacity constraints. This is achieved by scaling the ratio of total depot capacity to customer demand and the ratio of total plant capacity to total depot capacity on subsets of problem instances. The analysis shows that there are several constraints in the formulation that if dualized in a Lagrangian relaxation provide strong bounds on the optimal solution to the TSCPLP. This research has applications in solution techniques for the TSCPLP and can be extended to some transformations of the TSCPLP. These include the single-source TSCPLP, and the multi-commodity TSCPLP which accommodates for multiple products or services.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται την μελέτη, προσομοίωση και κατασκευή διάταξης διασύνδεσης φωτοβολταϊκών συστημάτων δύο βαθμίδων με το δίκτυο της χαμηλής τάσης. Αντικείμενο της εργασίας ήταν η πρώτη βαθμίδα που αναλαμβάνει την ανύψωσης της τάσης, που δίνει στην έξοδο ένα φωτοβολταϊκό πλαίσιο, με σκοπό να συνδεθεί στην επόμενη βαθμίδα, όπου γίνεται η αντιστροφή της τάσης. Το κύκλωμα που μελετήθηκε είναι ένας μετατροπέας ανύψωσης και σταθεροποίησης της τάσης εξόδου και επιλέχθηκε από τη σειρά των μετατροπέων Luo. Συγκεκριμένα έπειτα από μελέτη των τοπολογιών και με βάση τις προδιαγραφές που είχαμε στη παρούσα εργασία έγινε η επιλογή δύο διατάξεων ως οι πιο κατάλληλες για την εφαρμογή. Η διάταξη Re-lift ανύψωσης τάσης και το στοιχειώδες κύκλωμα Υπέρ-Ανύψωσης Τάσης μελετήθηκαν θεωρητικά και έγινε προσομοίωση της λειτουργίας τους με πραγματικά στοιχεία. Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα που λήφθηκαν έγινε σύγκριση των δύο μετατροπέων και επιλέχθηκε η μία εκ των δύο για κατασκευή. Τελικά στο εργαστήριο κατασκευάστηκε το στοιχειώδες κύκλωμα Υπέρ-Ανύψωσης Τάσης και ο έλεγχος της διάταξης έγινε με τη χρήση μικροελεγκτή (dsPIC30F4011). Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαίωσαν την θεωρητική ανάλυση που έγινε και την ορθή λειτουργία του κυκλώματος. Ο βαθμός απόδοσης που προέκυψε στις πειραματικές μετρήσεις θεωρείται μάλλον χαμηλός της τάξης του 80% για την εφαρμογή αυτή, καθώς αποτελεί την πρώτη βαθμίδα σε σύστημα δύο βαθμίδων. Η συμπεριφορά όμως και το κέρδος τάσης είναι ικανοποιητικά για εφαρμογές χαμηλής ισχύος. / The present diplomatic work deals with the study, simulation and manufacture of a device for the connection of photovoltaic systems of two stages with the network of low voltage. Object of the work was the first stage that undertakes the elevation of voltage; we receive at the output of a photovoltaic panel, so as to connect it with the next stage, where the voltage is inverted. The circuit that was studied is a converter of elevation and stabilisation of the output voltage was selected from the Luo converters. In particular, after studying the topologies and taking into account the specifications that we had in the present work, two topologies were chosen as the most suitable for the application. The Re-lift converter and the elementary circuit of the superlift converters were studied theoretically and their operation was simulated with real elements. Based on the results that were taken, the two converters were compared and was selected which one of the two to manufacture. Finally the superlift elementary circuit was manufactured in the laboratory and the control of the circuit was done with the use of a microcontroller (dsPIC30F4011). The experimental results confirmed the theoretical analysis and the correct operation of the circuit. The degree of efficiency that resulted in the experimental measurements is considered rather low in the order of 80% for this application, while it constitutes the first stage in a system of two stages. The behaviour however and the voltage transfer gain are satisfactorily for applications of low power

Nonrigid deformation modeling and estimation from images is a technically challenging task due to its nonlinear, nonconvex and high-dimensional nature. Traditional optimization procedures often rely on good initializations and give locally optimal solutions. On the other hand, learning-based methods that directly model the relationship between deformed images and their parameters either cannot handle complicated forms of mapping, or suffer from the Nyquist Limit and the curse of dimensionality due to high degrees of freedom in the deformation space. In particular, to achieve a worst-case guarantee of ∈ error for a deformation with d degrees of freedom, the sample complexity required is O(1/∈d). In this thesis, a generative model for deformation is established and analyzed using a unified theoretical framework. Based on the framework, three algorithms, Data-Driven Descent, Top-down and Bottom-up Hierarchical Models, are designed and constructed to solve the generative model. Under Lipschitz conditions that rule out unsolvable cases (e.g., deformation of a blank image), all algorithms achieve globally optimal solutions to the specific generative model. The sample complexity of these methods is substantially lower than that of learning-based approaches, which are agnostic to deformation modeling. To achieve global optimality guarantees with lower sample complexity, the structureembedded in the deformation model is exploited. In particular, Data-driven Descentrelates two deformed images that are far away in the parameter space by compositionalstructures of deformation and reduce the sample complexity to O(Cd log 1/∈).Top-down Hierarchical Model factorizes the local deformation into patches once theglobal deformation has been estimated approximately and further reduce the samplecomplexity to O(Cd/1+C2 log 1/∈). Finally, the Bottom-up Hierarchical Model buildsrepresentations that are invariant to local deformation. With the representations, theglobal deformation can be estimated independently of local deformation, reducingthe sample complexity to O((C/∈)d0) (d0 ≪ d). From the analysis, this thesis showsthe connections between approaches that are traditionally considered to be of verydifferent nature. New theoretical conjectures on approaches like Deep Learning, arealso provided. practice, broad applications of the proposed approaches have also been demonstrated to estimate water distortion, air turbulence, cloth deformation and human pose with state-of-the-art results. Some approaches even achieve near real-time performance. Finally, application-dependent physics-based models are built with good performance in document rectification and scene depth recovery in turbulent media.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pasqualini_jc_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1453990 bytes, checksum: 2279973e4696e160cbe3d68d3b074c45 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em um contexto ainda marcado pela falta de clareza pedagógica acerca de “o que ensinar” e “como ensinar” a criança menor de seis anos, a presente investigação teve como objetivo sistematizar princípios para a organização do ensino na educação infantil a partir da perspectiva Histórico-Cultural. Partindo-se do entendimento de que pensar o problema da organização do ensino implica compreender a natureza da prática do professor de educação infantil, tomou-se essa prática social como objeto da investigação. Realizou-se, assim, uma análise teórica da prática do ensino na educação infantil, buscando apreendê-la para além da aparência pseudoconcreta e de suas expressões singulares e particulares, identificando-se o produto almejado e as relações essenciais que constituem e definem essa prática social na qual os professores de educação infantil se engajam como agentes. Dados empíricos para a análise da prática foram coletados por meio de observações em salas de aula das turmas do maternal, jardim I e jardim II e questionários respondidos por dez professoras de uma escola municipal de educação infantil localizada em um bairro da periferia de uma cidade de médio porte no interior do Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida paralelamente a um processo de formação continuada com os professores e a diretora da instituição, o qual também funcionou como fonte de dados. Os fundamentos filosóficos e metodológicos da investigação derivam do Materialismo Histórico-Dialético, com ênfase às categorias de concreticidade, universalidade, historicidade e totalidade e ao conceito de pensamento teórico. A partir da análise dos dados, buscou-se apreender o produto almejado pela prática singular-concreta tomada como referente empírico da investigação e elaborou-se um modelo teórico da prática do ensino na educação infantil, que constituiu... / In the Brazilian context, still marked by the lack of clear pedagogical understanding about “what to teach” and “how to teach” children under six years old, the present investigation had the goal of systematizing principles to the organization of teaching in early years education from the Culturalhistorical perspective. Starting from the understanding that discussing the problem of teaching organization implies to understand the nature of the early years teacher’s practice, this societal practice was taken as the object of our investigation. Thus, a theoretical analysis of the teaching practice in early years education was carried out, seeking to apprehend it to beyond the pseudoconcrete transparence and its singular and particular expressions. In that sense, the analysis sought to identify the (desired) product and the essential relations of this societal practice to which early years teachers engage as agents. Experimental data to the analysis of the practice were gathered through observation in classrooms of a public early years school and also through questionnaires answered by ten teachers of that school, which was located in the suburbs of a medium city in the country side of São Paulo State – Brazil. The study was developed simultaneously with a process of continuous formation for the teachers and the school’s director, which also worked as a data source. The methodological and philosophical fundamentals of the investigation derive from the Historical-dialect materialism, with emphasis on the categories of concreteness, universality, historicity and totality and on the theoretical thinking concept. From data analysis, we sought to apprehend the desired product through concrete-singular practice taken as empirical reference of the investigation and we elaborated a theoretical modeling of the teaching practice in early years education, which constituted the study ...(Complete abstract click electronic address below)

A vida útil de um óleo vegetal depende de algumas variáveis que envolvem desde o cultivo, extração, transporte e, principalmente, o armazenamento dos grãos. Os processos de oxidação são responsáveis pela redução da vida útil das matérias-primas lipídicas. Dentre os processos de oxidação, a rancidez é a principal alteração que ocorre, resultando em modificações consideráveis na qualidade final e sensorial dos óleos vegetais e determinando, de uma forma direta, a vida útil do mesmo. A auto oxidação, a polimerização térmica ou a oxidação térmica também são alterações químicas que ocorrem nos óleos vegetais, sendo essas reações aceleradas pelo mal armazenamento e também pelo calor. O óleo de café torrado é um produto de altíssimo valor agregado, uma vez que seu valor de mercado é muito maior que a matéria-prima principal, o café. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físico-químicas do óleo de café torrado (Coffea arabica) no período de 12 meses, armazenados sob refrigeração e temperatura ambiente. Na análise de acidez não houve grande variação devido à degradação da lipase durante o processo de torra dos grãos de café, o índice de peróxidos mostrou-se crescente durante armazenamento, no entanto, manteve-se dentro do limite estabelecido pela legislação atual, que é de no máximo 15 mEq kg-1. O índice de iodo e de refração apresentaram aumento no tempo T6 e um leve decréscimo no tempo final (T12) devido a uma pequena mudança nas configurações dos ácidos graxos. O índice de saponificação a partir do sexto mês elevou-se devido a um aumento na quantidade de ácidos graxos de menor massa molecular e o teor de cafeína manteve-se constante, sem variações significativas, enquanto a densidade elevou-se em ambas as temperaturas devido às interações moleculares. Os compostos aromáticos mostraram-se mais estáveis em temperatura de refrigeração durante seis meses de armazenamento. A análise cromatográfica demonstrou que ocorrem alterações nos ácidos graxos, sendo destaque as alterações nos ácidos graxos oleico e linoleico. A viscosidade do óleo de café apresentou variação apenas sob refrigeração, consequência da formação de cristais (polimorfismo). Nos dois testes sensoriais realizados, as amostras não diferiram significativamente entre si ao nível de significância de 5%. De forma geral, o óleo de café demonstrou estabilidade e condições de uso nas duas temperaturas de armazenamento (6 °C ± 2 °C e 25 °C ± 2 °C) durante o período de 12 meses. / The shelf life of a vegetable oil depends on some variables which involves steps from cultivation, extraction, transport and, mainly, storage. Oxidation processes are responsible for reducing the useful life of the lipid raw materials. Among the oxidation processes, rancidity is the main alteration that occurs, resulting in considerable changes in the final and sensorial quality of the vegetable oils and determining, in a direct way, its shelf life. Auto oxidation, thermal polymerization or thermal oxidation are also chemical changes that occur in vegetable oils, and these reactions are accelerated by poor storage and by heat. Roasted coffee oil is a product of very high added value, since its market value is much higher than the main raw material, coffee. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of roasted coffee oil (Coffea arabica) in a period of 12 months, stored under refrigeration and at room temperature. In the analysis of acidity there was no great variation due to the low amount of lipase in the oil, the peroxide index increased during storage, however, it remained within the limit established by the current legislation, which is a maximum of 15 mEq kg-1. The iodine and refractive index showed an increase after six months and a small decrease after twelve months of storage due to small changes in fatty acid configurations. The saponification index after sixth months increased due to an increase in the amount of fatty acids with low molecular weight and the caffeine content remained constant, without significant variations, while density increased in both temperatures, due to molecular interactions. Aromatic compounds were more stable at refrigeration temperature during six months of storage. Chromatographic analysis demonstrated changes occurring with fatty acids, were one can notice changes in oleic and linoleic fatty acids. The viscosity of the coffee oil varied only under refrigeration, due to the formation of crystals (polymorphism). Sensory tests demonstrated that the samples did not differ significantly from each other at a significance level of 5%. In general, coffee oil showed stability and conditions of use at both storage temperatures (6 °C ± 2 °C and 25 °C ± 2 °C) during the 12 month period.

CNPQ / A produção e consumo de queijos finos especialmente queijo Azul e tipo Gorgonzola tem intensificado no Brasil. A natamicina é intencionalmente utilizada no processo industrial para este tipo de produto pelo seu potencial antifúngico. O uso da natamicina é permitido pela legislação brasileira na quantidade de até 5 mg/kg na casca, e não deve ser detectável a 2 mm de profundidade. No que se refere ao queijo tipo Gorgonzola são poucas as pesquisas direcionadas à determinação de natamicina, além de pouca fiscalização sobre seu uso e quase nenhuma análise sobre o perfil nutricional destes queijos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a concentração, migração e declínio do teor de natamicina, assim como avaliar as características físicas de cor, físico-químicas e químicas além de avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos do queijo Azul industrializado e tipo Gorgonzola comercializado na Região Sudoeste do Paraná e Oeste de Santa Catarina. Para isto, foram coletadas oito amostras de queijo tipo Gorgonzola de diferentes marcas em distintos municípios pertencentes a estas regiões, e na indústria foram coletadas amostras de queijo Azul ao longo da maturação. Na determinação de natamicina, foi utilizada espectrofotometria UV na terceira derivada na casca e internamente a cada 2 mm até a profundidade de 8 mm em queijo Azul e tipo Gorgonzola. Para a caracterização físico-química foram realizadas análises de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e valor calórico. Na avaliação química determinou-se o pH, atividade de água e concentração de sódio total. Para avaliação da cor utilizou-se o método instrumental CIELAB e o perfil de ácidos graxos foi determinado por cromatografia em fase gasosa. Do total de amostras de queijo avaliadas, os resultados da quantificação de natamicina mostraram que 50% das marcas apresentaram concentração na casca acima da quantidade preconizada pela legislação, enquanto que na massa do queijo 87,5% das marcas avaliadas ultrapassaram a concentração máxima de natamicina permitida. Em queijo Azul, houve declínio da natamicina ao longo da maturação, e a concentração de 1,5% do banho de imersão em natamicina foi ideal para que a partir dos 25 dias o queijo estivesse adequado para consumo. Por meio da caracterização físico-química de queijo tipo Gorgonzola foi possível observar que as marcas diferenciam-se sob a maioria dos aspectos, porém, ainda assim, todas tiveram valores baixos de umidade e altos percentuais de lipídeos e consequentemente elevado valor energético. Do perfil de ácidos graxos, foi possível constatar que majoritariamente, estes queijos são constituídos de ácidos graxos saturados (principalmente ácido Palmítico, ácido Esteárico e ácido Mirístico). Na maturação de queijo Azul houve redução da umidade, atividade de água, aumento do teor de sódio, cinzas e do pH. Na avaliação da cor observou-se que houve alterações com redução da luminosidade e aumento da predominância do verde sobre o amarelo. / The production and consumption of fine cheeses especially blue cheese and Gorgonzola type has stepped up in Brazil. Natamycin is intentionally used in the industrial process for this type of product for its antifungal potential. The use of natamycin is allowed by Brazilian legislation in the amount of up to 5 mg/kg in the bark, and should not be detectable at 2 mm depth. Regarding to the type cheese gorgonzola there are few researches directed to the determination of natamycin, besides the little supervision over its use and almost no analysis on the nutritional profile of these cheeses. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration, migration and decline of natamycin, as well as assess the physical characteristics of color, physical chemistry and chemistry in addition to assessing the fatty acids profile of blue cheese and Gorgonzola type sold in the southwest region of Paraná and west of Santa Catarina. For this, it was collected eight samples of cheese gorgonzola type of different brands in different municipalities belonging to these regions, and in industry were collected repetitions of blue cheese along the maturation. In the determination of natamycin, was used UV spectrophotometry in the third derived in the bark and internally to each 2 mm to a depth of 8 mm in blue cheese and Gorgonzola type. For the physico-chemical characterization were performed analyzes of moisture, ashes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and caloric value. In the chemical evaluation it was determined that the pH, water activity and concentration of sodium. For evaluation of the color we used the method CIELAB instrumental and the fatty acids profile was determined by gas chromatography. The total number of samples of cheese evaluated, the results of the quantification of natamycin showed that 50% of the brands showed, in the skin, concentration above of the quantity recommended by legislation, while the mass of the cheese 87.5% of registered evaluated exceeded the maximum concentration of natamycin allowed. In blue cheese, there was a decrease of natamycin along the maturation, and the concentration of 1.5% of the immersion bath in natamicyn was ideal for that from the 25 days the cheese was suitable for consumption. Through the physico-chemical characterization of cheese gorgonzola type it was possible to observe that the brands differ in most aspects, however, still, all had low levels of moisture and high percentages of lipids and consequently high energy value. From the fatty acids profile, it was established that mostly, these cheeses are made up of saturated fatty acids (mainly Palmitic acid, stearic acid and myristic acid). In the maturation of blue cheese, there was a reduction of moisture and the water activity, increased sodium content, ash and pH. In the evaluation of the color, it was observed that there have been changes with reduction of brightness and increased prevalence of green on the yellow.