基於過去許多實證研究發現，以中文為母語的學習者有誤用或過度使用英文存在句的現象，因此本研究旨在探討台灣高中生如何使用並理解英文存在句。研究方向包含：高中生對存在句的理解和使用情形、存在句四種特質的困難層次、以及高中生寫作中使用存在句時所犯錯誤的類型。 總計有八十名高一學生參與中翻英和文法判斷兩項測驗，有ㄧ百二十九位高一學生參與引導式寫作測驗。中翻英和文法判斷兩項測驗鎖定存在句特質中犯錯率較高的四種來設計題目，對比分析和錯誤分析兩大理論也被應用在測驗結果的分析與討論。 測驗結果有三項發現：第一、在中翻英及文法判斷兩項測驗中，整體而言學生在使用上的表現優於理解方面的表現；第二、雖然母語和外語之間的差異的確對學習者的表現有影響，但是受試者所犯的錯誤卻未必可以完全歸因於語言之間的差異，意即學習者的表現並未完全符合錯誤分析的理論；第三、經由引導式寫作所進行的語料分析顯示，受試者的寫作中很少有存在句過度使用的狀況，但是他們所寫出的存在句有將近二分之ㄧ在語法或語意上是錯誤的句子。 本研究旨在對於存在句的教學提出建言,也期待未來相關的研究有助於釐清和存在句相關的議題。 / Based on previous empirical studies, Chinese EFL learners were found to overuse or misuse English existential construction. The present study aims to probe into how senior high school students produce and comprehend English existential construction, mainly the there-be sentences. The main concern includes the learners’ production and comprehension performances, the difficulty hierarchy of existential properties, and the error types in learners’ writing performances. A total of eighty senior high school freshman students were invited to take the Chinese-English translation (CET) task and the grammatical judgment (GJ) task, and 129 senior high school first graders were asked to receive the guided writing (GW) task. The CET and GJ tasks were designed and analyzed in terms of four linguistic properties of English existential construction, including the copular be, the postverbal and locative noun phrases, the form of the second predicate, and the alienability between postverbal and locative noun phrases. The theories of Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis were adopted in data analysis. In conclusion, there are three findings in the present study. First of all, the results of the CET and GJ tasks showed that the subjects performed better in production than in comprehension as a whole. Second, though the differences between L1 and L2 did have influence on the subjects’ performance, yet their errors could not always be attributed to cross-linguistic influence. In other words, the subjects’ performances were not completely consistent with the theory of CA. Third, the corpus analysis of the GW task indicated that there was little overuse of English existential construction in the subjects’ writing performance, but half of the existential sentences that occurred in their writing were judged syntactically or semantically ungrammatical. Hopefully, the present study will provide some pedagogical implications for the instruction of English existential construction. It is also expected that future studies will shed light on issues concerning the acquisition of English existential construction.

Thèse (M.Ling.) -- Université Laval, programme extensionné à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. 89-107. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Support provided by non-professional family members is generally believed to be beneficial to the recovery of critically ill patients. Nursing researchers have conducted a number of studies about the experiences of critically ill patients and the needs of their families. However, few have investigated the experiences and interactions of both this group of patients and their main informal carers (principal lay support persons) simultaneously. This study has sought to rectify this situation by capturing and undertaking a theoretical analysis of the perceptions and experiences of both critically ill patients and their principal lay support persons. As a result a substantive theory has been developed through the use of grounded theory method in the Study. This theory identifies and explains the actions and interactions between critically ill patients and their principal lay support persons who participated in the Study, whom the researcher observed and interviewed during the data collection period. Data were collected during the critically ill participant¡¦s hospitalisation and three months following his/her discharge from hospital. Implications of the study concern nursing practice as well as outcomes of the Study as these are described and explained through the substantive theory developed from it. Testing of this theory in the context of critically ill patients and their lay support persons provides opportunities for further research, as does the overall phenomenon of lay person support for critically ill patients. Grounded theory was the method used in the Study. Data for the Study were collected by participant observation of, and face-to-face interviews with patients who had a critical illness and their principal lay support persons. Two interviews were conducted with each of these participants. Patients and their principal lay support persons were initially interviewed separately to obtain information about their individual perspectives of what support meant to them during an episode of critical illness. A second interview was conducted three months later to facilitate the researcher¡¦s understanding of both patients¡¦ and principal lay support persons¡¦ experiences during the recovery process. A total of sixteen (16) interviews were conducted in this study from eleven (11) participants before data saturation occurred. The data collected were analysed by constant comparative analysis integral to the grounded theory approach. Data analysis was also facilitated by a computer-aided qualitative data analysis software NUD*IST 4 (Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Searching, and Theorizing Version 4). This software aided the analysis to the extent that it provided an efficient data management system. Three categories, 1) being-there-with, 2) independing, and 3) coping were discovered from the data. Being-there-with is an essential and mutual need between the patients and their principal lay support persons during the episode of critical illness and later recovery. Independing on the other hand is the process through which these patients experiment with regaining their independence. It involves their experiences of making decisions and re-building confidence. Coping is the process whereby the principal lay support persons and patients manage their stress during the critical illness and later recovery. During the coping process, there is an uncertainty in principal lay support persons about their loved ones¡¦ situation. They experience ¡¥coping with each day as it comes¡¦ and ¡¥learn to adjust¡¦ to the stress arising from the changing and unpredictable condition of the patients. Being-there-with is also a major coping strategy for both the principal lay support persons and patients to manage their stress. The three categories of being-there-with, independing, and coping arising from this Study provided the basis from which to identify its core category, ¡¥mutually being-there-with each other¡¦, and to theorize the core process that represents the substantive theory about experiences and interactions of principal lay support persons and their loved ones during a critical illness situation. The core process that represents the developed substantive theory is ¡¥surviving a critical illness through mutually being-there-with each other¡¦. This theory explains the complex, dynamic, and interactive nature of principal lay person support which both patients and principal lay support persons experienced during an episode of critical illness and later recovery. An understanding of this dynamic, complex and interdependent relationship between patients and lay support persons will better enable nurses to consider both these parties as the focus of their care. Furthermore, because the substantive theory emerging from this Study captures the process of patients¡¦ and lay support persons¡¦ recovery from an episode of critical illness it provides a conceptual map of how this process may progress. In this Study the theory enables nurses to gauge both patients¡¦ and lay support persons¡¦ progress along the road to recovery and to consider this in their plan of care. Several implications for nursing practice emerged from this study. These relate to the needs of critically ill patients and their principal lay support persons during the process of being critically ill and recovering which they experienced together. Because this Study identified the importance to both patients and principal lay support persons being-there-with each other, a key implication of the study is the need for intensive care units to adopt flexible visiting hours to maximise opportunities for this to occur. Nevertheless, at the same time nurses need to be vigilant that flexible visiting does not prove onerous and overtire patients or their principal lay support persons. A further implication of the Study for nursing practice closely related to its finding of the importance of the core category ¡¥mutually being-there-with each other¡¦ to patients and their lay support persons in the context of critical illness and recovery, is the need for nurses (and other health professionals) to be willing to care for both parties as an inseparable dyadic unit. This Study also has implications relating to the care of critically ill patients following their discharge home. The experience of participants in this Study revealed the importance of careful discharge planning, post-ICU follow-up, and continuity of care in the community to enhance recovery of the patients and to address the special needs of their principal lay support persons. From a researcher¡¦s perspective the process of recruitment for this study demonstrated that recruitment of vulnerable populations (like ICU patients) is a challenge to the researcher in terms of ethical considerations, particularly when the researcher is attempting to meet the expectation of primary selection for theoretical sampling in grounded theory method. Suggestions are made in this thesis about how to tackle this challenge in future studies. At the conclusion of the Study, a number of suggestions for further research are made relating to the findings. These include the recommendation that the substantive theory developed in this Study be tested with a larger population. It is also suggested that a longitudinal follow-up study, which extends beyond a three months recovery period, be conducted to further understand the experiences and support needs of post-ICU patients and their principal lay support persons. In addition, more research is required to identify best practice regarding discharge planning, post-ICU follow-up care, and continuity of care in the community for critically ill patients and their principal lay carers. / PhD Doctorate

In this essay, the aim is to analyse the representation of collective and cultural trauma within the narrative of Tommy Orange's novel There There, as well as how the novel is redressing the experience of traumatisation, leading a way towards healing. To do this, the essay will focus on six of the novel's characters as well as the title, prologue and interlude. By using concepts of colonial and transgenerational trauma as well as survivance to approach the novel, the essay will argue that, as it makes the trauma visible, the narrative shows that healing can still be possible after traumatisation.

This study is a descriptive analysis of the occurrence of the sociolinguistic variables of pronunciation associated with all forms of ‘there’ and Non-Standard There-tag (NST-tag) in Bathurst English. Participants were interviewed and the occurrences of ‘there’ were obtained through the use of sociolinguistic interviews with 15 speakers. The incidences of ‘there’ were sorted based on grammatical category and pronunciation and were subsequently analyzed based on age and gender. The results indicate that older speakers use non-standard pronunciations of ‘there’ more than younger speakers and they also use NST-tag more than younger speakers. Younger speakers mostly use standard pronunciations of ‘there’ and use NST-tag very little. This may indicate age and gender grading or a change in progress in that vernacular is giving way to more standard speech in this community.

This study is a descriptive analysis of the occurrence of the sociolinguistic variables of pronunciation associated with all forms of ‘there’ and Non-Standard There-tag (NST-tag) in Bathurst English. Participants were interviewed and the occurrences of ‘there’ were obtained through the use of sociolinguistic interviews with 15 speakers. The incidences of ‘there’ were sorted based on grammatical category and pronunciation and were subsequently analyzed based on age and gender. The results indicate that older speakers use non-standard pronunciations of ‘there’ more than younger speakers and they also use NST-tag more than younger speakers. Younger speakers mostly use standard pronunciations of ‘there’ and use NST-tag very little. This may indicate age and gender grading or a change in progress in that vernacular is giving way to more standard speech in this community.

This thesis focuses on systems for mediated communication that run on mobile technology. The aim has been to give an answer to the question about what require- ments there are for situation awareness for domain experts when communication is secondary and supports the primary task. This thesis originated in a critical approach to the common practice of design- ing mediated communication systems with the face-to-face meeting as a guiding scenario. Instead, this thesis explores a design process that is based on the task and the strength of the technology itself. Different tasks do, of course, make different de- mands on a system, and a task that is strongly connected to the face-to-face meeting will probably be best served by a system that is designed from that perspective. Three cases that are presented in this thesis share three common themes that have characteristics that set them apart from the face-to-face meeting. The first theme is that the communication is a secondary task that is used to support a primary task. The second theme is that the cases involve domain experts active in the primary task. The use of experts implies that communication will be task- centered and also that the need for information to sustain a valuable situation awareness may be different from a person with less experience in the domain. The third theme is that all cases and the corresponding tasks benefit from some kind of situation awareness among the participants for optimal execution of the task. The three cases are based on: Wearable computers using mediated communication with wearable computers and how to handle interruptions for users of such computers Multidisciplinary team meetings improving access to patient information and enabling individual and group interaction with this information Trauma resuscitation giving a remote trauma expert’s correct and valuable in- formation while minimizing disturbance when supporting a local trauma re- suscitation team Prototypes are central in all three cases, and different prototypes have been designed and evaluated to validate the benefit of designing tools for communication that do not try to replicate the face-to-face meeting. The main findings in this thesis show that the shift of focus to the primary task when designing mediated communication systems has been beneficial in all three cases. A conflict between the secondary communication that is used to support sit- uation awareness and the primary task has been identified. Full situation awareness should therefore not be a goal in these designs but communication should support enough situation awareness to benefit the primary task with minimal disturbance to it. / <p>QC 20140221</p>

Thesis (MA)--Macquarie University (Division of Humanities, Dept. of Contemporary Music Studies), 2005. / A creative work and dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Dept. of Contemporary Music Studies. Dissertation, libretto and score of the opera. Bibliography: p. 138-141.

This diploma thesis examines cases of existential there-constructions in which the notional subject of the clause is modified by the present participle. The theoretical part of the research is based on the scientific studies. It focuses on the description of some other variants of constructions functioning in the same way as the existential clauses on the FSP level. The practical part of the thesis is aimed at the analysis of the excerpts gained from authentic literary genres of fiction and journalism. The practical part also tries to quantify the frequency of appearance of the existential clauses modified by the present participle. Besides, the thesis also tries to compare the above-mentioned type of English existential constructions with their Czech translations. According to the results of such comparison, the thesis suggests which structures represent the Czech equivalent of these constructions.

The Diploma thesis analyses the existential construction there is/are and its Czech translation equivalents. The existential construction is used to present a new phenomenon and is thus one of the basic forms of the presentation scale. Even though it is a commonly used construction in English, there is no direct equivalent in Czech. It was, therefore, assumed that the most common means of translating the existential sentences to Czech would be the verb být, the Czech equivalent of the verb be (as in There is a long way ahead of us. = Je před námi dlouhá cesta.), mít, the Czech equivalent of the verb have (as in There is a long way ahead of us = Máme před sebou dlouhou cestu) or other lexical verbs explicitly expressing existence of the given phenomenon, such as existovat (=exist), objevit se (=appear) and others. The theoretical part summarizes literature and previous work on the problematics of the presentation scale, presentation sentences and the construction there is/are. It also provides information about the functional sentence perspective, which is essential to the discussed topic. The final part of the theoretical section briefly discusses the previous work on the Czech translation equivalents of the existential construction. The aim of the empirical part was to gather 200 English...