Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho possui como objetivo central investigar a teoria acerca da origem da significação, presente na obra Ser e tempo, de Martin Heidegger, procurando mostrar em que medida a significação dos entes traz consigo a interpretação do conhecimento teórico como sendo uma transformação modal da relação semântica em que se movimenta medianamente o existente humano. Para tanto, procuraremos mostrar a partir da idéia de que existem dois extremos de um mesmo movimento de transformação semântica que caracterizam um processo de objetivação ou perda de sentido que a origem de sentido ou instância de produção de todos os conceitos e enunciados filosóficos reside no próprio ser-aí não como um sujeito cognoscente ou representacional, mas como um eu no sentido do si-mesmo próprio que, ao assumir a responsabilidade por seu ser, se mostra como sendo o ponto de vista modal a partir do qual é possível recorrer o sentido indo de encontro com sua própria atividade fundamental. / This work aims to investigate the theory of the origin of meaning, present in Being and Time, Martin Heidegger, trying to show to what extent the significance of loved brings the interpretation of theoretical knowledge as a modal transformation of the relationship semantics which moves in the medium human existent. For that, we show - from the idea that there are two extremes of the same movement of processing semantics that characterize an objective process or loss of sense - the sense of origin or production instance of all concepts and points of philosophy lies in their being-there not as a knowing subject or representational, but as an "I" in the sense of the self itself that, by taking responsibility for his being shown as the modal point of view from which is possible to appeal the order by meeting with its own fundamental activity.

O aumento da produção de habitações de interesse social traz consigo a problemática da qualidade de unidades habitacionais construídas a baixo custo e em um curto espaço de tempo. Aliadas a essas preocupações de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, surgem também as exigências de caráter ambiental para edifícios, as quais deram origem à criação de dezenas de sistemas de certificação de desempenho ambiental de edifícios, de caráter internacional, que vêm sendo usadas no cenário brasileiro, indiferentemente às suas especificidades e carências. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi promover uma análise comparativa desses sistemas de certificação, realizando uma discussão de suas inadequações ao contexto brasileiro. A partir da análise comparativa e balizamento de itens avaliativos das certificações estudadas pelos critérios preestabelecidos neste trabalho, pudemos notar que as ferramentas estudadas demonstram uma série de itens avaliativos plenamente aplicáveis a edifícios residenciais situados no cenário brasileiro e outros que ainda necessitam de adaptações. Portanto, esta análise deverá servir como embasamento para um trabalho futuro de criação de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de certificação ambiental de edificações habitacionais brasileiras. / The increased production of social housing brings the issue of the quality of housing units built at low cost. Combined to these concerns, those are qualitative and quantitative, are also the character of environmental requirements for buildings which led to the creation of dozens of buildings environmental performance certification systems, with international character, which have been used in the Brazilian scene, regardless of their specificities and needs. Therefore, the objective of this work is to promote an analysis of these certification systems and conducting a discussion of their inadequacies to the Brazilian context. From the comparative analysis and marking of the certification evaluation items by the established criteria studied in this work, we noted that the studied tools show several evaluative items fully applicable to residential buildings located in Brazil and others ones that still need to be adapted. Therefore, this analysis should serve as a basis for a future work to establish guidelines for the development of an environmental certification system for residential buildings in Brazil.

Denna studie har som syfte att undersöka varför körer sjunker, framför allt på körstycket There is an Old Belief skrivet av engelska kompositören Hubert Parry. Genom intonationsanalys, repetition med kören Haga Vokalensemble samt analys av en inspelning av verket har detta självständiga arbete kommit fram till att stycket There is an Old Belief sjunker på grund av hur det är skrivet. Frågan varför välintonerade körer sjunker besvaras även genom ett intonationsexperiment med en vokalkvartett. De sjöng fyra intonationsövningar som, ifall de sjungs med renintionation, är designade att antingen sjunka eller stiga. Experimentet visar på att vokalkvartetten hade lättare att sjunka än stiga i tonhöjd. Generellt sätt avvek kvartetten inte på grund av deras tonminne från tonarten. Tonminnet främjades av en större akustik, vilket testades genom att vokalkvartetten fick sjunga övningarna i en akustik med kort och i en med lång efterklang. Denna studie förklarar varför välintonerade körer sjunker när de sjunger stycken som There is an Old Belief på grund av hur de naturligt intonerar vissa ackord. Vidare diskuteras hur detta fenomen är för- och ofördelaktigt beroende på situation. / <p>There Is An Old Belief (ur Songs of Farewell) - Hubert Parry (1848-1918)</p><p>Love Bade Me Welcome - Judith Weir (1954-)</p><p>Gloria (ur Missa Brevis) - Anton Alexis Hallgren (1999-)</p><p></p><p>Ensemble - KMH Vokalensemble: </p><p>Sopran: Sofia Niklasson, Emma Fagerström, Linnéa Bergstam</p><p>Altar: Christiane Højlund, Tove Nilsson, Elias Aaron Johansson</p><p>Tenorer: Love Tronner, Martin Åsander, Szymon Rudzki</p><p>Basar: Adam Jondelius, Ove Pettersson, André Hasselgren</p><p>Dirigent: Anton Alexis Hallgren</p><p></p><p>.mp3 med inspelning av dessa tre stycken medföljer det skriftliga examensarbetet. Inspelningen är från min examenskonsert i Kungasalen. </p>

La logique Here-and-there (HT) est une logique monotone à trois valeurs, intermédiaire entre les logiques intuitionniste et classique. La logique de l'équilibre est un formalisme non-monotone dont la sémantique est donnée par un critère de minimalisation sur les modèles de la logique HT. Ce formalisme est fortement lié à la programmation orientée ensemble réponse (ASP), un paradigme relativement nouveau de programmation déclarative. La logique de l'équilibre constitue la base logique de l'ASP: elle reproduit la sémantique par ensemble réponse des programmes logiques et étend la syntaxe de l'ASP à des théories propositionnelles plus générales, i.e., des ensembles finis de formules propositionnelles. Cette thèse traite aussi bien des logiques modales sous-jacentes à la logique de l'équilibre que de ses extensions modales. Ceci nous permet de produire un cadre complet pour l'ASP et d'examiner de nouveau la base logique de l'ASP. A cet égard, nous présentons d'abord une logique modale monotone appelée MEM et capable de caractériser aussi bien l'existence d'un modèle de la logique de l'équilibre que la relation de conséquence dans ces modèles. La logique MEM reproduit donc la propriété de minimalisation qui est essentielle dans la définition des modèles de la logique de l'équilibre. Nous définissons ensuite une extension dynamique de la logique de l'équilibre. Pour ce faire, nous étendons le langage de la logique HT par deux ensembles de programmes atomiques qui permettent de mettre à jour, si possible, les valeurs de vérité des variables propositionnelles. Ces programmes atomiques sont ensuite combinés au moyen des connecteurs habituels de la logique dynamique. Le formalisme résultant est appelé logique Here-and-there dynamique (D-HT) et permet la mise-à-jour des modèles de la logique de l'équilibre. Par ailleurs, nous établissons un lien entre la logique D-HT et la logique dynamique des affectations propositionnelles (DL-PA): les affectations propositionnelles mettent à vrai ou à faux les valeurs de vérité des variables propositionnelles et transforment le modèle courant comme en logique dynamique propositionnelle. En conséquence, DL-PA constitue également une logique modale sous-jacente à la logique de l'équilibre. Au début des années 1990, Gelfond avait défini les spécifications épistémiques (E-S) comme une extension de la programmation logique disjonctive par des notions épistémiques. L'idée de base des E-S est de raisonner correctement à propos d'une information incomplète au moyen de la notion de vue-monde dans des situations où la notion précédente d'ensemble réponse n'est pas assez précise pour traiter le raisonnement de sens commun et où il y a une multitude d'ensembles réponses. Nous ajoutons ici des opérateurs épistémiques au langage original de la logique HT et nous définissons une version épistémique de la logique de l'équilibre. Cette version épistémique constitue une nouvelle sémantique non seulement pour les spécifications épistémiques de Gelfond, mais aussi plus généralement pour les programmes logiques épistémiques étendus. Enfin, nous comparons notre approche avec les sémantiques existantes et nous proposons une équivalence forte pour les théories de l'E-HT. Ceci nous conduit naturellement des E-S aux ASP épistémiques et peut être considéré comme point de départ pour les nouvelles extensions du cadre ASP. / Here-and-there (HT) logic is a three-valued monotonic logic which is intermediate between classical logic and intuitionistic logic. Equilibrium logic is a nonmonotonic formalism whose semantics is given through a minimisation criterion over HT models. It is closely aligned with answer set programming (ASP), which is a relatively new paradigm for declarative programming. To spell it out, equilibrium logic provides a logical foundation for ASP: it captures the answer set semantics of logic programs and extends the syntax of answer set programs to more general propositional theories, i.e., finite sets of propositional formulas. This dissertation addresses modal logics underlying equilibrium logic as well as its modal extensions. It allows us to provide a comprehensive framework for ASP and to reexamine its logical foundations. In this respect, we first introduce a monotonic modal logic called MEM that is powerful enough to characterise the existence of an equilibrium model as well as the consequence relation in equilibrium models. The logic MEM thus captures the minimisation attitude that is central in the definition of equilibrium models. Then we introduce a dynamic extension of equilibrium logic. We first extend the language of HT logic by two kinds of atomic programs, allowing to update the truth value of a propositional variable here or there, if possible. These atomic programs are then combined by the usual dynamic logic connectives. The resulting formalism is called dynamic here-and-there logic (D-HT), and it allows for atomic change of equilibrium models. Moreover, we relate D-HT to dynamic logic of propositional assignments (DL-PA): propositional assignments set the truth values of propositional variables to either true or false and update the current model in the style of dynamic epistemic logics. Eventually, DL-PA constitutes an alternative monotonic modal logic underlying equilibrium logic. In the beginning of the 90s, Gelfond has introduced epistemic specifications (E-S) as an extension of disjunctive logic programming by epistemic notions. The underlying idea of E-S is to correctly reason about incomplete information, especially in situations when there are multiple answer sets. Related to this aim, he has proposed the world view semantics because the previous answer set semantics was not powerful enough to deal with commonsense reasoning. We here add epistemic operators to the original language of HT logic and define an epistemic version of equilibrium logic. This provides a new semantics not only for Gelfond's epistemic specifications, but also for more general nested epistemic logic programs. Finally, we compare our approach with the already existing semantics, and also provide a strong equivalence result for EHT theories. This paves the way from E-S to epistemic ASP, and can be regarded as a nice starting point for further frameworks of extensions of ASP.

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This essay analyzes the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God written by Zora Neale Hurston, 1937. The main focus is how the protagonist Janie uses her voice to subvert patriarchal oppression. In this essay my hypothesis is that she has a voice all along. However, it evolves due to her ability to engage in activities that are subversive to patriarchy. Her journey throughout the novel is a journey where the oppression from her relationships only makes her grow stronger as a woman. During her journey towards self-revelation as an empowered woman, she gradually gains her freedom and her own authentic voice by asserting control over her body and thoughts. The main theoretical terms of this essay are used in direct link to the struggles and achievements of formulating the self in a male dominated society. What I aim to achieve with this essay is to show how Janie emerges as a subject with a voice of her own in Hurston’s novel.

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[pt] A Singularização do ser-aí na obra Ser e Tempo de Heidegger procura traçar os passos do ser-aí desde a compreensão prévia do si-mesmo primordialmente mergulhado no modo do impessoal e sob sua mediana tutela guiado, até o resgate do ser-aí [impessoalmente (impropriamente) decaído de si mesmo] de volta ao [seu] próprio ser através e a partir da perspectiva imprópria essencialmente característica do meio ao qual em sendo o ser-aí já sucumbiu - a medianidade cotidiana que rege o modo impessoal de ser si-mesmo do ser-aí. Satisfeito ontológica e propriamente (existencial e fenomenologicamente) o angustiante recolhimento do ser-aí do anonimato [de volta] ao seu próprio ser [si-mesmo], prosseguimos o percurso rumo à singularização deste ente em sentido ôntico, tendo que para isso lançá-lo uma vez mais ao esquecimento cotidiano de si, agora, porém, enquanto seu próprio estar-lançado ou poder-ser: enquanto eu, propriamente. / [en] The singularizing of the there-being in Heidegger s Being and Time seeks to draw the steps of the there-being from the previous comprehension of the self-being primarily dived into the impersonal mode and guided by its median light, to the rescue of the there-being [impersonally (improperly) fallen from himself] back to his [own] proper being through and from the improper perspective essentially characteristic of the middle to which on being the there-being has already surrendered - the daily median light that rules the there-being s impersonal way of being self-being. Once ontologically and properly (existentially and phenomenologically) satisfied the anguishing withdrawal of the there-being from anonymity [back] to his own proper being [self-being], we go on the path towards the singularizing of this being in ontical sense, in order to which we ll have to throw him once again at his daily self-forgetfulness, although this time as his own proper being-thrown or being-possible: as I, properly.

This thesis examines a collection of three songs, "In Flanders Fields," "He Is There!," and "Tom Sails Away," written by Charles Ives in 1917, from primarily a literary perspective involving Transcendentalism and intertextuality. Ives's aesthetic builds upon the principles of Transcendentalism. I examine these songs using the principles outlined by the nineteenth-century Transcendentalists, and Ives's interpretations of these beliefs. Another characteristic of Ives's music is quotation. "Intertextuality" describes an interdependence of literary texts through quotation. I also examine these songs using the principles of intertextuality and Ives's uses of intertextual elements. Familiarity with the primary sources Ives quotes and the texts they suggest adds new meaning to his works. Transcendentalism and intertextuality create a greater understanding of Ives's conflicting views of the morality of war.

This diploma thesis examines English have-presentative sentences and their Czech translational counterparts. Have-presentative sentences have a similar function to there- existentials, i.e. they introduce a new element on the scene. From the FSP point of view, the subject is context-dependent in these sentences and serves thus as a rheme, e.g. We have a long trip ahead of us (Ebeling 2000: 1) or The tree has a nest in it (Ebeling 2000: 228). The possessive meaning of have is weakened in these sentences and could be thus described as existential, which is possible to attest by the means of alternative there-construction (There's a long trip ahead of us.; There's a nest in the tree.). The theoretical part summarizes the treatment of have in various grammar books, its semantics and diverse functions. Furthermore, it briefly discusses the theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) as defined by Firbas (1992) and explore different presentative constructions with emphasis on have- and there-presentatives. Finally, it describes the Czech verb mít - its semantics and function, and explores FSP with regard to Czech. The aim of the analysis was to gather 200 examples of have-presentatives extracted from the Czech-English parallel corpus InterCorp v10, examine its Czech translational counterparts and...