[pt] Neste trabalho é realizado um estudo da estabilidade de dutos enterrados submetidos a cargas térmicas. As cargas térmicas são devidas ao aquecimento do fluido com o objetivo de facilitar o transporte dos óleos que são escoados nos dutos. O duto expande devido a estas cargas térmicas. Como o duto está restringido em suas extremidades e devido à expansão são causadas forças axiais de compressão no duto. Para a análise destes dutos submetidos à variação da carga térmica foram utilizados modelos teóricos e numéricos para o problema de flambagem vertical e lateral, considerando o duto perfeito e com imperfeição. Os modelos numéricos foram desenvolvidos utilizando o programa ABAQUS. Para estes modelos numéricos o duto foi considerado como uma viga e a o solo como elementos de interface e elementos de mola. Foi desenvolvido também um modelo de viga-casca onde parte do duto é modelada como uma casca cilíndirca para permitir a análise de enrugamento e da deformação da seção transversal. São realizados estudos paramétricos numéricos para investigar o efeito do recobrimento do duto da forma e amplitude da imperfeição e da rigidez do solo na temperatura crítica de flambagem do duto. / [en] In this work a study of the stability of buried pipelines subjected to thermal loads is developed. The thermal loads are due to the heated fluid that flows through the pipe. Fluid heating is for ease of oil transportation. The pipe expands due to the thermal loading. Axial forces are developed in the pipe due to the expansion since the pipe is restricted on its ends. The analysis of pipes subject to thermal loadas were carried out with use of theoretical and numerical methods for upheaval and snaking buckling problems considering perfect pipes and pipes with imperfection. The numerical models were developed with the support of the ABAQUS software. The pipe was modeled as a beam and the soil is represented by interface elements and alternatively by spring elements. A beam-shell model was also developed where part of the pipe was modeled as a shell to allow a wrinkling analysis. Parametric studies were also carried out to investigate the effects of the soil stiffness, shape and amplitude or the imperfection and internal pressure on the critical temperature of the pipe.

Un grand nombre de systèmes thermomécaniques industriels se trouve confronté à des régimes transitoires plus ou moins rapides suivant la fréquence de fonctionnement. L'amélioration de leurs performances nécessite l'utilisation de nouvelles structures du type multimatériaux ou barrière thermique. En effet, ces matériaux peuvent être de type multicouche en associant plusieurs couches rangées de façon à améliorer le comportement mécanique et thermique d’un système ou alors constitués d’un substrat revêtu d’une succession de couches minces obtenues par projection thermique par exemple.Dans un système donné, ces matériaux subissent généralement des sollicitations cycliques qui peuvent être d’origine thermique et/ou mécanique. Il est donc nécessaire de mieux connaître leur comportement thermomécanique en régimes élastique et plastique. Ainsi, l'étude présentée dans ce travail, limitée ici à des conditions périodiques uniquement d’origine thermique, traite de l'évolution de l'endommagement d'un matériau sous une ou plusieurs formes de fatigue thermique.L'origine de la sollicitation imposée provient d'une condition de flux périodique (sous forme d’échelon, de triangle ou de sinus) prenant en compte les pertes par convection. Sur le plan mécanique, le matériau est supposé fixe sur l’une de ses deux extrémités et libre de se déformer sur l’autre. Les contraintes et les déformations mécaniques dans le matériau proviennent essentiellement des différences des coefficients de dilatation thermique et des gradients de température dans le matériau. La nature variable et transitoire du comportement thermique du matériau permet de suivre l’évolution de la distribution des contraintes et des déformations au sein du matériau.L’étude de son endommagement est menée selon les cas, soit sur des modèles établis directement à partir du comportement thermo élastique soit sur des modèles nécessitant l’étude thermo-élastoplastique. Dans les deux cas, comme la plupart des modèles d’endommagement (Lemaître et Chaboche) rencontrés dans la littérature ne sont valides que sur des matériaux uniformes et homogènes, une recherche de matériau équivalent du multi-matériau étudié était nécessaire. L’équivalence entre le matériau réel et le matériau équivalent repose sur un critère d’équivalence thermique. Les modèles étudiés fournissent dans les deux cas, l'évolution de l'endommagement du matériau, en fonction des paramètres géométriques et aussi de la forme des sollicitations thermiques imposées telles que le coefficient d'échange par convection, l’amplitude et la période du flux imposé.Une application de ces modèles sur un exemple de moteur à combustion interne est proposée à la fin de ce mémoire. Elle montre une prédiction du nombre de cycles (durée de vie) du cylindre moteur en fonction des conditions de fonctionnement utilisées. / A great number of industrial thermo-mechanical systems are facing today transitory regimes with different speeds according to the functioning frequencies. Enhancing their performance imposes the use of new materials of different types; multimaterials is a good example. In fact, these new materials may be constituted of different layers where the layers are associated together in a way to enhance the mechanical and thermal behavior of the system. They may be also constituted of a substrate dressed by a succession of slim layers obtained by thermal projection.In a given system, the constituting materials are generally subject to cyclic thermal or mechanical solicitations. It is very important to know at best their thermomechanical behavior in elastic and plastic regimes. Therefore, the study done during this thesis work, limited here uniquely to periodical solicitations resulting from thermal sources, deals with the evolution of the damage of these materials under multiple forms of thermal fatigue in plastic and elastic functioning regimes.The imposed solicitations are obtained from a periodical thermal source (rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal form). The thermal loss resulting from the convection is also considered. On the mechanical side, the material is considered fixed on one of its extremities and free on the other one (subject to strain). The mechanical stress and strain in the material come essentially from the differences between the coefficients of thermal dilation and the gradient of temperature in the material. The transitory and variable thermal behavior of the material permits to track the evolution and the distribution of the stress and strain in the material.The study of the damage is performed according the given case, either using models directly established from the thermomechanical elastic behavior, or using models that need a thermo-elastoplastic study. In the two cases, and because the majority of damage models (Lemaître and Chaboche) seen in the literature are valid and can be applied only to uniform and homogeneous materials, a research of an equivalent material to the studied multi-material was necessary. The equivalency between the real material and the equivalent one is based mainly on thermal equivalent criteria. The study provides in the two cases the damage evolution in the multimaterial function of the geometric parameters, depending on the form of the imposed thermal solicitations such as the heat transfer coefficient, the amplitude, the period and the shape of the imposed thermal flow.An application of these models to an internal combustion engine is proposed at the end of this thesis. It gives a prediction of the number of cycles (lifetime) of the cylinder of the engine depending on the used functioning conditions.

Improvements in quality of life, population growth, and environmental restrictions associated with the burning of fossil fuels will accentuate the need for renewable energy and energy geo-storage. A salient characteristic of these systems is that they impose numerous cycles of effective stress, temperature, and humidity on the surrounding geomaterials. This thesis quantifies future energy consumption based on realizable scenarios and explores the behavior of geomaterials subjected to mechanical and thermal cycles in view of energy-related applications. The long-term behavior of geotechnical systems subjected to a large number of mechanical load cycles is studied with a new numerical scheme based on a hybrid finite element formulation. The numerical scheme satisfies initial conditions as well as fundamental characteristics of soil behavior, such as threshold strain, terminal density, and long-term ratcheting. Numerical results show that shallow foundations subjected to repetitive loading experience strain accumulation and stress redistribution. On the other hand, the long-term behavior of energy piles, exposed geomembranes on slopes, and jointed rock masses subjected to cyclic thermal changes is studied using a combination of numerical, analytical, and experimental methods. Results show that thermal cycles lead to the gradual accumulation of plastic displacements, which may be amplified by thermally-induced wedging in jointed rock masses. In general, cumulative effects caused by repetitive loads increase with the number of cycles, the static factor of safety, the amplitude of the cyclic excitation, and the magnitude of the cyclically-induced displacement with respect to the critical elastic displacement.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2371434 bytes, checksum: 9feb77190f039aa7f22992e3cc4e4ad9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation studied the behavior thermal, physical and mechanical of mortar coatings composed of pure gypsum, plaster / EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) and gypsum / vermiculite applied on surfaces of building walls in order to reduce the thermal load on the walls consisted of conventional ceramic bricks and cement-sand mortar, taken as a reference. The objective was to obtain a material capable of reducing the thermal load and therefore the consumption of electrical energy used in air conditioning system for the thermal comfort of people and protection of equipment from the electrical substation of CHESF located in Milagres, in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil. The mortars were developed at the Laboratory for Testing Materials and Structures LABEME / UFPB, and underwent tests assessing their physical and mechanical properties. The result showed that the mortars have developed physical and mechanical properties that satisfy the standards in Brazil, being suitable the use of coating internal and external walls. Moreover, its application involves the reduction of non-degradable material released in nature, as the residue of EVA. The thermal conductivity of each mortar was obtained at the Laboratory of Porous Media and Thermophysical Properties LMPT UFSC-through flowmetric method. The mortar plaster, plaster / EVA and gypsum / vermiculite showed the thermal conductivity of 0.43 W / mK, 0.41 W / mK and 0.22 W / mK, respectively, behaving as thermal insulation. The results showed that the coating using mortar and plaster gypsum / EVA had a 18% reduction of thermal load of the environment on the wall by reference. And using the coating gypsum mortar / vermiculite this reduction reached 36%. / A presente dissertação estudou o compartamento térmico, físico e mecânico das argamassas de revestimentos compostas por gesso puro, gesso/EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) e gesso/vermiculita aplicadas nas superficies das paredes de edificação visando à redução da carga térmica relativamente às paredes convencionais constituídas de tijolos de cerâmica e argamassas de cimento-areia, tomadas como referência. O objetivo foi obter um material capaz de reduzir a carga térmica e, por conseguinte, o consumo da energia elétrica utilizada no sistema de ar condicionado para o conforto térmico das pessoas e a proteção dos equipamentos de uma subestação elétrica da CHESF localizada em Milagres, na região semi-arida do nordeste brasileiro. As argamassas foram desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Ensaio de Materiais e Estruturas LABEME/UFPB, onde foram submetidas a testes da avaliação de suas propriedades fisicas e mecânicas. O resultado mostrou que as argamassas desenvolvidas têm propriedades físicas e mecânicas que satisfazem às normas brasileiras, sendo adequedas ao uso de revestimento de paredes internos e externos. Além disso, sua aplicação implica a redução de material não degradável lançado na natureza, como o residuo de EVA. A condutividade térmica de cada argamassa foi obtida no Laboratório de Meios Porosos e Propriedades Termofisicas LMPT-UFSC, através do método fluxometrico. As argamassas de gesso, gesso/EVA e gesso/Vermiculita apresentaram as condutividades térmicas de 0,43 W/mK, 0,41 W/mK e 0,22 W/mK, respectivamente, comportando-se portando, como isolamentes térmicos. Os resultados mostraram que utilizando o revestimento da argamassa de gesso e de gesso/EVA tem-se uma redução de 18% de carga térmica do ambiente em relação à parede de referencia. E utilizando o revestimento da argamassa de gesso/vermiculita essa redução chega a 36% .

It is known that Sweden is categorised by being one of the regions that experience low solar radiation because it is located in the northern hemisphere that has a low potential of solar radiation during the colder seasons. The government of Sweden aim to promote a more sustainable future by applying more renewable initiative in the energy sector. One of the initiatives is by applying more renewable energy where PV panels will play a greater role in our society and in the energy sector. However, the produced energy from the PV panels is unpredictable due to changes in radiation throughout the day. One great way to tackle this issue is by combining PV panels with different energy storage system. This thesis evaluates an off-grid rowhouse in Eskilstuna Sweden where the PV panels are combined with a heat pump, thermal storage tank, including batteries and hydrogen system. The yearly electrical demand is met by utilizing PV panels, battery system for short term usage and hydrogen system for long-term usage during the colder seasons. The yearly thermal demand is met by the thermal storage tank. The thermal storage tank is charged by heat losses from the hydrogen system and thermal energy from heat pump.The calculations were simulated in Excel and MATLAB where OPTI-CE is composed with different components in the energy system. Furthermore, the off-grid household was evaluated from an economic outlook with respect to today’s market including the potential price decrease in 2030.The results indicated that the selected household is technically practicable to produce enough energy. The PV panels produces 13 560 kWh annually where the total electrical demand reaches 6 125 kWh yearly (including required electricity for the heat pump). The annual energy demand in terms of electricity and thermal heat reaches 12 500 kWh which is covered by the simulated energy system. The overproduction is stored in the batteries and hydrogen storage for later use. The back-up diesel generator does not need to operate, indicating that energy system supplies enough energy for the off-grid household. The thermal storage tank stores enough thermal energy regarding to the thermal load and stores most of the heat during the summer when there are high heat losses due to the charge of the hydrogen system. The simulated energy system has a life cycle cost reaching approximately k$318 with a total lifetime of 25 years. A similar off-grid system has the potential to reduce the life cycle cost to k$195 if the energy system is built in 2030 with a similar lifespan. The reduction occurs due to the potential price reduction for different components utilized in the energy system.

The main aim of this thesis is design air-conditioning system and optimization of indoor climate by solar shading. In theoretical part I focused on dividing and description off different types of solar shading. In the next part I designed suitable air-conditioning system for the open space office. The last part is first concentrating on the simulation of the indoor climate in software BSim2014. And then on evaulation of the appropriate solar shading system, whick I can use in the building.

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The aim of this diploma thesis is to focus on the resistance of concrete exposed to high temperatures especially with focus of resistance against explosive spalling as well as clarifying the mode of action of various types of polypropylene fibres. The theoretical part is an introduction to the issues of explosive spalling, its mechanisms and majority influencing factors. Further description of the processes taking place in the structure of concrete under extreme thermal load, distribution and size of pores in concrete, thermal load, temperature-time curves and their applications, methods of elimination of negative behaviour of concrete exposed to thermal loading (passive and active methods), mode of action of polypropylene fibres and more is also included in the theoretical part. The main aim of experimental part is to verify the function of polypropylene fibers of various Melt Flow Indexes (MFI) and dosage. Primarily, the test samples with content of the PP-fibers are compared to the reference sample without fibers. Secondarily, the samples with standard PP-fibers (with MFI 25) with dosage 2.0 kg/m3 are compared to samples with modified PP-fiber (with MFI 2500) of dosage 0.9 kg/m3. Photogrammetric images were used for evaluation and comparison of spalled surfaces and its depth. Determination of the softening temperature and melting point of the modified and standard PP-fibers was made by using a high temperature microscope video. The second part of the experimental work was to define concrete permeability at different temperatures and pressures. Permeability was measured at temperatures of 20°C, 90°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C and 250°C and at pressure of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 MPa.

This thesis deals with the behavior of cement concrete at high temperature with a focus on the impact behavior of aggregate, cement type and polypropylene fiber reinforcement. The theoretical part describes the issue of cement concrete at high temperatures, especially processes in the cement matrix, aggregates and polypropylene fibers. Furthermore, theoretical part describes the selection of a suitable type of cement and aggregates in concrete exposed to high temperatures. In the experimental part was designed the concrete composition with various kinds different types of aggregates and two types of cements. The temperature stress of test samples was performed according to ISO standard temperature curve 834. Subsequently, was made the verification of the physic-mechanical properties such as changes in bulk density and compressive strength after heat load. Moreover, the surface appearance of samples after heat load was evaluated, especially the occurrence of samples, the crack width and explosive spalling. Mineralogical composition changes of prepared samples before and after heat load were observed via X-ray diffraction analysis. Finally, we made a photogrammetry on a test plates after heat load which defined the size of the area and depth of spalling concrete surface.