The main objective of this dissertation is to explore and develop computer-aided-design methodologies and optimization techniques for reliability, performance, and power of through-silicon-via-based 3D IC designs. Through-silicon-via (TSV), a vertical interconnect element between dies, is the key enabling technology in 3D ICs. This new design element provides unprecedented design freedom as well as challenges. To maximize benefits and overcome challenges in TSV-based 3D ICs, new analysis methodologies and optimization techniques should be developed. In this dissertation, first, the robustness of 3D power delivery network is assessed under different power/ground TSV placement schemes and TSV RC variations. Next, thermo-mechanical stress and reliability problems are examined in full-chip/stack scale using the principle of linear superposition of stress tensors. Finally, physical design methods for low power 3D designs are explored to enhance the 3D power benefit over the 2D counterpart.

This thesis deals with processing of nanocellulose originating from pulps, with focus on mechanical pulp fibres and fines fractions. The nanocellulose materials produced within this research project were tested for different purposes ranging from strength additives in paper and paperboard products, via composite films to foam materials. TAPPI (Technical Association of Pulp &amp; Paper Industry) has recently suggested a standard terminology and nomenclature for nanocellulose materials (see paper I). In spite of that we have decided to use the terms nano-ligno-cellulose (NLC), microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and nanocellulose (NC) in this thesis . It is well-known that mainly chemical pulps are used as starting material in nanocellulose production. However, chemical pulps as bleached sulphite and bleached kraft are quite expensive. One more cost-effective alternative can be to use fibres or fines fractions from thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) and chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP).   In paper II-IV, fractionation has been used to obtain fines fractions that can easily be mechanically treated using homogenisation. The idea with this study was to investigate the possibility to use fractions of low quality materials from fines fractions for the production of nanocellulose. The integration of a nanocellulose unit process in a high-yield pulping production line has a potential to become a future way to improve the quality level of traditional products such as paper and paperboard grades.   Paper III describes how to utilise the crill measurement technique as a tool for qualitative estimation of the amount of micro- and nano-material produced in a certain process. The crill values of TMP- and CTMP-based nanocelluloses were measured as a function of the homogenisation time. Results showed that the crill values of both TMP-NLC and CTMP-NLC correlated with the homogenisation time. In Paper V pretreating methods, hydrogen peroxide and TEMPO are evaluated. Crill measurement showed that hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (1% and 4%) and mechanical treatment time did not improve fibrillation efficiency as much as expected. However, for TEMPO-oxidised nanocelluloses, the crill value significantly increased with both the TEMPO chemical treatment and mechanical treatment time. In paper V-VII TEMPO-mediated oxidation systems (TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO) are applied to these fibres (CTMP and Sulphite pulp) in order to swell them so that it becomes easy to disrupt the fibres into nanofibres with mechanical treatment.   The demand for paperboard and other packaging materials are steadily increasing. Paper strength properties are crucial when the paperboard is to withstand high load. A solution that are investigated in papers IV and VI, is to use MFC as an alternative paper strength additive in papermaking. However, if one wish to target extremely higher strength improvement results, particularly for packaging paperboards, then it would be fair to use MFC or cationic starch (CS). In paper VI CS or TEMPO-based MFC was used to improve the strength properties of CTMP-based paperboard products. Results here indicate significant strength improvement with the use of different levels of CS (i.e., 20 and 10 kg t–1) and 5% MFC. The strengthening impact of 5% MFC was approximately equal to that of 10 kg t–1 of CS.   In paper VII, NFC and nanographite (NG) was used when producing composite films with enhanced sheet-resistance and mechanical properties. The films produced being quite stable, flexible, and bendable. Realising this concept of NFC-NG composite film would create new possibilities for technological advancement in the area of high-yield pulp technology.  Finally, in paper VIII, a new processing method for nanocellulose is introduced  where an organic acid (i.e., formic acid) is used. This eco-friendly approach has shown to be successful, a nanocellulose with a uniform size distribution has been produced. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 5 och 7 inskickade, delarbete 6 och 8 manuskript.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 5 and 7 submitted, paper 6 and 8 manuscripts.</p>

Les aubes de turbine haute pression en superalliage monocristallin sont refroidies, à la fois par un réseau de canaux internes, ainsi que par des perforations débouchantes. Soumises à des cycles thermo-mécaniques complexes, elles subissent des endommagements de type fatigue, fluage et oxydation. Pour valider les chaînes de prévision de durée de vie en conditions réelles d'utilisation, il a été nécessaire d’étudier des configurations d’essais technologiques reproduisant les conditions d'un cycle moteur en laboratoire. Pour cela, une installation d'essai de fatigue à gradient thermique de paroi est développée. Le gradient thermique est généré par chauffage de la surface externe et refroidissement interne par une circulation d’air. L’installation a ainsi permis la réalisation d'essais selon une complexité croissante, allant de l’essai isotherme jusqu'au cycle thermo-mécanique complexe, sur éprouvette tubulaire lisse ou multi-perforée. Afin d’analyser finement ces essais, deux méthodes de mesures sont étudiées. La méthode du potentiel électrique pour la détection et le suivi de fissure appliquée à des géométries complexes et la corrélation d’images, dont l’utilisation est étendue à la haute température. Le point-clé de la modélisation de ces essais est l'estimation du champ thermique. L'impossibilité de le mesurer sur éprouvette, a conduit à le déterminer numériquement, notamment par des simulations couplées aéro-thermiques. La chaîne de prévision de durée de vie intégrant l'aspect non-local, a ainsi pu être confrontée aux mesures expérimentales en termes de réponse mécanique, localisation de l'endommagement et durée de vie à amorçage. / Monocrystalline high pressure turbine blades are booth cooled by an internal channel network and side-wall crossing holes. As they undergo complex thermo-mechanical cycles they suffer fatigue, creep and oxidation damages. In order to validate lifetime prediction chain under real conditions of use, the study of technological test configurations reproducing turbine cycle conditions was necessary. For that, a thermal gradient mechanical fatigue facility is developed. Thermal gradient is generated through an external surface heating and an internal air cooling. As a result, tests could be conducted following a growing complexity on smooth and multi-perforated tubular specimens going from isothermal test up to thermo-mechanical complex cycle. The need of in-depth analysis of these tests led to the study of two measurement methods. The electrical potential drop method for crack detection and crack following applied to complex shapes and digital image correlation which use was extended to high temperatures. Simulation key issue is the thermal field estimation. Measurement complexity led us to numerically determine it by various methods including aero-thermal coupled calculations. Finally lifetime prediction chain including non-local coverage was confronted with experimental measurements in terms of mechanical response, damage localisation and crack initiation lifetime.

L’objectif des travaux menés au cours de cette thèse concerne l’étude et la réalisation de composants passifs planaires à couches magnétiques (YIG) fonctionnant à haute température (200°C). Pour cela, des études ont été effectuées en deux phases : une première partie sur la mécanique des empilements des couches minces et une seconde partie sur la caractérisation électrique des couches minces et des composants planaires réalisés (inductances planaires). La première phase a permis de mettre en évidence l’intégrité mécanique de la structure, c’est-à-dire une bonne adhésion des couches minces de cuivre sur le substrat magnétique (YIG) jusqu’à une température de 200°C. La deuxième phase sur la partie électrique des couches minces et des composants planaires a permis de mettre en évidence qu’aucune modification n’a été apportée à la structure du composant, et met en évidence que le composant garde ces mêmes propriétés électriques après un cyclage thermique (25°C – 200°C – 25°C) / The objective of the works carried out during this thesis concerns the study and realization of planar passive components with magnetic layers (YIG) operating at high temperature (200 ° C). For this, studies were carried out in two phases: a first part on the mechanics of stacking thin films and a second part on the electrical characterization of thin films and planar components realized (planar inductances). The first phase made it possible to demonstrate the mechanical integrity of the structure, that is to say a good adhesion of the thin copper layers on the magnetic substrate (YIG) up to a temperature of 200 ° C. The second phase on the electrical part of the thin layers and the planar components made it possible to demonstrate that no modification has been made to the structure of the component and shows that the component retains these same electrical properties after cycling Thermal (25 ° C - 200 ° C - 25 ° C)

In the drive towards higher strength alloys, a diverse range of alloying elements is employed to enhance their strength and ductility. Limited solid solubility of these elements in steel leads to segregation during casting which affects the entire down-stream processing and eventually the mechanical properties of the finished product. The work presented in this PhD shows that segregation of alloying elements during casting, particularly aluminium, leads directly to banding in the final product. It has been demonstrated that no significant homogenisation is possible in this alloy within practical time constraints of the industrial thermo-mechanical process. A through-process model was developed to design a thermo-mechanical treatment aimed at reducing the effects of segregation on the formation of banding. A new polynomial function for calculating the local phase transformation temperature (Ae3) between the austenite + ferrite and the fully austenitic phase fields during heating and cooling of steel is presented. Material was produced both with and without banding and used to study the effect upon the mechanical properties. The banded steel variants show a significant reduction in tensile strength for a similar level of ductility compared to non-banded variants. In situ measurement under uniaxial loading using high-energy synchrotron diffraction allowed direct quantification of the impact of the mechanically induced transformation of metastable austenite on the work- hardening behaviour. The results reveal that the mechanically induced transformation of austenite does not begin until the onset of matrix yielding and the experimental evidence demonstrates that the austenite to martensite transformation increases the work-hardening rate of the ferrite phase and delays the onset of Stage-III hardening until the yield point of austenite. The increase in work-hardening rate (and thus work required) supports a driving force approach to transformation induced plasticity. The transformation work required leads to an increase in the macroscopic work-hardening rate after matrix yielding which offsets the decrease in the work-hardening rate in the ferrite and martensite phases up to the UTS. Steels with a high degree of banding do not show this extra contribution due to the more dominant anisotropic effect of martensite bands on the work-hardening of ferrite coupled to increased mechanical austenite stability as a result of increased carbon content. A list of revisions as requested by the examiners is produced on pages 18 and 19 of the thesis for examination. Abstract: In the drive towards higher strength alloys, a diverse range of alloying elements is employed to enhance their strength and ductility. Limited solid solubility of these elements in steel leads to segregation during casting which affects the entire down-stream processing and eventually the mechanical properties of the finished product. The work presented in this PhD shows that segregation of alloying elements during casting, particularly aluminium, leads directly to banding in the final product. It has been demonstrated that no significant homogenisation is possible in this alloy within practical time constraints of the industrial thermo-mechanical process. A through-process model was developed to design a thermo-mechanical treatment aimed at reducing the effects of segregation on the formation of banding. A new polynomial function for calculating the local phase transformation temperature (Ae3) between the austenite + ferrite and the fully austenitic phase fields during heating and cooling of steel is presented. Material was produced both with and without banding and used to study the effect upon the mechanical properties. The banded steel variants show a significant reduction in tensile strength for a similar level of ductility compared to non-banded variants. In situ measurement under uniaxial loading using high-energy synchrotron diffraction allowed direct quantification of the impact of the mechanically induced transformation of metastable austenite on the work- hardening behaviour. The results reveal that the mechanically induced transformation of austenite does not begin until the onset of matrix yielding and the experimental evidence demonstrates that the austenite to martensite transformation increases the work-hardening rate of the ferrite phase and delays the onset of Stage-III hardening until the yield point of austenite. The increase in work-hardening rate (and thus work required) supports a driving force approach to transformation induced plasticity. The transformation work required leads to an increase in the macroscopic work-hardening rate after matrix yielding which offsets the decrease in the work-hardening rate in the ferrite and martensite phases up to the UTS. Steels with a high degree of banding do not show this extra contribution due to the more dominant anisotropic effect of martensite bands on the work-hardening of ferrite coupled to increased mechanical austenite stability as a result of increased carbon content.

Le comportement thermique et thermo-mécanique des pieux énergétiques est étudié par plusieurs approches : mesures au laboratoire sur des éprouvettes de sol, modélisation physique en modèle réduit, expérimentations sur pieu en vraie grandeur, et calculs numériques/analytiques. D’abord, la conductivité thermique d’un loess à l’état non saturé est mesurée en fonction de la teneur en eau et de la succion. Les résultats montrent une relation univoque entre la conductivité thermique et la teneur en eau pendant un cycle d’humidification/séchage alors qu’une boucle d’hystérésis est observée pour la relation entre la conductivité thermique et la succion. Deuxièmement, des essais thermiques sont réalisés sur un pieu énergétique expérimental en vraie grandeur pour étudier le transfert thermique à l’échelle réelle. Troisièmement, une solution analytique est proposée pour simuler la conduction thermique d’un pieu énergétique vers le sol environnant pendant un chauffage. Les tâches mentionnées ci-dessus concernant le comportant thermique sont ensuite complétées par des études sur le comportement thermo-mécanique des pieux énergétiques. D’un côté, des expérimentations sont réalisées sur un modèle réduit de pieu installé dans un sable sec ou dans une argile saturée. Trente cycles thermiques, représentant trente cycles annuels, sont appliqués au pieu sous différentes charges axiales en tête. Les résultats montrent un tassement irréversible avec les cycles thermiques ; ce tassement est plus important sous une charge axiale plus grande. De plus, le tassement est plus marqué pendant les premiers cycles thermiques et devient négligeable pour les cycles suivants. De l’autre côté, les travaux expérimentaux sur le modèle réduit de pieu sont complétés par les calculs numériques utilisant la méthode des éléments finis. Cette approche est d’abord validée avec les résultats obtenus sur le pieu modèle avant d’être utilisée pour prédire les résultats des expérimentations en vraie grandeur / The thermal and thermo-mechanical behavior of energy piles is investigated by various approaches: laboratory measurement on small soil samples, physical modeling on small-scale pile, experiments on real-scale pile, and analytical/numerical calculations. First, the thermal conductivity of unsaturated loess is measured simultaneously with moisture content and suction. The results show a unique relationship between thermal conductivity and moisture content during a wetting/drying cycle while a clear hysteresis loop can be observed on the relationship between thermal conductivity and suction. Second, thermal tests are performed on a full-scale experimental energy pile to observe heat transfer at the real scale. Third, an analytical solution is proposed to simulate conductive heat transfer from an energy pile to the surrounding soil during heating. The above-mentioned tasks related to the thermal behavior are then completed by studies on the thermo-mechanical behavior of energy piles. On one hand, experiments are performed on a small-scale pile installed either in dry sand or in saturated clay. Thirty thermal cycles, representing thirty annual cycles, are applied to the pile under various constant pile head loads. The results show irreversible pile head settlement with thermal cycles; the settlement is higher at higher pile head load. In addition, the irreversible thermal settlement is the most significant during the first cycles; it becomes negligible at high number of cycles. On the other hand, the experimental work with small-scale pile is completed with numerical calculations by using the finite element method. This approach is first validated with the results on small-scale pile prior to be used to predict the results of full-scale experiments

Many studies of the fire induced thermal and structural behaviour in large compartments, carried out over the past two decades, show a great deal of non-uniformity, unlike the homogeneous compartment temperature assumption in the current fire safety engineering practice. Furthermore, some large compartment fires may burn locally and they tend to move across entire floor plates over a period of time as the fuel is consumed. This kind of fire scenario is beginning to be idealized as 'travelling fires' in the context of performance‐based structural and fire safety engineering. However, the previous research of travelling fires still relies on highly simplified travelling fire models (i.e. Clifton's model and Rein's model); and no equivalent numerical tools can perform such simulations, which involves analysis of realistic fire, heat transfer and thermo-mechanical response in one single software package with an automatic coupled manner. Both of these hinder the advance of the research on performance‐based structural fire engineering. The author develops an extended travelling fire method (ETFM) framework and an integrated comprehensive tool with high computational expediency in this research, to address the above‐mentioned issues. The experiments conducted for characterizing travelling fires over the past two decades are reviewed, in conjunction with the current available travelling fire models. It is found that no performed travelling fire experiment records both the structural response and the mass loss rate of the fuel (to estimate the fire heat release rate) in a single test, which further implies closer collaboration between the structural and the fire engineers' teams are needed, especially for the travelling fire research topic. In addition, an overview of the development of OpenSees software framework for modelling structures in fire is presented, addressing its theoretical background, fundamental assumptions, and inherent limitations. After a decade of development, OpenSees has modules including fire, heat transfer, and thermo‐mechanical analysis. Meanwhile, it is one of the few structural fire modelling software which is open source and free to the entire community, allowing interested researchers to use and contribute with no expense. An OpenSees‐based integrated tool called SIFBuilder is developed by the author and co‐workers, which can perform fire modelling, heat transfer analysis, and thermo-mechanical analysis in one single software with an automatic coupled manner. This manner would facilitate structural engineers to apply fire loading on their design structures like other mechanical loading types (e.g. seismic loading, gravity loading, etc.), without transferring the fire and heat transfer modelling results to each structural element manually and further assemble them to the entire structure. This feature would largely free the structural engineers' efforts to focus on the structural response for performance-based design under different fire scenarios, without investigating the modelling details of fire and heat transfer analysis. Moreover, the efficiency due to this automatic coupled manner would become more superior, for modelling larger structures under more realistic fire scenarios (e.g. travelling fires). This advantage has been confirmed by the studies carried out in this research, including 29 travelling fire scenarios containing total number of 696 heat transfer analysis for the structural members, which were undertaken at very modest computational costs. In addition, a set of benchmark problems for verification and validation of OpenSees/SIFBuilder are investigated, which demonstrates good agreement against analytical solutions, ABAQUS, SAFIR, and the experimental data. These benchmark problems can also be used for interested researchers to verify their own numerical or analytical models for other purposes, and can be also used as an induction guide of OpenSees/SIFBuilder. Significantly, an extended travelling fire method (ETFM) framework is put forward in this research, which can predict the fire severity considering a travelling fire concept with an upper bound. This framework considers the energy and mass conservation, rather than simply forcing other independent models to 'travel' in the compartment (i.e. modified parametric fire curves in Clifton's model, 800°C‐1200°C temperature block and the Alpert's ceiling jet in Rein's model). It is developed based on combining Hasemi's localized fire model for the fire plume, and a simple smoke layer calculation by utilising the FIRM zone model for the areas of the compartment away from the fire. Different from mainly investigating the thermal impact due to various ratios of the fire size to the compartment size (e.g. 5%, 10%, 25%, 75%, etc.), as in Rein's model, this research investigates the travelling fire thermal impact through explicit representation of the various fire spread rates and fuel load densities, which are the key input parameters in the ETFM framework. To represent the far field thermal exposures, two zone models (i.e. ASET zone model & FIRM zone model) and the ETFM framework are implemented in SIFBuilder, in order to provide the community a 'vehicle' to try, test, and further improve this ETFM framework, and also the SIFBuilder itself. It is found that for 'slow' travelling fires (i.e. low fire spread rates), the near‐field fire plume brings more dominant thermal impact compared with the impact from far‐field smoke. In contrast, for 'fast' travelling fires (i.e. high fire spread rates), the far‐field smoke brings more dominant thermal impact. Furthermore, the through depth thermal gradients due to different travelling fire scenarios were explored, especially with regards to the 'thermal gradient reversal' due to the near‐field fire plume approaching and leaving the design structural member. This 'thermal gradient reversal' would fundamentally reverse the thermally‐induced bending moment from hogging to sagging. The modelling results suggest that the peak thermal gradient due to near‐field approaching is more sensitive to the fuel load density than fire spread rate, where larger peak values are captured with lower fuel load densities. Moreover, the reverse peak thermal gradient due to near‐field leaving is also sensitive to the fuel load density rather than the fire spread rate, but this reverse peak value is inversely proportional to the fuel load densities. Finally, the key assumptions of the ETFM framework are rationalised and its limitations are emphasized. Design instructions with relevant information which can be readily used by the structural fire engineers for the ETFM framework are also included. Hence more optimised and robust structural design under such fire threat can be generated and guaranteed, where we believe these efforts will advance the performance‐based structural and fire safety engineering.

Les zones de convergence sont des objets clés à la compréhension de la dynamique de la lithosphère. Elles sont le siège de déformations majeures comme en témoignent la concentration et l’intensité des séismes qui leur sont associées. A plus grande échelle de temps et d'espace, ces déformations résultent généralement en un empilement d’unités dont l’étude offre l'accès aux différents niveaux structuraux mis en jeu dans l'organisation de la chaîne de montagnes. Caractériser précisément la dynamique de structuration de ces unités ainsi que les paramètres contrôlant cette dynamique constitue une étape cruciale permettant d’aller plus loin, notamment quantitativement, dans notre connaissance de la dynamique lithosphérique. Cette thèse a comme double objectif (1) de préciser le comportement rhéologique des roches aux conditions Pressions-Température P-T du faciès éclogitique au sein de l' interface de subduction et (2) de caractériser et quantifier l' influence de la rhéologie de la plaque supérieure, et plus spécifiquement, le rôle de sa partie crustale, sur l'évolution spatio-temporelle des zones de convergence. Pour cela, une approche multi-disciplinaire a été utilisée. Dans un premier temps, je présente une analyse multi-échelle couplant travail de terrain et de pétrologie métamorphique qui a permis d'étudier la déformation au sein de roches HP-BT à l' interface de subduction au niveau de la klippe du Mont-Emilius (Alpes occidentales, Italie). Je détaille ensuite une étude quantitative alliant modélisation numérique thermo-mécanique 3D et 2D de zones de convergence. L'ensemble des modèles a permis d'analyser de nombreux paramètres influençant la structure rhéologique de la plaque supérieure tels que le géotherme initial, l'épaisseur de la lithosphère et de la croûte et la nature des matériaux impliqués. L'ensemble des modèles réalisés sont contraints/confrontés par/aux des données issues d'exemples naturels. Les résultats de l'étude sur des roches déformées au sein de l’interface de subduction mettent en évidence le possible comportement cassant des roches à des conditions de pression et température de l'ordre de 2.15-2.40 GPa, 500-550 °C, i.e., dans le faciès éclogitique. L’enregistrement d’un tel mode de déformation est d'une importance capitale car il remet en question le paradigme d’un comportement ductile sans résistance au niveau de l’ interface de subduction. Les résultats obtenus via les modèles numériques montrent par ailleurs que la rhéologie de la plaque supérieure, ainsi que celle de sa seule partie crustale, a une influence de premier ordre sur la dynamique globale des zones de convergence en modifiant notamment le mode de subduction, la cinématique de la fosse, le mode d'exhumation lors d'une collision, le timing de la déchirure du slab et de la formation de bassins d'arrière-arc, la répartition et l'intensité de la déformation au sein de la plaque supérieure. La combinaison des méthodes de pétrologie et de modélisation numérique a permis d'obtenir une analyse quantifiée de l' influence de la rhéologie des lithosphères impliquées dans les zones de convergence sur la dynamique de ces zones. Cette thèse présente ainsi de nouvelles contraintes à notre compréhension de la réponse mécanique de la lithosphère, en fonction de sa structuration rhéologique et de sa place au sein des zones de convergence à petite et grande échelle. Les nouvelles données présentées révèlent l' impact majeur de la rhéologie de la lithosphère dans les zones de convergence. Ce paramètre amène ainsi à reconsidérer notre vision actuelle des zones de convergence. / Convergence zones are key objects to the understanding of the lithosphere dynamics. They are the location correspond to places of intense deformation as evidenced by the concentration and magnitude of recorded earthquakes. On a larger scale of time and space, these deformations generally result in nappes stacking whose study offers access to the different structural levels involved in the mountain belt structuration. Precisely characterizing the structuring dynamics of these units as well as the parameters controlling this dynamic is a crucial step that would allow in particular a better quantification of lithospheric dynamics. The aim of this thesis is twofold: (1) clarifying the rheological behavior of rocks in the Pressure-Temperature (P-T) conditions of the eclogitic facies at the subduction interface and (2) characterizing and quantifying the influence of the overriding plate rheology, and more specifically, the role of its crustal part, on the spatio-temporal evolution of convergence zones. For this, I used a multi-disciplinary approach. First, I present a multi-scale analysis combining fieldwork and metamorphic petrology, which allowed me to study the deformation within High Pressure-Low Temperature (HP-LT) rocks at the subduction interface in the Mont-Emilius klippe (Western Alps, Italy). Then, I show the results of a quantitative study combining 3D and 2D thermo-mechanical modeling of convergence zones. The entire set of models allowed me to analyze different parameters influencing the rheological structure of the overriding plate, such as the initial geotherm, the thicknesses of the lithosphere and the crust, and the nature of the involved materials. All the performed models are constrained/compared by/with data from natural examples. The results of the study on deformed rocks within the subduction interface highlight the possible brittle behavior of rocks at pressure and temperature conditions on the order of 2.15-2.40 GPa and 500-550 °C, i.e., in the eclogitic facies. The recording of such a deformation mode is of paramount importance because it challenges the paradigm of subduction interface caracterized by ductile behavior without resistance. The results obtained with the numerical models show that the rheology of the overriding plate, as well as that of only its crustal part, has a first-order influence on the overall dynamics of the convergence zones by modifying the mode of subduction, trench kinematics, the mode of exhumation during collision, the timing for slab break-off and back-arc basin formation, the location and intensity of deformation within the overriding plate. The combination of petrology and numerical modeling methods allowed me to obtain a quantified analysis of the influence of the rheology of the lithospheres involved in convergence zones on the dynamics of these zones. This thesis presents new constraints for our understanding of the mechanical response of the lithosphere at different spatial scales as a function of its rheological structure. The new data presented here reveal the major impact of the lithosphere rheology in convergence zones. This parameter leads us to reconsider our current view of the convergence zones.

Un grand nombre de systèmes thermomécaniques industriels se trouve confronté à des régimes transitoires plus ou moins rapides suivant la fréquence de fonctionnement. L'amélioration de leurs performances nécessite l'utilisation de nouvelles structures du type multimatériaux ou barrière thermique. En effet, ces matériaux peuvent être de type multicouche en associant plusieurs couches rangées de façon à améliorer le comportement mécanique et thermique d’un système ou alors constitués d’un substrat revêtu d’une succession de couches minces obtenues par projection thermique par exemple.Dans un système donné, ces matériaux subissent généralement des sollicitations cycliques qui peuvent être d’origine thermique et/ou mécanique. Il est donc nécessaire de mieux connaître leur comportement thermomécanique en régimes élastique et plastique. Ainsi, l'étude présentée dans ce travail, limitée ici à des conditions périodiques uniquement d’origine thermique, traite de l'évolution de l'endommagement d'un matériau sous une ou plusieurs formes de fatigue thermique.L'origine de la sollicitation imposée provient d'une condition de flux périodique (sous forme d’échelon, de triangle ou de sinus) prenant en compte les pertes par convection. Sur le plan mécanique, le matériau est supposé fixe sur l’une de ses deux extrémités et libre de se déformer sur l’autre. Les contraintes et les déformations mécaniques dans le matériau proviennent essentiellement des différences des coefficients de dilatation thermique et des gradients de température dans le matériau. La nature variable et transitoire du comportement thermique du matériau permet de suivre l’évolution de la distribution des contraintes et des déformations au sein du matériau.L’étude de son endommagement est menée selon les cas, soit sur des modèles établis directement à partir du comportement thermo élastique soit sur des modèles nécessitant l’étude thermo-élastoplastique. Dans les deux cas, comme la plupart des modèles d’endommagement (Lemaître et Chaboche) rencontrés dans la littérature ne sont valides que sur des matériaux uniformes et homogènes, une recherche de matériau équivalent du multi-matériau étudié était nécessaire. L’équivalence entre le matériau réel et le matériau équivalent repose sur un critère d’équivalence thermique. Les modèles étudiés fournissent dans les deux cas, l'évolution de l'endommagement du matériau, en fonction des paramètres géométriques et aussi de la forme des sollicitations thermiques imposées telles que le coefficient d'échange par convection, l’amplitude et la période du flux imposé.Une application de ces modèles sur un exemple de moteur à combustion interne est proposée à la fin de ce mémoire. Elle montre une prédiction du nombre de cycles (durée de vie) du cylindre moteur en fonction des conditions de fonctionnement utilisées. / A great number of industrial thermo-mechanical systems are facing today transitory regimes with different speeds according to the functioning frequencies. Enhancing their performance imposes the use of new materials of different types; multimaterials is a good example. In fact, these new materials may be constituted of different layers where the layers are associated together in a way to enhance the mechanical and thermal behavior of the system. They may be also constituted of a substrate dressed by a succession of slim layers obtained by thermal projection.In a given system, the constituting materials are generally subject to cyclic thermal or mechanical solicitations. It is very important to know at best their thermomechanical behavior in elastic and plastic regimes. Therefore, the study done during this thesis work, limited here uniquely to periodical solicitations resulting from thermal sources, deals with the evolution of the damage of these materials under multiple forms of thermal fatigue in plastic and elastic functioning regimes.The imposed solicitations are obtained from a periodical thermal source (rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal form). The thermal loss resulting from the convection is also considered. On the mechanical side, the material is considered fixed on one of its extremities and free on the other one (subject to strain). The mechanical stress and strain in the material come essentially from the differences between the coefficients of thermal dilation and the gradient of temperature in the material. The transitory and variable thermal behavior of the material permits to track the evolution and the distribution of the stress and strain in the material.The study of the damage is performed according the given case, either using models directly established from the thermomechanical elastic behavior, or using models that need a thermo-elastoplastic study. In the two cases, and because the majority of damage models (Lemaître and Chaboche) seen in the literature are valid and can be applied only to uniform and homogeneous materials, a research of an equivalent material to the studied multi-material was necessary. The equivalency between the real material and the equivalent one is based mainly on thermal equivalent criteria. The study provides in the two cases the damage evolution in the multimaterial function of the geometric parameters, depending on the form of the imposed thermal solicitations such as the heat transfer coefficient, the amplitude, the period and the shape of the imposed thermal flow.An application of these models to an internal combustion engine is proposed at the end of this thesis. It gives a prediction of the number of cycles (lifetime) of the cylinder of the engine depending on the used functioning conditions.

High strength nickel-base superalloys have been used in turbine blades for many years because of their superior performance at high temperatures. In such environments superalloys have limited oxidation and corrosion resistance and to solve this problem, protective coatings are deposited on the surface. The positive effect of coatings is based on protecting the surface zone in contact with hot gas atmosphere with a thermodynamically stable oxide layer that acts as a diffusion barrier. During service life, mechanical properties of metallic coatings can be changed due to the significant interdiffusion between substrate and coating. There are also other degradation mechanisms that affect nickel-base superalloys such as low cycle fatigue, thermo-mechanical fatigue and creep. The focus of this work is on a study of low cycle fatigue and out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue behaviour of three uncoated and coated nickel-base superalloys. Polycrystalline IN792 and two single crystals CMSX-4 and SCB were coated with four different coatings; an overlay coating AMDRY997 (NiCoCrAlYTa), a platinum aluminide modified diffusion coating RT22 and two innovative coatings with a NiW interdiffusion barrier in the interface called IC1 and IC3. A low cycle fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue device was designed and set-up to simulate service loading of turbine blades and vanes. The low cycle fatigue tests were run at 500oC and 900oC while the thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were run between 250oC and 900oC.To simulate long service life, some coated specimens were exposed at 1050oC for 2000 h before the tests. The main conclusions are that the presence of the coatings is, in most cases, detrimental to LCF lives of the superalloys at 500oC while the coatings do improve the LCF lives of the superalloys at 900oC. Under TMF loading conditions, the coatings have negative effect on the lifetime of IN792. On single crystals, they are found to improve TMF life of the superalloys, especially at lower strains. The tests also indicate that long-term aging influences the fatigue and fracture behaviour of coated superalloys by oxidation and diffusion mechanisms when compared to non-aged specimens. The aged specimens exhibit longer life in some cases and shorter life during other test conditions. Fatigue cracks were in most cases initiated at the surface of the coatings, growing transgranularly perpendicular to the load axis.