Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Business Faculty at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / This thesis concerns sustainable tourism development in Tanzania. It determines the extent to which Tanzanian tourism policies have incorporated sustainable frameworks and principles and also ascertains the extent to which tour operators in Tanzania have adopted sustainable tourism practices. Furthermore, it attempts to understand the constraints to tourism development for future successful planning of Tanzania as a favourable tourist destination in Africa. One of the key principles of sustainable tourism is that the local population is placed at the centre of tourism development interventions in terms of participation in decision-making and benefit sharing. Sustainable tourism principles also support that environmental regulations should be at the forefront of tourism’s industry advocates in order to mitigate environmental degradation and deterioration in the form of vegetation degradation, disruption of wildlife behaviour, pollution increase and general over utilisation of resources. However, Tanzanian tourism policies do not incorporate environmental and social concerns adequately, nor do policy makers develop these policies with a unifying strategic vision in mind. A key example is failure of the tourism policy to include consideration of social and cultural factors such as community conservation of natural resources. Tanzania’s tourism sector is growing fast, and its contribution to the economy’s growth is significant. As a result, it has attracted investment and policy initiatives to support its development. Key problem areas that have been identified throughout the thesis are:  Low priority of sustainable policies - the emphasis is still on income generation for government. Sustainable policies are absent in the Integrated Tourism Master Plan (ITMP), Wildlife Policy and Hunting concessions;  Lack of adequate feedback mechanisms;  Apparent clash between sustainable policies and communities that are involved in subsistence farming on communal lands. Changing the system has huge socio- cultural impacts, while government shies away from this;  Low level of community involvement in tourist activities and planning matters;  Inadequate implementation and monitoring of strategies. The researcher, therefore, recommends that tourism planning should not only be a top down approach, but should involve all stakeholders in the tourism industry. Locals should be involved in tourism conservation decision making and the management of tourism policies, and should share in the financial proceeds of tourism. This will increase the level of conservation in tourism, as more people will be informed and be involved. The process of involvement of communities is crucial, as it decreases levels of illegal tourism activities on communal lands. The researcher believes that once locals are engaged in the planning of tourism related ventures, they will make an effort to conserve and preserve resources. Even though tourism policies in Tanzania make a note of sustainable practices (in terms of conservation and community involvement), it has only achieved these objectives on paper, and not enough has been done to ensure that these actions are carried out. It is also evident that development of tourism in Tanzania is a priority, while much focus has been placed on this owing to the economic value that it signifies. The main objective of Tanzania’s tourism policy is to promote low-density, high quality and high-priced tourism. One of the major problems with the government is that their concern for making money outweighs the need to implement sustainable tourism behaviours, therefore, leaving the environment and communities at a disadvantage, which eventually causes problems for destinations and the economy, at large.

A Thesis Presented to: The Faculty of Education Cape Peninsula University of Technology by Marie-Anne Ogle in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education Cape Peninsula University of Technology December 2010 / Many students in my Communication Skills class, especially those from rural areas, who had passed their Grade 12 English examination, were unable to express themselves competently, and as a result, they lacked the self-esteem and confidence to express their abilities. It has now been recognised that students are in need of a strong foundation that will bridge the gap from school to university and will allow them to cope with any situation within the workplace. The accent has changed from memorising factual knowledge, to acquiring literacy skills needed in everyday living and the world of work. It has become necessary to find a suitable means of helping these students to cope linguistically. This study uses grounded theory to focus on whether an intervention based on a natural approach to acquiring a language, could improve students’ oral and written skills as well as their confidence. Enthusiasm and the development of a love for language and an ‘I-can-do-it’ attitude were promoted instead of the traditional language exercises. Reading for enjoyment, participation and speaking out were encouraged – all underpinned by respect. The results of an oral presentation, a written essay and an interview with each candidate were analysed at the start of the seven-month intervention programme. A post-test of the three procedures was done to gauge change. An increase in both oral presentation marks and written work was also noted at the end of the intervention period. Themes such as confidence, learning to work with different people and understanding their ideas, an introduction to other cultures, tolerance and respect emerged. All these themes are part of the ‘envisaged learner’ in the Department of Education’s National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 9. The results have guided the development of a prototype intervention, which is central to the concept of self-esteem as a path for future literacy development in school and post-school education. Bolstering this sense of self-esteem is the key to working with new learners of English in the tertiary context.

A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the degree Doctor Educationis Faculty of Education and Social Sciences Mowbray Campus Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / This thesis uses Reflective Topical Autobiography, as an adapted interpretation of narrative methodology, to investigate the influences on the construction of the identity of an art teacher‘s identity over time. The notion of human identity, and theorists who investigate this notion, initiates the study. The concept of teacher identity, and more specifically, art teacher identity, is explored. Teacher identity is acknowledged to be an integral part of the teaching and learning process, and so meaningful teaching, and more specifically, meaningful art teaching, is discussed. Questions that arise from this discussion provide the underpinning focus of the data analysis. What influences contribute to the construction of teacher identity? What role does knowledge play? What kinds of knowledge are important? How is that knowledge acquired? In this interpretive study, which is lodged in the qualitative paradigm of research, social constructionism provides a lens through which to investigate the life and the voice of an art teacher, as an interpretation of her professional identity construction. That life, and that voice, are my own. The purpose for this investigation is to attempt to trace the influences that construct the identity of an art teacher over an extended time, through reflecting on influential people, places and experiences in the educational and professional context,. Although I acknowledge that the personal and the professional are enmeshed, emphasis has been placed on the professional in order to invite greater reader resonance. Initially, an autobiography provides the broad data, from which incidents are selected that I believe have been important influences in the construction of my own teacher identity over time. Data analysis takes the form of further deep reflection on these incidents, in order to extract their significance and meaning. The methodology of Reflective Topical Autobiography is followed, reflecting on this carefully selected data, and these reflections are underpinned with a theoretical base. The construction of my own teacher identity over time is plotted, exploring significant educational and personal experiences that have contributed to making me the kind of teacher that I am. An attempt is made to extract principles of art teacher identity construction. The thesis concludes with recommendations for teacher education, in which my work is lodged, and with further recommendations to in-service teachers. This thesis uses the metaphor of a spiral, which is a process that begins at the centre, and moves outwards in a circular line. The reason for this choice is that reflection is a process that looks back, and with experience and new knowledge, enables one to come to a new understanding of the focus. The looking back, however, is from a different place on the spiral, and may in fact be from several different places on the spiral. Thus, the looking back, or reflection from a different place, offers a different perspective of the focus. Throughout the thesis, the poem Little Gidding, one of the Four Quartets, by T S Eliot (1942), is used and interpreted through the lens of this study. The use of artefacts, and in this case, photographs and mandalas that I have made over the years, offer a form of truth, a kind of substantiation for the written word. Education in South Africa has progressed through many years of difficulty, and amended or new curricula with various foci do not seem to address the problems appropriately. Perhaps a closer investigation of the identity of the teacher, and a stronger emphasis on nurturing this identity, will help to address some of the problems that seem to result in the poor preparation, for learners, for a meaningful place in the world beyond the classroom.

A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION 2004 / This dissertation is located in the field of early childhood development. It is situated in the context of education for learners with special educational needs (ELSEN). The specific context was Deaf children who learn through the medium of South African Sign Language . The study is an investigation into the cognitive and social "value-addedness" of computer technology on profoundly deaf young learners. A Vygotskian theoretical framework was used to explore the efficacy of the computer as a tool for learning in the profoundly Deaf. Social and collaborative learning with peers was investigated. A case study was conducted with a cohort of seven profoundly Deaf Grade R learners (aged 516 years) at a special needs school in the Western Cape. The research methodology was an empirical investigation within a qualitative research paradigm, using observation and interviews. The report provides a descriptive account that makes use of illustrative vignettes. The study concludes that the computer influences social development within the cohort. The computer was also able to scaffold children's understanding of mathematical tasks and thereby provide a cognitive influence on learning.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the MTech: Oceanography in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2013 / The current status of metal pollution off the South African South coast is not well known. This study was the first to be undertaken in many years using Striostrea margaritacea as a subject species. The aims of the study were to determine the degree of metal contamination in the water, sediments, oyster tissues and oyster shells at sites selected in Witsand, Wilderness and Goukamma, as well as to establish if Striostrea margaritacea qualifies as a successful biomonitor when using lysosomal destabilization as a tool. Seasonal variations between sites were also considered. Other objectives, such as the potential of a Marine Protected Area (MPA) as a control site and the necessity of a monitoring program along the south coast were also included. Sites were sampled seasonally for one year at spring low tides. Ten oysters were collected from each individual site upon each visit. The Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) assay was used to determine lysosomal membrane integrity of oyster haemocytes, whereafter oysters were sacrificed for metal analyses. Metals that were analysed are aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Metal analyses were done using an Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP- AES). All statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA on Ranks to determine if there were significant differences between sites and between sampling occasions. Aluminium concentrations found in the water column at all sites were considered as low. Iron, zinc and copper concentrations within the water column can on the other hand be considered as high when comparisons are drawn with other studies and data sets. Sediment concentrations for all the metals within the present study were considered to be low when compared to other studies and guidelines. There were not many significant differences recorded between sites and no seasonal patterns were present. Within the tissues of the oysters, the metal ranges are considered to be low when compared to other studies. No definite conclusion about the contamination status of the oyster tissue could be drawn due to the lack of comparative literature. A field study in conjunction with a laboratory experiment should yield more reliable results. There were also no seasonal trends present and very few differences between sites. The bioaccumulation factors were considered as being low with a few exceptions where they were moderate when oyster tissue data was compared to water and sediment data. Concentrations for Al, Zn and Cu in the shells could be considered low when comparisons are drawn, with the exception of Fe that was found to be high. The bioaccumulation factors were considered to be low when oyster shell concentrations were compared to water and sediment data. There were also no seasonal trends present and a prolonged sampling period is suggested to further investigate these findings. When a comparison was drawn between the tissue and shell data a clear pattern was evident. Al and Fe concentrations were highest within the shell where as Zn and Cu concentrations were highest within the tissues of the animal. The theory of mineralization is supported by these findings where bivalves will use their shell as a reservoir for micronutrients and other substances. The NRRT assay revealed that lysosomal membrane destabilization had occurred and that the animals appeared to be stressed for the duration of the sampling period. Site 3, within the MPA, had the longest retention time. The retention times that were recorded were short when compared to other studies. This assay did however show potential as a basic monitoring tool from which more thorough investigations can be initiated. In conclusion, the study sites along the south coast of South Africa does not seem to be contaminated by Al, Zn, Cu or Fe when data is compared to international and local water quality guidelines, sediment quality guidelines and other studies. Also, as concentrations between sites did not differ greatly, it is inconclusive whether or not the MPA can be used as a reliable references site for in situ studies. More vigorous and lengthy studies should be undertaken to contribute to current knowledge of our indigenous species, Striostrea margaritacea and to aid in the development of better management of this resource as well as an ongoing monitoring programme.

Thesis presented to the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY for the degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town Campus, Zonnebloem, October 2013 / In this thesis, the complexation behaviour of the host compounds, 1,1’-binaphthyl- 2,2’-dicarboxylic acid (BNDA) and 1,1’-binaphthyl-2,2’-diol (BINOL) were investigated. These hosts are large, bulky and scissor shaped; they contain functionalities to selectively interact with other molecules. A series of small organic compounds, particularly amines, were used in the preparation of the complexes. BNDA formed three complexes with acyclic amines, two complexes with the cyclic amines and two complexes with a racemic amine in different solvents. All the complexes formed were salts. The amines used were diethylamine, di-nbutylamine, cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, and sec-butylamine. For the studies with the acyclic amines and cyclic amines, crystals were grown in methanol as a co-solvent. Similar experiments were conducted with BINOL. Successful complexation only occurred with cyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine respectively. An amine host, 1,1’-binaphthyl-2,2’- diamine (BINDIA) was also considered with acidic and amide guests to extend the study of the binaphthyl derivatives, but from the array of guests used, the host only formed an inclusion compound with dimethylacetamide (DMA). The structures of all the complexes were elucidated using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Thermal analysis was performed in order to determine the thermal stability of the complexes, including techniques such as thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage microscopy. The kinetics of desolvation was investigated for some of the complexes.

Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))-- Cape Peninsula University Technology, 2012 / The inclusion behaviour of a series of hydroxyl hosts with a variety of liquid guests has been investigated. The host 9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-xanthen-9-ol (A1), C20H16O3, forms inclusion compounds with aniline (ANI), 3-picoline (3PIC), morpholine (MORPH), Nmethylacetamide (NMA) and N-methylformamide (NMF). Their structures have been elucidated and correlated with their thermal behaviour. The inclusion compounds A1ANI and A1MORPH were successfully solved in space group P21/c, whereas A13PIC was solved in 𝑃ī. Non-isothermal kinetics of desolvation were performed for A13PIC and A1MORPH. The packing of A13PIC and A1MORPH is characterized by (Host)(Guest) hydrogen bonds, whereas A1ANI is stabilised by (Host)(Host) hydrogen bonding. Three structures were obtained for the host A1 and the guest N-methylacetamide, with structural formulas of C20H16O3 C3H7NO (A1NMA), C20H16O3 2C3H7NO (A12NMA) and 2C20H16O3 2C3H7NO (2A12NMA). The packing of A1NMA, A12NMA and 2A12NMA are characterized by (Host)-OHO-(Guest) and (Guest)-NHO-(Guest) hydrogen bonds, which gave hydrogen bonding patterns of 𝐶2 2(7), 𝐶3 3(11) and 𝐶4 2(11) respectively. The hydrate A1NMFH2O was successfully solved in the triclinic space group 𝑃ī. The A1NMFH2O hydrogen bond pattern may be described according to Etter’s notation as 𝑅4 2(8) and 𝑅6 6(16). The host 9-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9H-xanthen-9-ol (A2), C20H16O3, forms inclusion compounds with morpholine (A2MORPH), N-methylacetamide (A2NMA) and N-methylformamide (A2NMF), with host-guest ratios 1:1. The crystal structure of the apohost was solved in Pbca with Z=8. The structures of A2MORPH and A2NMF were solved in 𝑃ī, whereas A2NMA was solved in P21/n. The packing of these structures is stabilised by (Host)(Guest) hydrogen bonds. The host 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ol (A26), C22H18O2, forms inclusion compounds with aniline (A26ANI) and morpholine (A26MORPH). A26MORPH and A26ANI crystallised in the space groups Pc and 𝑃ī respectively. The packing of these structures are characterized by (Host)-OHO-(Host) hydrogen bonding. A guest exchange reaction was performed. The host compounds 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ol (C21H15OCl), 5-[3(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ol (C22H15OF3) and 5-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ol (C25H18O) form inclusion compounds with morpholine. All three structures were solved in 𝑃ī with the host molecules hydrogen bonded to the morpholine guests.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology: Chemistry in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / Batch experiments were conducted to assess the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions and landfill leachates using low cost adsorbents eggplant peel (EGP), sweet potato peel (SWP) and banana peel (BNP). Preliminary studies were carried out to optimize biosorbent mass, pH, Ni(II) concentration, temperature and contact time for Ni(II) removal. The optimized conditions were then applied to landfill leachates using the selected low cost adsorbents. Ni(II) removal efficiency for each biosorbent was investigated for each parameter. Results indicated that biosorbents masses, pH, initial concentration as well as solution temperature were important factors influencing Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions. Percentage Ni(II) removal was 66±0.30, 38±3.97 and 33±1.20 using EGP, SWP and BNP, respectively. Ni(II) removal efficiency increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing biosorbent mass, pH and Ni(II) initial concentration while it decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing temperature. Although Ni(II) removal efficiency varied significantly with time and the biosorbents no significant (P 0.05) difference was observed between the time interval whether the experiment was conducted in batch or semi batch mode. Results of FTIR studies indicated that several binding and chelating functional groups such as carboxyl, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups on the biomaterials surfaces could be responsible for Ni(II) biosorption. The optimum biosorbent mass for EGP and SWP was 0.4 g and for BNP was 0.05 g. The values for initial concentration, pH, temperature and contact time were 100 mg/L, 5, 22oC and 2 hours, respectively. Ni(II) removal efficiencies using EGP, SWP and BNP were 66, 38 and 33%, respectively. Taking into account the result and optimum condition obtained on Ni(II) removal efficiency from aqueous solution using EGP, SWP and BNP, the Ni(II) removal efficiency using these biosorbents from landfill leachate was investigated. It was found to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower than what was found from aqueous solution.

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae (Chemistry) in the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008 / Green et al. attempted to synthesize linear naphthopyranquinones from a naphthyl dioxolane using a TiCl4 as a catalyst. They managed to synthesise an angular naphthopyran as well as a linear naphthopyran in low yield. They showed that reducing the steric strain at position 1 of the naphthyl dioxolane afforded a low percentage yield of the linear naphthopyran plus an angular one. This thesis describes the synthesis of linear naphthopyrans with an improved percentage yield using TiCl4 as a catalyst. This was achieved by placing a OMe group of less steric hinderance at position 1 and a Br atom at position 4 of a naphthyl dioxolane. The OMe group at position 1 was to allow isomerisation to occur at position 2, and the Br atom was to inhibit isomerisation at position 4, thereby inhibiting the formation of the angular naphthopyran.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Environmental Health in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / The retail sector in South Africa is increasingly evolving into a dynamic industry, driven by changes in technology, saturating markets and globalisation. A major phenomenon in South Africa has been the evolution of hypermarkets, which sell large quantities of almost all consumer goods on a self-service basis. The South African consumers are becoming increasingly health conscious and, as such, the demand for wellness foods, health and convenience food has escalated. Convenience foods are expected to remain popular with consumers and supermarkets and will therefore increase the amount of ready-to-eat food items offered. As the retail industry has changed over the last two decades, so has the epidemiology of foodborne illnesses, with an increase in the incidence of bacterial infections caused by emerging organisms. In addition, there are certain food safety issues specifically associated with ready-to-eat foods. In recent years, incidences of enteric diseases associated with meat consumption have risen. The emergence of several new foodborne diseases has led to an increased focus attention on the issue of food safety by consumers and the industry. The most commonly implicated foods in these disease outbreaks have been meat and dairy products. The microbial load of eight convenience food manufacturing plants was determined by firstly sampling stainless steel food contact surfaces after they had been cleaned and sanitised at the end of a day‘s shift. The samples were analysed for Total Plate Count (TPC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria. The results showed that 59 % of the total areas sampled for TPC failed to comply with the legal requirements for food surfaces specified in the South African Health Act (< 100 cfu.cm-2). Listeria was detected in 23 % of the samples taken and E.coli was found in 1.3 % of the samples, while S. aureus was not detected in any of the samples. Fifty percent of the plants applied conventional cleaning methods for cleaning and sanitation and the remaining 50 % used the low-pressure foam (LPF) method. The bacterial results of the two cleaning methods were statistically compared and a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) was found between the TPC means of the cleaning methods after cleaning. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in terms of the Listeria species counts after both cleaning processes. The LPF method proved to be the superior cleaning option for reducing TPC counts. Secondly surface samples were collected from washed and sanitised dominant hands of food handlers and analysed for the presence of total plate counts, S. aureus and E. coli. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hand washing practices and sanitation before commencing work. A total of 230 samples were collected, involving 100 % of the food handlers in selected convenience food outlets. The highest bacterial count taken from handswas 7.4 x 10-3 cfu.cm-2 and the lowest showed no detectable growth. Forty percent of the TPC analysed complied with the legal limit of < 100 cfu.cm-2 and only 18 % of the food handlers had no detectable bacteria present on their hands. One hand sample tested positive for E. coli, which is generally viewed as an indication of faecal contamination. S. aureus could not be detected on the hands of any of the food handlers. The results of this study indicated that hand hygiene is unsatisfactory and underlined the importance of further training to improve food handlers‘ knowledge of good hand washing practices. The study also aimed to present data on the food hygiene knowledge and practices of food handlers based on a representative sample from convenience food outlets in the Gauteng area. The management, as well as food handlers, were interviewed without prior announcement and managers were interviewed prior to starting their shifts, followed by food handlers, after they had passed through the change room and hand wash facilities. Although the majority of food handlers adhered to basic hygiene principles, the results highlighted a need for proper and continuous training in hygiene practices, not only for food handlers, but also for management. Furthermore, all food handlers should adhere to a formal cleaning schedule and specific courses should be planned for food handlers. Most training is done away from the workplace and the workers might find it difficult to translate theory into practice. Although food safety training programmes are essential, behavioural changes will not occur merely as a result of having received training but rather continuous development of food handlers. In conclusion, the popularity of convenience food is bound to increase with the growing appeal for modern foods. Consumers in South Africa nowadays demand good quality and safe products at a reasonable cost. Due to continuous time constraints, convenience food is the food of the future for the working mother. It is clear that managing foodborne disease is a challenge and an economic problem subject to various constraints. Food safety has too often become a hit-or-miss gamble, with parents obliged to roll the dice when it comes to the safety of their children‘s food and consumers in general. The food industry therefore needs to improve food safety processes to prevent the contamination of foods and use methods to ensure safe food for consumers. Better training, more testing and better methods of tracking food must be utilised to verify that the processes are working. This study endeavoured to add to the understanding and improvement of hygiene processes as well as food handlers‘ practices in the convenience food industry in the Gauteng Province.