Helicopter rotor system operates in a highly dynamic and unsteady aerodynamic environment leading to severe vibratory loads on the rotor system. Repeated exposure to these severe loading conditions can induce damage in the composite rotor blade which may lead to a catastrophic failure. Therefore, an interest in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the composite rotor blades has grown markedly in recent years. Two important issues are addressed in this thesis; (1) structural modeling and aeroelastic analysis of the damaged rotor blade and (2) development of a model based rotor health monitoring system. The effect of matrix cracking, the first failure mode in composites, is studied in detail for a circular section beam, box-beam and two-cell airfoil section beam. Later, the effects of further progressive damages such as debonding/delamination and fiber breakage are considered for a two-cell airfoil section beam representing a stiff-inplane helicopter rotor blade. It is found that the stiffness decreases rapidly in the initial phase of matrix cracking but becomes almost constant later as matrix crack saturation is reached. Due to matrix cracking, the bending and torsion stiffness losses at the point of matrix crack saturation are about 6-12 percent and about 25-30 percent, respectively. Due to debonding/delamination, the bending and torsion stiffness losses are about 6-8 percent and about 40-45 percent after matrix crack saturation, respectively. The stiffness loss due to fiber breakage is very rapid and leads to the final failure of the blade. An aeroelastic analysis is performed for the damaged composite rotor in forward flight and the numerically simulated results are used to develop an online health monitoring system. For fault detection, the variations in rotating frequencies, tip bending and torsion response, blade root loads and strains along the blade due to damage are investigated. It is found that peak-to-peak values of blade response and loads provide a good global damage indicator and result in considerable data reduction. Also, the shear strain is a useful indicator to predict local damage. The structural health monitoring system is developed using the physics based models to detect and locate damage from simulated noisy rotor system data. A genetic fuzzy system (GFS) developed for solving the inverse problem of detecting damage from noise contaminated measurements by hybridizing the best features of fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. Using the changes in structural measurements between the damaged and undamaged blade, a fuzzy system is generated and the rule-base and membership functions optimized by genetic algorithm. The GFS is demonstrated using frequency and mode shape based measurements for various beam type structures such as uniform cantilever beam, tapered beam and non-rotating helicopter blade. The GFS is further demonstrated for predicting the internal state of the composite structures using an example of a composite hollow circular beam with matrix cracking damage mode. Finally, the GFS is applied for online SHM of a rotor in forward flight. It is found that the GFS shows excellent robustness with noisy data, missing measurements and degrades gradually in the presence of faulty sensors/measurements. Furthermore, the GFS can be developed in an automated manner resulting in an optimal solution to the inverse problem of SHM. Finally, the stiffness degradation of the composite rotor blade is correlated to the life consumption of the rotor blade and issues related to damage prognosis are addressed.

Dans le cadre linéaire, les modèles de Mindlin-Reissner pour les plaques épaisses et de Naghdi pour les coques épaisses sont les plus utilisés. Il est connu que la discrétisation par éléments finis de ces modèles conduit à un phénomène de verrouillage numérique quand l’épaisseur tend vers zéro. Il s’agit du verrouillage en cisaillement dans le cas des plaques et du verrouillage en cisaillement et en membrane dans le cas des coques. Il existe quelques éléments finis qui permettent d’éviter ces difficultés ou du moins de les réduire. L’élément DKMQ pour les plaques et sa version DKMQ24 pour les coques, sont des éléments de bas ordre, basés sur une formulation mixte, qui ont été proposés il y a quelques années afin d’éviter ces phénomènes de verrouillage. Dans cette thèse, on s’est attaché à évaluer numériquement les performances de ces éléments. Outre les cas tests classiques, on s’est focalisé sur l’analyse de la condition inf-sup discrète pour l’élément DKMQ. Nous avons étudié également le test de la s-norme proposé par Bathe, pour l’élément DKMQ24. Enfin, nous avons effectué une analyse d’erreur a posteriori pour les éléments DKMQ et DKMQ24, en utilisant l’estimateur d’erreur Z2 (dû à Zienkiewicz et Zhu), associé aux techniques de recouvrement de la moyenne, de projection ou encore SPR. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de quantifier les performances de ces deux éléments finis pour les problèmes de verrouillage, et d’en dégager les limites. Deux applications importantes de ces éléments DKMQ et DKMQ24 ont été ensuite présentées, la première concerne la simulation des poutres à parois minces à section ouverte et la seconde le calcul des plaques composites. / In the linear case, the Mindlin-Reissner model for thick plates and the Naghdi model for thick shells are commonly used. The finite element discretization of these models leads to numerical locking phenomenon when the thickness approaches zero : shear locking for plates and both shear and membrane locking for shells. There are some finite elements that could reduce or even eliminate this phenomenon. DKMQ element for plates or DKMQ24 element for shells, are low-order elements, based on a mixed formulation, introduced a few years ago to prevent the numerical locking phenomenon. In this thesis, we concentrated on numerical evaluation of the performance of these elements. Besides the classical benchmark tests, we also focused on the analysis of discrete inf-sup condition for DKMQ element. We studied the s-norm test proposed by Bathe for DKMQ24 element. Finally, we performed a posteriori error estimation for DKMQ and DKMQ24 elements, using the error estimator Z2 (proposed by Zienkiewicz and Zhu), associated with the averaging, projection or SPR recovery methods. The results obtained have enabled us to quantify the performance of these two finite elements for locking problems, and to identify their limits. Two important applications of these elements DKMQ and DKMQ24 were then presented ; the first one concerns thin-walled beams with open cross-section and the second one composite plates.

Ce travail a pour cadre une collaboration entre le LMA et Thales Alenia Space. Nous nous intéressons au comportement des structures flexibles et plus particulièrement des mètres rubans qui ont la particularité de pouvoir, grâce à l’aplatissement de la section, s’enrouler ou développer des pliages localisés. Une première thèse a permis d’une part la mise au point d’un nouveau type de mètre ruban au déroulement maîtrisable thermiquement et d’autre part le développement d’un modèle plan de poutre à section flexible. Dans le travail de thèse présenté ici, nous proposons une version étendue de ce modèle adaptée à la simulation du comportement dynamique tridimensionnel des mètres rubans en grands déplacements et en grandes rotations. Ce modèle est dérivé de la théorie des coques et repose sur l’introduction d’hypothèses cinématiques et sthéniques adaptées. La déformation de la section est caractérisée par celle de sa ligne moyenne qui peut se déformer dans son plan par flexion et torsion mais non par extension, ainsi que hors de son plan par gauchissement de torsion. Les fortes variations de forme de la section dans son plan peuvent alors être décrites par une cinématique de type Elastica, tandis qu’une cinématique de type Vlassov est utilisée pour définir le gauchissement dans le repère local attaché à la section. Le modèle unidimensionnel est obtenu par intégration sur la section des expressions de la théorie des coques, une approche énergétique permet ensuite de formuler le problème associé qui est résolu grâce au logiciel de modélisation par éléments finis COMSOL. / This work was carried out within the framework of a collaboration between the LMA and Thales Alenia Space. We focus on the behaviour of flexible structures and more specifically of tape springs, whose particularity lies in their capacity to coil up or to form localized folds through the flattening of their cross-section. A first thesis led to the development of a new type of tape spring whose uncoiling is controlled thermically on one hand and of a planar rod model with a flexible thin-walled cross-section on the other hand. In this thesis, we offer an extended version of this model dedicated to the simulation of three-dimensional dynamic behavior of tape springs in large displacements and large rotations. This model is derived from shell theory and is based on the introduction of adapted kinematic and sthenic hypotheses. The deformation of the cross-section is characterized by that of its average line which can deform in its own plane by flexion and twisting but not by extension, as well as out of its plane through torsional warping. The large changes of the cross-section shape in its plane can then be described by an Elastica kinematics, whereas a Vlassov kinematics is used to define the warping in the local frame attached to the section. The unidimensionnal model is obtained by integration over the cross-section of the expressions of the shell theory, an energetic approach then allows to express the associated problem which is solved thanks to the finite element modeling software COMSOL.

Le travail de thèse porte sur de nouveaux compléments et améliorations pour la théorie de la péridynamique concernant la modélisation numérique de structures minces telles que les poutres et les plaques, les composites isotropes et multicouches soumis à un chargement dynamique. Nos développements ont principalement porté sur l'exploration des possibilités offertes par la méthode péridynamique, largement appliquée dans divers domaines de l'ingénierie où des discontinuités fortes ou faibles peuvent se produire, telles que des fissures. La procédure de généralisation de la méthode Peridynamics pour la modélisation des structures de poutres de Timoshenko et des structures de plaques de Reissner-Mindlin avec une large plage de rapport épaisseur sur longueur allant de structures épaisses à très minces est indiquée. Et un impact avec une faible vitesse simplifié basé sur le modèle péridynamique développé pour la poutre de Timoshenko et la plaque de Reissner-Mindlin a été proposé en utilisant une procédure de contact spécifique pour l'estimation « naturelle » de la charge d'impact. L’originalité de la méthode actuelle réside dans l’introduction avec deux techniques permettant de réduire le problème de blocage par cisaillement qui se pose dans les structures à poutres et à plaques minces, à savoir la méthode d’intégration réduite (ou sélective) et la formulation mixte. Le modèle péridynamique résultant pour les structures de poutre de Timoshenko et les structures de plaque de Reissner-Mindlin est efficace et ne souffre d'aucun phénomène de verrouillage par cisaillement. En outre, la procédure de généralisation de la méthode péridynamique pour la modélisation de structures composites minces renforcées par des fibres est introduite. L’approche péridynamique pour la modélisation d’une couche est d’abord validée en quasi-statique, ce qui inclut des problèmes de prévision de la propagation de fissures soumis à des conditions de chargement mécaniques. La méthode péridynamique a ensuite été étendue à l’analyse de structures composites minces renforcées par des fibres utilisant la théorie fondamentale d’une couche. Enfin, plusieurs applications impliquant des structures composites minces renforcées par des fibres et des résultats numériques ont été validées par comparaison à la solution FEM obtenue à l'aide d'un logiciel commercial ou à des solutions de référence de la littérature. Dans toutes les applications, Péridynamics montre que les résultats correspondent parfaitement aux solutions de référence, ce qui prouve son potentiel d’efficacité, en particulier pour la simulation de chemins de fissures dans les structures isotropes et composites. / This thesis introduces some new complements and improvments for the Bond-Based Peridynamics theory concerning the numerical modeling of thin structures such as beams and plates, isotropic and multilayer composites subjected to dynamic loading. Our developments have been focused mainly on exploring the possibilities offered by the Peridynamic method, which has been widely applied in various engineering domains where strong or weak discontinuities may occur such as cracks or heterogeneous media. The generalization procedure of the Peridynamics method for the modeling of Timoshenko beam structures and Reissner-Mindlin plate structures respectively with a wide range of thickness to length ratio starting from thick structures to very thin structures is given. And A simplified low velocity impact based on the developed Peridynamic model for Timoshenko beam and ReissnerMindlin plate has been proposed by using a specific contact procedure for the estimation of the impact load. The originality of the present method was the introduction for the first time of two techniques for the alleviation of the shear locking problem which arises in thin beam and plate structures, namely the reduced (or selective) integration method and mixed formulation. The resulting Peridynamic model for Timoshenko beam structures and Reissner-Mindlin plate structures is efficient and does not suffer from any shear locking phenomenon. Besides, the generalization procedure of Peridynamic method for the modeling of fiber-reinforced thin composite structures is introduced. The Peridynamic approach for the modeling of a lamina is firstly validated in the quasi-statics including a crack propagation prediction problems subjected to mechanical loading conditions and then the Peridynamic method was further extended to analyze fiber-reinforced thin composite structures using the fundamental lamina theory. Finally, several applications involving fiber-reinforced thin composite structures and numerical results were validated by comparison to the FEM solution obtained using commercial software or to reference solutions from the literature. In all applications, the Peridynamics shows that results are matching perfectly the reference solutions, which proves its efficiency potentiality especially for crack paths simulation in isotropic and composite structures.

The Subject of these thesis is project new sport hall for Fire sport. The building is divided to two parts connected together. First part SO01 is main sport hall, second SO02 is background for sportsmen. The Building SO01 is making from LLENTAB system. The main support elements are from steel thin-walled profile, This part is single-storey building, without basement, build on foundation pad. Building SO02 is making from hollow bricks Heluz, floor structure is from prestressed concrete panels. The building has two floor with flat roof, build on concrete strip foundation. External wall is contact thermal insulated by mineral wool. All building is design according valid building standards.

This diploma thesis is focused on production and problems in production of thin-walled ductile iron castings, especially in the inoculation process. The focus is on the influence of elements on the structure and mechanical properties of ductile iron and as well as the influence of some elements, that are commonly used in inoculation alloys. Furthermore, the factors that affect the production technology are written, i.e., solidification rate, wall thickness, cooling rate, and factors used for affecting the thin-walled castings production, i.e., the use of insulating moulding compounds and increasing the graphite nodule count. At the end of the theoretical part, important production processes are analysed, namely inoculation and spheroidization. The experimental part is focused on influencing the structure and mechanical properties using several types of inoculants of different chemical compositions, whereas the tested thicknesses of the test plates are 3-, 5- and 8-mm. Hardness, tensile strength and ductility are evaluated on these plates. Finally, the volume of ferrite in the structure, shape and size of the graphite nodules were examined.

The purpose of the projection was creating an object which offers enough space for social activities with possibility of free time spending. The floor projection of irregular shape allows the object of the golf club to be splitted into dispositionally detached parts. The object consists of three-storey main building and two-storey relaxing section. Whole object has a basement. It is situated in sloping terrain on the outskirts of the Dolní Dobrouč village. The basement of main building has the shape of irregular rectangle. It is imbedded into the ground and technical background of main object is situated here. The relaxing section is connected to this space by small passage which is used for technical background of this section. The floor projection of the first floor exceeds over the basement. In a guests section, there is a main entrance, a restaurant and a shop. The staff section adjoins to this section. On the second floor, there are conference rooms, administrative section, the other floor of the restaurant and a garage. The basement of the relaxing section as much as its first floor are designed for the guests‘ relaxation. The shed roof construction of the main building and the relaxing section is made of glued laminated truss. The garage has a shed roof too with the construction built of thin-walled domestic roof trusses. In the construction point of view the object was projected with aspect to cooperation of materials and systems and so allows effective use of different parts. The building does not invade the character of the environment due to its shape solution when object almost copies the terrain. However, the whole complex of golf club including golf course, creates a distinctive landscaping object.

The subject of this thesis is the static design of load bearing structure of a flat-building. The flat-building is designed as a two-floors building with cock-loft. The ground plan of the house is 15,04 x 16,74 m, the height is 9,25 m. The house is considered as II. snow area and II. wind area. The load bearing structure is designed in two variations. In first variation is designed load baering structure of the house by steel thin-walled sections, in second variation is designed by timber sections. In both variations load bearing structures is made of columns, garlands, ceiling beams and roof truss.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with materials used in the aircraft industry with a focus on aluminium alloys. Then it describes high speed machining, its characteristics and its comparison with conventional machining. The following chapters describe strategies of machining thin-walled parts and a description of vibration that occurs during machining. The practical part deals with selection appropriate tool geometry, machining of thin-walled parts and evaluation of their deflection during machining.

Heutzutage werden bereits klein- bis mittelformatige Fassadenplatten aus Textilbeton mit Flächen bis zu 6 m² im Bauwesen verwendet. Dabei werden die ca. 25 mm dicken Elemente mit netzartigen technischen Textilien aus AR-Glas bewehrt. In einem kürzlich abgeschlossenen Forschungsprojekt wurde eine großformatige Fassadenplatte aus Textilbeton mit einer Elementfläche von 12,2 m² entwickelt, die eine Plattendicke von nur 30 mm aufweist. Die Platte wurde mit zwei rückseitigen monolithisch verbundenen Betonstegen ausgesteift. Durch die Beschichtung der Textilien mit Epoxidharz konnten formstabile und formbare Bewehrungsstrukturen entwickelt werden, die Textilspannungen von bis zu 1400 N/mm² aufweisen. In einem Pilotprojekt wurden die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes angewendet und ihre Praxistauglichkeit nachgewiesen. Der Artikel beschreibt das architektonische Konzept, gibt Hinweise zur konstruktiven Durchbildung und beschreibt Herstellverfahren der textilen Bewehrung und Fassadenplatte.