As Metodologias Ativas de Aprendizagem são estratégias de ensino que visam a mobilizar o aluno para a construção do próprio conhecimento de forma proativa e menos receptora. A presente pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, propôs-se investigar a aplicação da metodologia ativa Think Pair Share no Ensino Fundamental I. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma sequência de atividades com o tema astronomia com ênfase para o tópico lua, em que os alunos tiveram que pensar em conjunto, discutir em pares e efetuar relações com a mediação do professor. O desenvolvimento desta estratégia foi considerado positivo, pois os alunos se mostraram engajados nas atividades e responderam satisfatoriamente a ela. Foi constatada escassez de material de pesquisa sobre metodologias ativas aplicada ao Ensino Fundamental I no Brasil, o que sinaliza a necessidade de aprofundar as práticas e efetuar um registro reflexivo sistemático sobre as mesmas. / Learning Active Methodologies are teaching strategies to mobilize students to build knowledge through a more proactive and less receptive way. This research, of a qualitative approach, has proposed to investigate the application of active methodology Think Pair Share in Primary Education. Therefore, a sequence of activities was developed with the theme of astronomy with emphasis on the topic moon; students should think together, discuss in pairs and build relations with the mediation of the teacher. The development of this strategy has been positive because students were engaged in activities and responded satisfactorily. There is a shortage of Active Methodologies research material applied to Primary Education in Brazil, this shows the need of deepening the practices and create a systematic reflective record on them.

This thesis analyses the emergence and evolution of the think-tanks in Turkey. It seeks primarily to answer to whether or not it is possible to mention &lsquo / a think-tank culture&rsquo / in Turkey. After the definition, characteristics and types of the think-tank term are debated, the historical background of think-tanks all over the world is analyzed. The thesis looks at similarities and differences among the think-tanks in and outside Turkey in terms of their size and areas of specialization. It also tries to find out who are pioneering to the establishment of think-tanks, whom the think-tanks are serving, which financial resources and functions they have in Turkey.

O esquecimento intencional pode cumprir uma função estratégica no sistema cognitivo, que permite aos indivíduos não pensar sobre acontecimentos indesejados do passado, tais como eventos traumáticos, dolorosos e violentos, dos quais se prefere não recordar. Enquanto esquecer involuntariamente é uma falha da lembrança, por outro lado, esquecer intencionalmente parece ser uma função estratégica da memória. A presente dissertação teve por objetivo investigar os mecanismos neurocognitivos que contribuem para o esquecimento de memórias. A dissertação se organizou em dois estudos. O primeiro estudo consiste em uma revisão sistemática de artigos empíricos publicados nos últimos dez anos sobre a supressão de memórias indesejadas. O segundo estudo é um ensaio empírico, no qual foi executado um experimento adaptado do paradigma Think/No-Think com a utilização de marcadores eletrofisiológicos de eletroencefalograma. Participaram do experimento 22 sujeitos, alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos com estratégias distintas de esquecimento: Supressão de memória e substituição de pensamentos. Durante toda a tarefa experimental, os participantes tiveram dados de EEG continuamente gravados. Os resultados decorrentes do ensaio empírico estão de acordo com os achados da literatura, indicando que a positividade parietal em torno de 400-800ms após a apresentação do estímulo é um marcador de lembrança consciente durante a recuperação de memória. Apenas na estratégia de supressão de memória houve uma redução da positividade centro-parietal durante o esquecimento, entre 450 e 700ms após apresentação do estímulo. Além disso, uma maior deflexão no componente N2 durante a supressão é um preditor de esquecimento induzido. Os achados indicam que é possível mapear o sistema neurocognitivo subjacente à supressão de memórias. / Intentional forgetting can be characterized as a strategic function of the cognitive system that allows us not to think about unwanted memories from our past, as for example emotional events or traumatic experiences that we would prefer not to remember. While forgetting involuntarily is a failure of recollection, on the other hand, forgetting intentionally seems to be a strategic function of memory. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to forgetting memories. The dissertation was organized in two studies. The first study consists of a systematic review of empirical articles published in the last ten years on the suppression of unwanted memories. The second study is an empirical essay, in which an experiment adapted from the Think/No-Think paradigm was performed, with the use of electrophysiological markers of electroencephalogram. Twenty-two subjects participated in the experiment, randomly assigned to two groups with distinct strategies of forgetting: Memory suppression and thought substitution. Throughout the experimental task, participants had continuously recorded EEG data. The results of the empirical essay are in agreement with the literature findings, indicating that the parietal positivity around 400-800 ms after the presentation of the stimulus is a marker of conscious memory during memory recovery. Only direct memory suppression reduced centro-parietal positivity during forgetting, between 450 and 700 ms post-stimulus. Also, a greater deflection in the N2 component during suppression is an induced forgetting predictor. The findings indicate that it is possible to map the neurocognitive system underlying memory suppression.

O esquecimento intencional pode cumprir uma função estratégica no sistema cognitivo, que permite aos indivíduos não pensar sobre acontecimentos indesejados do passado, tais como eventos traumáticos, dolorosos e violentos, dos quais se prefere não recordar. Enquanto esquecer involuntariamente é uma falha da lembrança, por outro lado, esquecer intencionalmente parece ser uma função estratégica da memória. A presente dissertação teve por objetivo investigar os mecanismos neurocognitivos que contribuem para o esquecimento de memórias. A dissertação se organizou em dois estudos. O primeiro estudo consiste em uma revisão sistemática de artigos empíricos publicados nos últimos dez anos sobre a supressão de memórias indesejadas. O segundo estudo é um ensaio empírico, no qual foi executado um experimento adaptado do paradigma Think/No-Think com a utilização de marcadores eletrofisiológicos de eletroencefalograma. Participaram do experimento 22 sujeitos, alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos com estratégias distintas de esquecimento: Supressão de memória e substituição de pensamentos. Durante toda a tarefa experimental, os participantes tiveram dados de EEG continuamente gravados. Os resultados decorrentes do ensaio empírico estão de acordo com os achados da literatura, indicando que a positividade parietal em torno de 400-800ms após a apresentação do estímulo é um marcador de lembrança consciente durante a recuperação de memória. Apenas na estratégia de supressão de memória houve uma redução da positividade centro-parietal durante o esquecimento, entre 450 e 700ms após apresentação do estímulo. Além disso, uma maior deflexão no componente N2 durante a supressão é um preditor de esquecimento induzido. Os achados indicam que é possível mapear o sistema neurocognitivo subjacente à supressão de memórias. / Intentional forgetting can be characterized as a strategic function of the cognitive system that allows us not to think about unwanted memories from our past, as for example emotional events or traumatic experiences that we would prefer not to remember. While forgetting involuntarily is a failure of recollection, on the other hand, forgetting intentionally seems to be a strategic function of memory. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to forgetting memories. The dissertation was organized in two studies. The first study consists of a systematic review of empirical articles published in the last ten years on the suppression of unwanted memories. The second study is an empirical essay, in which an experiment adapted from the Think/No-Think paradigm was performed, with the use of electrophysiological markers of electroencephalogram. Twenty-two subjects participated in the experiment, randomly assigned to two groups with distinct strategies of forgetting: Memory suppression and thought substitution. Throughout the experimental task, participants had continuously recorded EEG data. The results of the empirical essay are in agreement with the literature findings, indicating that the parietal positivity around 400-800 ms after the presentation of the stimulus is a marker of conscious memory during memory recovery. Only direct memory suppression reduced centro-parietal positivity during forgetting, between 450 and 700 ms post-stimulus. Also, a greater deflection in the N2 component during suppression is an induced forgetting predictor. The findings indicate that it is possible to map the neurocognitive system underlying memory suppression.

As Metodologias Ativas de Aprendizagem são estratégias de ensino que visam a mobilizar o aluno para a construção do próprio conhecimento de forma proativa e menos receptora. A presente pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, propôs-se investigar a aplicação da metodologia ativa Think Pair Share no Ensino Fundamental I. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma sequência de atividades com o tema astronomia com ênfase para o tópico lua, em que os alunos tiveram que pensar em conjunto, discutir em pares e efetuar relações com a mediação do professor. O desenvolvimento desta estratégia foi considerado positivo, pois os alunos se mostraram engajados nas atividades e responderam satisfatoriamente a ela. Foi constatada escassez de material de pesquisa sobre metodologias ativas aplicada ao Ensino Fundamental I no Brasil, o que sinaliza a necessidade de aprofundar as práticas e efetuar um registro reflexivo sistemático sobre as mesmas. / Learning Active Methodologies are teaching strategies to mobilize students to build knowledge through a more proactive and less receptive way. This research, of a qualitative approach, has proposed to investigate the application of active methodology Think Pair Share in Primary Education. Therefore, a sequence of activities was developed with the theme of astronomy with emphasis on the topic moon; students should think together, discuss in pairs and build relations with the mediation of the teacher. The development of this strategy has been positive because students were engaged in activities and responded satisfactorily. There is a shortage of Active Methodologies research material applied to Primary Education in Brazil, this shows the need of deepening the practices and create a systematic reflective record on them.

O esquecimento intencional pode cumprir uma função estratégica no sistema cognitivo, que permite aos indivíduos não pensar sobre acontecimentos indesejados do passado, tais como eventos traumáticos, dolorosos e violentos, dos quais se prefere não recordar. Enquanto esquecer involuntariamente é uma falha da lembrança, por outro lado, esquecer intencionalmente parece ser uma função estratégica da memória. A presente dissertação teve por objetivo investigar os mecanismos neurocognitivos que contribuem para o esquecimento de memórias. A dissertação se organizou em dois estudos. O primeiro estudo consiste em uma revisão sistemática de artigos empíricos publicados nos últimos dez anos sobre a supressão de memórias indesejadas. O segundo estudo é um ensaio empírico, no qual foi executado um experimento adaptado do paradigma Think/No-Think com a utilização de marcadores eletrofisiológicos de eletroencefalograma. Participaram do experimento 22 sujeitos, alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos com estratégias distintas de esquecimento: Supressão de memória e substituição de pensamentos. Durante toda a tarefa experimental, os participantes tiveram dados de EEG continuamente gravados. Os resultados decorrentes do ensaio empírico estão de acordo com os achados da literatura, indicando que a positividade parietal em torno de 400-800ms após a apresentação do estímulo é um marcador de lembrança consciente durante a recuperação de memória. Apenas na estratégia de supressão de memória houve uma redução da positividade centro-parietal durante o esquecimento, entre 450 e 700ms após apresentação do estímulo. Além disso, uma maior deflexão no componente N2 durante a supressão é um preditor de esquecimento induzido. Os achados indicam que é possível mapear o sistema neurocognitivo subjacente à supressão de memórias. / Intentional forgetting can be characterized as a strategic function of the cognitive system that allows us not to think about unwanted memories from our past, as for example emotional events or traumatic experiences that we would prefer not to remember. While forgetting involuntarily is a failure of recollection, on the other hand, forgetting intentionally seems to be a strategic function of memory. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to forgetting memories. The dissertation was organized in two studies. The first study consists of a systematic review of empirical articles published in the last ten years on the suppression of unwanted memories. The second study is an empirical essay, in which an experiment adapted from the Think/No-Think paradigm was performed, with the use of electrophysiological markers of electroencephalogram. Twenty-two subjects participated in the experiment, randomly assigned to two groups with distinct strategies of forgetting: Memory suppression and thought substitution. Throughout the experimental task, participants had continuously recorded EEG data. The results of the empirical essay are in agreement with the literature findings, indicating that the parietal positivity around 400-800 ms after the presentation of the stimulus is a marker of conscious memory during memory recovery. Only direct memory suppression reduced centro-parietal positivity during forgetting, between 450 and 700 ms post-stimulus. Also, a greater deflection in the N2 component during suppression is an induced forgetting predictor. The findings indicate that it is possible to map the neurocognitive system underlying memory suppression.

.Les think tanks sont des acteurs qui s’inscrivent dans une perspective d’information et d’influence. A travers des expertises et des recommandations politiques, ils cherchent à atteindre la sphère politique. Bien qu’ils soient majoritairement apparus en Europe dans les années 1970 et 1980 et que leur essor date des années 2000, les think tanks sont des acteurs émergents dans le processus décisionnel européen. Ils ont rapidement su se saisir des différents points d’accès proposés par les institutions européennes et sont progressivement devenus des acteurs incontournables et influents dans le processus décisionnel européen. Les cibles d’action sont plus précisément la Commission européenne, le Parlement européen, le Comité des Régions ainsi que le Comité Economique et Social Européen. Les modalités et les stratégies d’influence mises en place par les think tanks pour atteindre ces institutions et organes prennent des formes variées. / .Think tanks are actors that are part of a didactic and influence perspective. Through expertise and political recommendations, they seek to reach the political sphere. Although most of them emerged in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s and their growth began in the 2000s, think tanks are emerging players in the European decision-making process. They quickly managed to seize the various access points proposed by the European institutions and gradually became key and influential actors in the European decision-making process. The action targets are more specifically the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Committee of the Regions and the European Economic and Social Committee. The modalities and strategies of influence put in place by the think tanks to reach these institutions and organs take various forms.

This dissertation looks into the processes by which neoliberalism is mutating with various local and global discourses in order to transform urban space for marginalized street hawkers in the Global South, specifically Delhi, India. Following the current engagements in geographic literature on neoliberalism that focus on the contextually embedded character and the path-dependent process of the spread of free market ideas, I make free market advocacy think tanks--a rather unknown and under-investigated accomplice to this process--my main entry point. Corporate funded think tanks are often found advocating a neoliberal doctrine of free markets, minimal government intervention, and privatization. A self-professed civil society organization, the Center for Civil Society (CCS) in Delhi is one of the first neoliberal, national and foreign corporation funded, advocacy think tanks in India and one of its many agendas is to counter the popular belief that neoliberalism is harmful for the urban poor such as street hawkers. Various NGOs, social workers, scholars, academicians, and think tanks including CCS came together to form the National Policy of Street Vendors, 2009 (NPSV), one of the first policy proposals in modern India to tackle the problems of urban spaces of street vending. Through my investigations I wish to highlight the neoliberal attitudes that are concealed in this policy regarding street hawkers. By bringing these neoliberal undertones to the forefront, this dissertation discusses how this so called “pro-hawking” policy that is being pushed to be implemented in the majority of Indian cities is in fact hostile to hawkers. I demonstrate this fact by explaining that NPSV and its proponents view space as a capitalist commodity and are attempting to transform the rich social spaces of Indian city streets into hollow container spaces of capitalist production and consumption. In this way, this dissertation connects macro spaces of governance such as city streets to the micro spaces of governmentality such as think tanks like CCS.

The aim of this study is to investigate how inside and outside directors differ in their cognition and reasoning in regards to environmental sustainability issues. The theoretical background derives from a cognitive view and Stakeholder theory. The paper is further based on current research regarding insiders’ and outsiders’ relationship to environmental sustainability. In order to capture the cognition and reasoning of insiders and outsiders, a Think-aloud study was conducted, interviewing a total of 20 board members in the food industry. Results from this study showed that, when faced with environmental issues, outsiders are more likely to request, repeat, ponder as well as clarify the information given. Secondly, outsiders are more likely to consider a long-term perspective. Thirdly, outsiders are more likely to consider an environmental view. Lastly, both insiders and outsiders use analogical reasoning when contemplating around environmental issues. However, insiders are more likely to draw experience from their current position or company while outsiders are more likely to draw experience from outside their current position or company when solving environmental issues.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / CHDS State/Local / At all levels of government, strategies to prevent terrorism will rely on the development and distribution of actionable information. It is essential that the United States strengthen its capacity to gather, share, analyze and disseminate such information. In the State of Utah, however, these efforts have been jeopardized by a failure to adequately understand the cultural impediments to building more effective information systems. Spending more money on "stuff" (hardware, communications systems, etc.) will not provide for better information sharing, unless cultural barriers to change are recognized and taken into account in State planning. Public safety officers in Utah are, in my experience, extremely dedicated and competent public servants. Nevertheless, the top priority in Utah should be building a new culture where trust and collaboration exist among the organizations involved in homeland security. This thesis argues that such collaboration does not exist today, and will not grow naturally on its own. Further, states such as Utah need to develop and implement a strategic plan to build a culture of collaboration. This thesis proposed such a plan, tailored to overcome the specific problems that my research has uncovered. / Commissioner of Public Safety, State of Utah (CHDS State/Local)