In the thesis, results of a research focused on monitoring strategies used by students during problem solving are presented. It follows previous studies conducted with the use of think- aloud method. Due to limitations of this method, an eye-camera is used. The record of the camera is used not only to analyse student's problem-solving process, but also as a tool eliminating one of the RTA limits - inaccuracies due to forgetting. The strategies were investigated among economics-oriented vocational school students in the first grade. They solved indicator tasks from the Methodical Comments and Tasks for Educational Standards in Lower-Secondary Education. The research sample was selected based on a pre-test composed of the selected tasks. According to the results, the students were divided into four categories, two students of each category were selected for the research. They solved a second set of the tasks. Based on eye-tracking and think-aloud data, their problem- solving processes were mapped and false-positive results were eliminated. The research results show that the students used the most expansive strategies, mainly work with the periodical table. However, in most cases, these strategies did not lead to a correct solution, due to the students' problems during solving. In these cases, they...

Människor fattar inte alltid optimala och rationella beslut, och det finns olika teorier som förklarar dessa mer irrationella beslutsprocesser. Naturalistiskt beslutsfattande handlar om att undersöka hur människor faktiskt fattar beslut i verkliga situationer. Studien ämnade att kvalitativt undersöka hur beslutsprocessen vid näthandel av kläder och skor kan se ut. I studien ingick fyra personer i åldrarna 19 till 36 år. Studien bestod av två delar; en observationsdel där deltagaren skulle leta upp ett plagg hen skulle vilja köpa, samtidigt som hen tänkte högt med think aloud-metoden, samt en avslutande intervjudel med öppna intervjufrågor. Tran- skriberingarna analyserades med en narrativ analys. Studien resulterade i fyra olika berättelser och beslutsprocesser; en om att shoppa utifrån behov och intresse, en om att söka information, en om att shoppa under kort tid och impulsivt och en om att shoppa under kort tid och vara obeslutsam länge. Det visade att beslutsprocessen vid näthandel inte var enbart rationell och bland annat påverkades av hur deltagarna hanterade den stora mängden information de fick på nätet, vilken motivation de hade till shoppingen samt vilket mål de hade med den. Näthandel verkade dessutom innefatta mer än att bara göra ett köp. Att undersöka en så komplex process genom naturalistiskt beslutsfattande kan alltså ge unika insikter. / People do not always make optimal and rational choices, and there are different theories that explain more irrational decision-making processes. Naturalistic decision-making concerns how people make decisions in real life situations. This qualitative study aims to explore what the decision-making process may look like in online shopping of clothes and shoes. The study consisted of four people aged 19 to 36 years old. The procedure contained two parts; one observational study, where the participant was instructed to search for and find an item of clothing online that they would like to buy, while thinking aloud with the think-aloud method, and a final interview part with open-ended questions. The transcriptions were then analysed with a narrative analysis. This resulted in four different stories and decision-making processes; one about shopping out of needs as well as spontaneous interests, one about searching for information, one about shopping impulsively and intensely and one about shopping for a short amount of time but being indecisive for a long time. The decision-making process in online shopping was found to not be solely rational and was, among other things, influenced by how the participants handled the large amount of information they received online as well as their motivation for and goals with the shopping. Furthermore, the objective with the participants’ shopping was found to be more than to just make a purchase. This indicates that examining such a complex process through naturalistic decision making can give unique insights.

付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第24159号 / 教博第279号 / 新制||教||213(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育学環専攻 / (主査)教授 齊藤 智, 准教授 野村 理朗, 教授 楠見 孝, 教授 田中 利幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Critical thinking ability is imperative for nurse practitioners in the multidimensional unfolding health care arena. Consensus as to what critical thinking entails has yet to be articulated. This non-empirical study thus set out to clarify the concept "critical thinking. Walker and Avant's (1995) proposal for conducting a concept analysis was used within the qualitative research paradigm. Literature selected from the fields of education, philosophy, nursing and psychology was consulted as the main source of data. Thematic and theoretical sampling of literature were also embarked upon during the later stage of the research to add density to emergent categories and themes. Categories were organised according to the Strauss and Corbin (1995) paradigmatic model; indicating the antecedents, disposition of the thinker, attributes and critical attributes, and outcomes of critical thinking. The findings indicate that critical thinking is a complex, multidimensional, dynamic, existential and context dependent mental operation. The essence of critical thinking is further illuminated by the construction of a model case and additional cases. The concept critical thinking is finally succinctly defined. The implications that critical thinking holds for nursing education and practice are spelled out. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The primary aim of the research project presented in this thesis was to develop and test a comprehensive psychological model of interaction experience with news Web sites. Although news media have been publishing on the Web increasingly since the second half of the 1990s and news sites have become a favoured source of news for many, there is a lack of knowledge about news sites in terms of interaction-experience constructs and their structural relationships. The project aimed to examine people’s use of news sites from the perspective of interaction-experience research by developing a model and, based on this model, to provide guidance for designers of news sites. The project comprises three research phases: (1) exploratory phase, (2) modelling phase and (3) experimental phase. In the exploratory phase, a review of literature and an exploratory study of interaction experience with news Web sites were conducted. The latter explored how users of a particular news site interact with the site and which aspects of their experience they report. Data for the exploratory study were collected with an online questionnaire and by recording participants’ use of a news site under think-aloud instructions. In the modelling phase, an online questionnaire was used to collect answers to psychometric scales that were selected based on the literature review and the exploratory study. A measurement model was formulated to test the relationship between measurement items and the measurement scales, and structural models were formulated to test hypotheses related to the structural relationships of variables. Following the test results, a model of interaction experience with news sites was formulated to predict outcome measures of interaction experience from variables measuring aspects of interaction experience. Components of interaction experience, in turn, were predicted from measures of perceived news-site characteristics. In the experimental phase, an experiment was conducted to test the model of interaction experience with news sites in a controlled setting. Additionally, measures of person- and context characteristics were included in the prediction of components of interaction experience. The model of interaction experience with news sites was supported and accounted for a medium to substantial amount of variance in outcome measures. Finally, design guidance was derived from the model to advance interaction-experience knowledge, and conclusions were drawn regarding the model, in relation to existing research.

The current study examined the reading strategies of 19 bilingual undergraduate students who varied in reading proficiency (good or average) and language background (Chinese or Spanish). Using the think-aloud method, students’ reading strategies were measured and compared to determine whether strategy use differed as a function of reading proficiency, language background, and/or text level. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted to corroborate the findings obtained from the think-aloud protocols. Results from this study suggest that reading proficiency affects strategy use at the syntactic level, whereas language background affects strategy use at the vocabulary level. These findings have significant implications in education, particularly in the area of English language teaching. Students should be encouraged to use their first language reading skills when reading English text, as it facilitates their comprehension and improves their English literacy development.

Denna studiens huvudsakliga syfte har varit att undersöka hur kulturrelativism och universalism ”översätts” av “vardagsmänniskor”. I detta fall har intresset riktats mot lärarstudenters perceptioner av könsuppdelad undervisning i en friskolekontext. Studiens sekundära syfte har varit att undersöka hur väl det metodologiska tillvägagångssättet, think-aloud, kan besvara frågor med en inneboende etisk problematik, likt denna. Med andra ord; kan metodologin på ett rättvisande sätt belysa intervjupersoners tänkande kring detta slags frågor? Datainsamlingen har genomförts med hjälp av tio standardiserade think-aloud sessioner där respondenterna fått läsa en vinjett och sedan instruerats att diskutera innehållet högt (”tänka högt”) utifrån ett värdegrundsperspektiv. I studien har två olika vinjetter inkluderats varav den ena representerar könsuppdelning i en muslimsk friskola och den andra könsuppdelning i en kristen friskola, vilka har fördelats jämnt om fem var på de tio medverkande lärarstudenterna. Resultatet visar att de olika kontexterna varit avgörande för hur studenterna tolkar könsuppdelning, där den muslimska kontexten har problematiserats genom ett mer kulturrelativistisk, ”förlåtande” synsätt, medan den kristna friskolan bedömts vara icke-legitim i sitt agerande. / The main aim of this study has been to investigate how culture relativism and universalism are "translated" into the life of "everyday people". In this case, the focus has been directed towards teacher students' perceptions of gender-divided education in a private school. The secondary purpose of the study has been to investigate how well the methodological procedure, think-aloud, can answer questions with an inherent ethical problem, like this. In other words: can the methodology in a fair way illustrate interviewees thinking about this kind of questions? The collection of data has been carried out through ten standardized think-aloud sessions, where the students have been instructed to read a vignette (small text) and then think-aloud about its content from a value-based perspective. In the study, two different vignettes have been included, one of which represents gender divisions in a Muslim private school and the second represents gender division in a Christian private school. The vignettes have been divided evenly among the ten participating teacher students. The result has demonstrated that the different contexts have been decisive for how the students interpret gender-division, where the Muslim context is assessed by a more cultural relativistic, and ”forgiving” approach, while the Christian context is judged to be non-legitimate in its actions.

Thin film multiferroic oxides with co-existing ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ordering have attracted much interest in recent years, partly as a result of the enhancements achieved through the adoption of strained thin film geometries. This thesis presents work on two such thin film oxides; lanthanide substituted BiFeO₃ and Fe substituted PbTiO₃. Coherent magnons and acoustic phonons were impulsively excited and probed in thin films of the room temperature multiferroic Bi_1-x-yDy_xLa_yFeO₃ using femtosecond laser pulses. The elastic moduli of rhombohedral, tetragonal and rare-earth doped BiFeO₃ were determined from acoustic mode frequencies in conjunction with spectroscopic ellipsometry. A weak ferromagnetic order, induced alternately by magnetization in the growth direction or by tetragonality, created a magnon oscillation at 75 GHz, indicative of a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction energy of 0.31 meV. Bulk crystals and thin films of PbTi_1-xFe_xO₃ (PTFO) are multiferroic, exhibiting ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism at room temperature. Here we report that the Ruddlesden-Popper phase Pb_n+1(Ti_1-xFe_x)_nO_3n+1 forms spontaneously during pulsed laser deposition of PTFO on LaAlO₃ substrates. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray difraction and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy were utilised to perform a structural and ompositional analysis, demonstrating that n≃8 and x≃0.33. The complex dielectric function of the films was determined from far-infrared to ultraviolet energies using a combination of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The simultaneous Raman and infrared activity of phonon modes, and the observation of second harmonic generation, establishes a non-centrosymmetric point group for Pb_n+1(Ti_0.67Fe_0.33)_nO_3n+1-δ consistent with ferroelectricity. No evidence of macroscopic ferromagnetism was found in SQUID magnetometry. The ultrafast optical response exhibited coherent magnon oscillations compatible with local magnetic order, and additionally was used to study photocarrier cooling on picosecond timescales. An optical gap smaller than that of BiFeO₃ and long photocarrier lifetimes may make this system interesting as a ferroelectric photovoltaic.

本論文探討智庫的定義及起源，並依其性質與功能將美國的智庫做分類，另介紹著名的美國外交智庫。本論文亦說明美國外交政策的決策環境，探討為何智庫得以參與美國外交政策，以及參與決策過程的方式，並討論智庫在決策過程中所扮演的角色以及智庫在美國興盛的原因。最後分析智庫在發展上可能受到的限制，及探討智庫如何因應未來的挑戰。 / This paper explores the definition and origin of think tanks, classifies American think tanks according to their nature and functions, and introduces some famous think tanks on US foreign policy. This paper also explains the decision-making environment of US foreign policy, discusses why think tanks can participate in the making of US foreign policy, and examines the roles of think tanks in the decision-making process and the reasons why think tanks flourish in the United States. This paper also tries to find out the development restrictions of American think tanks and explores how they meet future challenges.

O Projeto Antimanicomial, com sua intenção de ressocializar o usuário de serviços de saúde mental, enfrenta todo o compartilhamento de sociabilidades que, no pensamento contemporâneo, fundamenta se prevalentemente na cultura científica. Esses símbolos produzidos por sistemas de interpretação do mundo se propagam para o social e acabam por se expressar no cotidiano existencial dos homens. A presente pesquisa intenciona analisar a capacidade da convivência com o usuário de serviços de saúde mental, atuar como transformadora do imaginário social da loucura, defendida por Franco Basaglia precursor da Psiquiatria Democrática Italiana. Para este autor, a reinserção do \"louco\" na sociedade que o excluiu pode se tornar um emulador da tomada de consciência política do social. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo de caso de uma Residência Terapêutica ligada à uma Institutição de Saúde Mental Antimanicomial, em que foram entrevistados a coordenadora do Serviço de Residências Terapêuticas e entes da comunidade que receberam antigos internos de manicômios em sua vizinhança, levantando as narrativas e imagens que constroem juizos e avaliam a loucura. Visa contribuir com o processo de transformação do sistema de saúde mental que, supostamente deveria funcionar como o estopim de uma reflexividade sobre a socialização, subsidiando, através de reflexões, acerca das possibilidades políticopedagógicas das intervenções antimanicomiais. / The Anti-Manicomial Project, with its intention of re-socialize the mental health user, deals with the sociability sharing which, in a contemporary thought, based mainly on the scientific culture. These symbols, created by a world interpretation system spread themselves to the social and turn to be expressed in daily men existence. The current research intends to analyze the acquaintanceship capacity with the mental health user, act as a madness social imaginary changer, defended by Franco Basaglia - precursor of the Italian Democratic Psychiatry. To this author, the re-insertion of the madman in the society that excluded him, can become a social conscious start emulousness. Therefore, a research of a therapeutic residence case, related to an Anti-manicomial Mental Health Institution, which the Therapeutic Residence Service Coordinator and community members that welcomed old mental hospital residents, were interviewed, pointing the narratives and images which build up sense and evaluate madness. It intends to contribute to a mental health system change which supposely, should work as a fuse of a socialization reflexivity, subsidizing, through reflections, the pedagogic- political possibilities of anti-manicomial interventions.