Notre relation avec nos apparentés forme une grande partie de notre monde social; et la façon dont nous reconnaissons et traitons nos apparentés a donné lieu à une importante somme de recherche. Lorsqu'il s'agit de reconnaître un apparenté direct, la similarité faciale est considérée comme un indice d'apparentement. Dans cette thèse, j'étudie si elle joue un rôle comparable lorsqu'il s'agit de reconnaître un apparentement entre des tiers, en menant deux lignes de recherche: les prédictions de comportement népotistiques et les prédictions de préférences de couple, par des tiers, en présence de stimuli faciaux. La catégorisation devant servir l'action, la similarité faciale doit avoir un effet dépendant du contexte sur ces prédictions, susceptible à des changements de valence et de domaine. En l'absence de contexte, les individus semblent pouvoir détecter la similarité faciale et la mettre en relation avec l'apparentement. Nos deux séries d'expériences offrent une conclusion différente. Quand la valence du contexte change et que nous analysons les prédictions des participants en terme de kin selection, leurs choix ne semblent pas mettre en relation similarité faciale et apparentement. / Our relation to our kin shapes much of our social world. It's no surprise then, that how we recognize and react to our own kin has been a widely investigated topic. In particular, when tackling direct kin recognition, facial similarity has emerged as a putative cue of relatedness. In this thesis, I investigate whether or not the same can be said for third party kin recognition. Split between two lines of research, we explore individuals' predictions of nepotistic and mating behavior} in third party scenarios using facial stimuli. These two domains provide the backbone of our research. Categorization must serve action. So, what would strengthen the notion of a presence of third-party kin recognition in humans? Facial similarity \emph{must have} a context-dependent effect on participants predictions, susceptible to valence changes in scenarios and switches from the prosocial and mate choice domains. This is precisely what we set out to do with our two lines of research. Though our literature review revealed that when context is starved participants seem to be able to detect similarity and seemingly connect it to relatedness. Our nepotism and mating series of experiments, by re-inserting context, offers us a different conclusion altogether. Within scenarios in which valence is modified and our participants analysis is bounded by predictions made by kin selection, their choices do no reflect a connection between similarity and relatedness.

The aim of the present thesis is to determine whether the Tea Party candidatesʼ attitudes towards selected controversial issues influenced their electoral success and the success of the Tea Party movement as a whole. The thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and empirical. In the theoretical part the author focuses on the historical perspective of the political and party system in the United States of America, bipartism and position of third parties in the system. It also includes a brief analysis of the Democratic and Republican parties. Next, the author examines the Tea Party phenomenon - its genesis, structure, purposes and ideals. The subsequent section deals with three controversial issues, i.e. abortion, LGBT rights, and race, which reflect an ideological cleavage among the american public. The empirical part presents a case study entitled The influence of controversial issues on the (non)success of the Tea Party candidates, which deals with attitudes of the House and Senate Tea Party candidates who won the 2010 congressional elections towards the above- mentioned controversial issues.

No description available.

This research both develops new methods and expands upon existing methodologies in order to improve our understanding of voting patterns and party competition in Britain. The thesis comprises five sections, each of which relates to a particular research focus. The first and principal section describes the process of determining a new method for decomposing electoral bias for three-party competition under simple plurality rules of voting. The study of electoral bias is important for voting systems that requires periodic boundary reviews intended to equalise electorate and to remove malapportionment. These papers describe both the process for developing the threeparty bias method and later its application to UK general elections from 1983 onwards. The second section uses aggregate data gathered for the elections to the Greater London Authority in order to understand the patterns of electoral support across the capital, particularly support for minor parties. A considerable amount of research effort has been expended upon providing reliable models for electoral forecasting both in the UK and elsewhere. The third section includes a paper that develops a forecast model that utilises aggregate local election data to estimate national vote shares for the three main parties in the UK. A fourth section brings together a series of papers that are linked by the themes of voter behaviour, either in terms of geographical or ballot context. A study of voter turnout in a London borough describes the relationship between proximity to polling station and electoral turnout at different types of election. A 8 number of papers included in this section also detail the effects of candidate ballot order on electoral support. The fifth and final section groups together two papers that using individual-level survey data to describe the pattern of candidate recruitment for local elections in Britain and, specifically, the under-recruitment of both women and Black, Asian and other minority ethnic candidates.

La consécration par le Code civil de 1804 de la règle du transfert de propriété solo consensu a conduit à envisager la constitution du droit de propriété distinctement de son opposabilité erga omnes.Une situation identique prévaut fréquemment en présence d’un droit réel démembré, où la constitution du droit est fréquemment indépendante de l’opposabilité aux tiers, qui dépend de l’accomplissement d’un procédé ostensible.Cependant, ce schéma contrevient à l’opposabilité substantielle du droit réel, qui assure à son titulaire l’exclusivité de sa relation juridique avec la chose. La constitution du droit réel repose sur un phénomène de transmission qui en représente le rouage essentiel : il s’agit de la transmission d’un bien en présence du transfert de propriété ou de celle d’un avantage économique sur le bien grevé d’un droit réel démembré. Par nature risquée pour les tiers, cette opération translative nécessite qu’une personne ne puisse opposer son droit aux tiers qu’après l’exécution d’un formalisme d’extériorisation. Elle révèle ainsi la particularité du régime juridique de l’opposabilité du droit réel, qui est caractérisée par cette réciprocité vis-à-vis des tiers.Cette approche s’articule mal avec l’idée d’une constitution conventionnelle du droit réel où son opposabilité est appréhendée de façon duale : à l’état « virtuel » lors de l’échange des consentements et à l’état « effectif » avec l’accomplissement du formalisme requis. L’opposabilité consensuelle du droit réel est un concept creux car sans effet juridique, de sorte que le formalisme d’opposabilité entretient une relation exclusive avec l’opposabilité substantielle. Se trouve ainsi fondée la perspective d’une constitution par la tradition, laquelle est dotée d’un effet constitutif de droit car, au-delà de sa matérialité originelle, elle extériorise l’opération translative inhérente au droit réel et en préserve ainsi l’opposabilité substantielle. Il est dès lors question d’analyser précisément la manière dont la règle de la constitution sola traditione du droit réel pénètre le droit positif. Or, à cet égard, elle fait œuvre de rationalisation. / The consecration by the Civil code of 1804 of the rule of ownership transfert solo consensu led (drove) to envisage the constitution of the property right clearly of its erga omnes opposability.An identical situation prevails frequently in the presence of a real dismembered right, where the constitution of the right is frequently independent from the opposability in third parties, which depends on the fulfillment of a patent process.However, this plan violates the substantial opposability of the real right, which assures his holder the exclusivity of its legal relation with the thing. The constitution of the real right based on a phenomenon of transmission which represents the essential cog: it is about the transmission of the thing in the presence of ownership transfer or of that of an economic advantage. It reveals the peculiarity of the legal regime of the opposability of the real right, which is characterized by this reciprocity towards thirds parties.This approach articulates badly with the idea of a conventional constitution of the right reality where its opposability is arrested in a two-tier way : in the “virtual” state during the exchange of the consents and in the ‘actual” state with the fulfillment of required formalism. The consensual opposability of the real right is a hollow concept because ineffective legal, so that the formalism of opposability maintains an exclusive relation with the substantial opposability.The perspective of a constitution by the tradition is so established, which is endowed with a constituent effect of right because, beyond her original materiality, she exteriorizes the translative operation inherent to the real right and so protects the substantial opposability from it.It is necessary from then on question to analyze exactly the way the rule of the constitution sola traditione of the real right penetrates the substantive law.Now, in this respect, it acts as rationalization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luzia Correa Rabello.pdf: 689973 bytes, checksum: 47ea5e1489acdfec09f34536b955e80e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-29 / This study aims to examine the institution of tax compensation, considered one of the conditions for the settlement of the tax credit, in this art. 156 of the Tax Code, that since the enactment of Law No. 8383/1991, allowed discussions on the subject, spreading it in the legal system. The compensation does not match the number for tax administration designed by the taxpayer, but subjective right patriotic. The restrictions imposed by tax authorities and are remarkably unjustified, unreasonable and illegal, motivated only by the contempt of that body governing tax laws and constitutional provisions that ensure unquestionable rights to the taxpayer, for example, be entitled to recover the amounts improperly collected or more than due. For purposes of compensation are invalid restrictions on the transfer of credits to third parties for debts related to taxes and contributions administered by the Federal Revenue in Brazil, continuing in full force and effect the ability of taxpayers make their compensation in accordance with the dictates laid down in the array of legal compensation tax, namely, the Law No. 9430/96, art. 74. Purely administrative acts are not able to change the standard of public law, published with support in legal norm, which makes no restriction on the compensation tax. Finally, we show that taxpayers are entitled to use the tax credits and noticed that there are no restrictions for regulatory purposes insert in Article 170-A of the Tax Code, for the enjoyment of such claims does not match the compensation tax, only the credit mechanism -current account debit tax / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o instituto da compensação tributária, considerado uma das modalidades de extinção do crédito tributário, presente no art. 156 do Código Tributário Nacional, que, desde a edição da Lei nº 8.383/1991, possibilitou discussões sobre o tema, difundindo-o no ordenamento jurídico. A compensação não corresponde a mero favor fiscal concebido pela Administração ao contribuinte, mas direito subjetivo pátrio. As restrições existentes e impostas pelo Fisco são notavelmente injustificadas, descabidas e ilegais, motivadas apenas pelo desprezo do referido órgão da administração às leis tributárias e constitucionais que asseguram direitos inquestionáveis ao contribuinte, como, por exemplo, o direito de reaver os valores indevidamente recolhidos ou mais que o devido. Para fins de compensação, são inválidas as restrições impostas à transferência de créditos para terceiros, com débitos relativos a impostos e contribuições administrados pela Receita Federal do Brasil, continuando assim plenamente válida e em vigor a possibilidade do contribuinte realizar as suas compensações de acordo com os ditames previstos na matriz legal da compensação tributária, qual seja, a Lei nº 9.430/96, art. 74. Os atos meramente administrativos não estão aptos a alterar norma de direito público, editada com apoio em norma legal, a qual não faz qualquer restrição à compensação tributária. Por fim, mostramos que os contribuintes têm direito à utilização dos créditos tributários e notamos a inexistência de restrições ao comando normativo inserto no artigo 170-A do Código Tributário Nacional, pois a fruição desses créditos não corresponde à compensação tributária, apenas a mecanismo de crédito-débito no conta corrente fiscal

O presente trabalho se dedica ao estudo dos efeitos processuais da alienação da coisa ou direito litigioso, permitida no direito brasileiro. Para tanto, revisita a origem do instituto desde o direito romano até o Código de Processo Civil brasileiro de 1973, levando em consideração as teorias tradicionais nacionais e estrangeiras sobre o tema. Define-se a natureza jurídica da alienação da coisa ou direito litigioso, a sua identificação no processo, bem como os demais requisitos para incidência dos efeitos previstos no art. 42 do Código de Processo Civil (manutenção do alienante no processo, extensão dos efeitos da sentença ao adquirente e possibilidade de intervenção do adquirente no processo). A análise desses efeitos à luz dos escopos da norma se constitui como fio condutor da exposição, utilizada como solução para intrincados problemas que ainda não encontram consenso na doutrina e na jurisprudência, entre os quais pode-se destacar os limites dos poderes dos sujeitos envolvidos na alienação da coisa litigiosa (alienante, adquirente e contraparte), e a mitigação da extensão dos efeitos da sentença ao adquirente que não tinha ciência da litigiosidade do bem adquirido. Por fim, realiza-se a interpretação comparativa do instituto da alienação da coisa litigiosa com a modalidade de fraude de execução prevista no art. 593, inc. I, do Código de Processo Civil (instituto tipicamente brasileiro), pugnando-se pela admissibilidade da alienação da coisa litigiosa mesmo em caso de ação fundada em direito real, mediante a submissão da situação ao regramento previsto no art. 42 do Código de Processo Civil. / This work studies the procedural effects of the claim assignment, allowed under Brazilian law. The work revisits the origins of the institute from Roman law to the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, 1973, considering national and international traditional theories about the subject. The paper defines the legal nature of the claim assignment, and its identification in the lawsuit, as well as other requirements for the applying of the effects prescribed by article 42 of the Civil Procedure Code (assignor maintenance in the lawsuit, extending of the effects of decision to the assignee and the assignee\'s possibility to intervene in the lawsuit). The analysis of such effects regarding the purposes of the rule leads the explanation, which is used as a solution for intricate problems without consensus on doctrine and jurisprudence, including the limits of the powers of the subjects involved in the claim assignment (assignor, assignee and opposing party in the lawsuit), and mitigation of the extending of the decision effects to the assignee, unaware of the litigiousness of the object. Finally, it is done a comparative interpretation of the institute with the modality of enforcement fraud prescribed by article 593, I, of the Civil Procedure Code (a typically Brazilian institute), concluding that the claim assignment is possible even in case of a lawsuit founded on real property law, upon submission of the situation to the rules prescribed by article 42 of the Civil Procedure Code.

O trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar os critérios para atribuição de responsabilidade tributária aos sócios das sociedades. A análise se destina a apreensão dos critérios de racionalidade a ser observados pelo aplicador da norma quando da incidência da norma de responsabilidade e não propriamente a identificar a extensão da correta interpretação das prescrições do código tributário que definem a responsabilidade dos sócios. Abordaremos a personalidade das pessoas jurídicas e os requisitos legais para a sua desconsideração no direito tributário, a construção da norma jurídica que cria a relação jurídica tributária, bem como a responsabilidade tributária de terceiros. Será também analisada a importância do processo e do procedimento administrativo na formação e no acertamento da relação tributária e o reflexo do desenvolvimento desse processo na legitimidade tanto da constituição do crédito tributário como da atribuição de responsabilidade. O enfoque do trabalho é estabelecer um cotejo entre a presunção de liquidez e certeza da certidão de dívida ativa e as garantias fundamentais do devido processo legal, da ampla devesa e da legalidade para criticar a legitimidade do crédito constituído sem a observância dessas garantias e as conseqüências dessa perda de legitimidade do crédito nos meios de defesa disponíveis ao devedor / The study aims to examine the criteria for allocation of tax liability for shareholders of companies. The analysis is intended to seize the criteria of rationality to be observed by the applicator of the standard when the incidence of the standard of liability and not properly identify the extent of correct interpretation of the requirements of the tax code that define the liability of shareholders. We will discuss the personality of the legal and statutory requirements for its disregard of the tax law, building the rule of law creates the legal relationship of tax and the tax liability of third parties. It will also be discussed the importance of the process and administrative procedure in the training and the tax relationship and rightly reflect the development of this process in the legitimacy of both the constitution of the tax credit as the attribution of responsibility. The main work is to establish a comparison between the presumption of liquidity and certainty of the certificate of debt outstanding and the basic guarantees of due process, the wide defense and legality to criticize the legitimacy of the claim made without the observance of these guarantees and the consequences this loss of legitimacy of the claim in any defense available to the debtor

The article 2014 of the Civil Code has been recently modified.  In  order  to  make this decision, the legislator took in consideration two reasons: theaffirmation that the record entry doesn’t countswith its own substantivity, and that the necessityof adopting measures to fight against fraudulentacts that might affect the owners.Following this modification, the author presents a comparative analysis of the before and after of the option the legislator took, and takes position after putting himself in the side of third parties. From a juridical and economical point of view, he studies the modification and concludes that, apart from not resolving the problems it had to solve, generates damages that affect the third parties and the market. / El artículo 2014 del Código Civil ha sido recientemente modificado. Para tomar esta opción, el legislador se basó en dos razones: la afirmación deque el asiento registral no cuenta con sustantivi-dad propia, y la necesidad de adoptar una acciónpara combatir los actos fraudulentos que puedanafectar a los propietarios.A raíz de dicha modificación, el autor nos plantea un análisis comparativo del antes y después de di- cha opción del legislador, y toma una posición al respecto al colocarse en el lugar de los terceros. Desde un estudio tanto jurídico como económico de la modificación, concluye que ella, además de no resolver los problemas que se planteó solucio- nar, genera un perjuicio tanto a los terceros como al mercado.

O presente trabalho se dedica ao estudo dos efeitos processuais da alienação da coisa ou direito litigioso, permitida no direito brasileiro. Para tanto, revisita a origem do instituto desde o direito romano até o Código de Processo Civil brasileiro de 1973, levando em consideração as teorias tradicionais nacionais e estrangeiras sobre o tema. Define-se a natureza jurídica da alienação da coisa ou direito litigioso, a sua identificação no processo, bem como os demais requisitos para incidência dos efeitos previstos no art. 42 do Código de Processo Civil (manutenção do alienante no processo, extensão dos efeitos da sentença ao adquirente e possibilidade de intervenção do adquirente no processo). A análise desses efeitos à luz dos escopos da norma se constitui como fio condutor da exposição, utilizada como solução para intrincados problemas que ainda não encontram consenso na doutrina e na jurisprudência, entre os quais pode-se destacar os limites dos poderes dos sujeitos envolvidos na alienação da coisa litigiosa (alienante, adquirente e contraparte), e a mitigação da extensão dos efeitos da sentença ao adquirente que não tinha ciência da litigiosidade do bem adquirido. Por fim, realiza-se a interpretação comparativa do instituto da alienação da coisa litigiosa com a modalidade de fraude de execução prevista no art. 593, inc. I, do Código de Processo Civil (instituto tipicamente brasileiro), pugnando-se pela admissibilidade da alienação da coisa litigiosa mesmo em caso de ação fundada em direito real, mediante a submissão da situação ao regramento previsto no art. 42 do Código de Processo Civil. / This work studies the procedural effects of the claim assignment, allowed under Brazilian law. The work revisits the origins of the institute from Roman law to the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, 1973, considering national and international traditional theories about the subject. The paper defines the legal nature of the claim assignment, and its identification in the lawsuit, as well as other requirements for the applying of the effects prescribed by article 42 of the Civil Procedure Code (assignor maintenance in the lawsuit, extending of the effects of decision to the assignee and the assignee\'s possibility to intervene in the lawsuit). The analysis of such effects regarding the purposes of the rule leads the explanation, which is used as a solution for intricate problems without consensus on doctrine and jurisprudence, including the limits of the powers of the subjects involved in the claim assignment (assignor, assignee and opposing party in the lawsuit), and mitigation of the extending of the decision effects to the assignee, unaware of the litigiousness of the object. Finally, it is done a comparative interpretation of the institute with the modality of enforcement fraud prescribed by article 593, I, of the Civil Procedure Code (a typically Brazilian institute), concluding that the claim assignment is possible even in case of a lawsuit founded on real property law, upon submission of the situation to the rules prescribed by article 42 of the Civil Procedure Code.