published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Ecology and Biodiversity / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The present study consists of a full translation and analysis of the three main versions of the Section on Law and State, a chapter on Tibetan imperial law and administration found in the mid-16th century Mkhas pa'i dga' ston by Dpa'-bo Gtsuglag Phreng-ba, and in the Rgya bod kyi chos 'byung rgyas pa of Mkhas-pa Lde'u and the Chos 'byung chen po bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan of Lde'u Jo-sras, which both date to the mid to late-13th century. While the post-dynastic Tibetan historical tradition attributes this entire body of legal and administrative reforms to Emperor Srong-btsan Sgam-po (c.605-649), the individual legal and administrative catalogues contained in the Section on Law and State, when subjected to close analysis, can be dated to several different periods. The principal aim of this analysis is to underline the early Tibetan antecedents for the catalogues contained in the Section on Law and State. By relating the catalogues of the Section on Law and State to Old Tibetan sources, this analysis describes in detail the legal and administrative practices of the Tibetan Empire (c.600-c.850). Among the topics covered by this analysis are historical geography and the 'nationalisation' of clan territory, social stratification, technological innovation and legal culture. The Section on Law and State is not limited solely to law and administration, however, and also offers insights regarding cultural institutions such as religious practices and Tibetan funerary culture. Taken together, the scattered and fragmentary catalogues that make up the Section on Law and State, many of which ultimately derive from manuals and official records from the imperial period, constitute a rare juridical corpus of the Tibetan Empire. As such, it furnishes important and detailed information about the legal and administrative culture of the Tibetan Empire, and constitutes a fundamental source for Tibetan social history. The preservation of such documents within Tibet's postdynastic religious histories underlines the persistence of Tibetan political theory, according to which divine rulers, Buddhist or otherwise, must govern according to the just traditions of their forebears.

Cette thèse de droit public se propose d'étudier le développement du système politique tibétain en exil. Ce travail est basé sur une analyse détaillée des normes tibétaines encadrant le fonctionnement du Gouvernement tibétain en exil et de son Administration centrale, lesquels n'ont pas été reconnus au plan international. Mené principalement sous l'angle du droit constitutionnel tibétain, ce travail décrit le fonctionnement des différentes institutions centrales, instances décisionnelles, ayant autorité au sein de la communauté tibétaine en exil. L'institutionnalisation du pouvoir politique tibétain a pris avec la Charte de 1991 une nouvelle dimension car les rapports politiques au sein du système passent désormais par la médiation du droit. Cette médiation du droit est liée à l'établissement d'un ordre général et collectif dépassant les volontés individuelles / This public law thesis deals with the development of the Tibetan political system in exile. The objective was to carry out a detailed research on roots texts and commentaries on law and other relevant documents passed in the Tibetan refugee community, in order to explain the functioning of the Central Tibetan Administration, which for all practical purposes functions as the Tibetan-government-in-exile, although not formally recognized as such by the world at large and in particular by the host government. This work covers the various institutions of political representation, decision-making and governance within the Tibetan Refugee Community. Considering all this elements, we reached at the conclusion that the basics fundamentals laid down by this Charter, and the substantive and procedural laws and other rules, are inevitable for the immediate and long-term functioning of the Tibetan government in exile

Le lignage rNgog était un lignage religieux héréditaire qui s’est épanoui au Tibet entre le XIe et le XVe siècle et a participé à l’efflorescence de plusieurs transmissions tantriques toujours vivantes dans le bouddhisme tibétain contemporain. Cette thèse est l’histoire du lignage religieux rNgog pa bKa’ brgyud qui puise ses sources dans le Xe siècle indien, s’est acculturé au Tibet grâce aux efforts du traducteur Mar pa Chos kyi blo gros (1000 ?-1081 ?) et a traversé le second millénaire. C’est aussi l’histoire du lignage familial rNgog, depuis ses origines mythiques jusqu’à sa plénitude au XIIe siècle et son extinction silencieuse dans le tumulte des transformations politiques du XVIIe siècle tibétain. Cette étude s’appuie sur deux récits composés au sein du lignage rNgog et qui se trouvent au carrefour de l’hagiographie, de la généalogie et des recueils d’enseignements reçus. Elle est encadrée par deux volumineuses collections d’exégèses et de rituels tantriques. La première, le Trésor des Mantras bKa’ brgyud, a été compilée au XIXe siècle dans le but de sauvegarder et de faciliter la transmission des traditions Mar rngog. La seconde, le Compilation des Cycles rNgog, a été publié il y a une dizaine d’années mais contient des matériaux anciens composés par les rNgog et leurs disciples. L’ambition de cette étude est de comprendre l’histoire de ces textes et, plus largement, celle des rNgog et leur position dans le champ religieux du Tibet Central jusqu’au XVIIe siècle. Dans cette optique, plusieurs approches, dont la critique des sources et l’analyse textuelle et socio-historique, sont adoptées. / The rNgog lineage was a religious hereditary lineage that flourished in Tibet from the 11th to the 15th century and participated in the efflorescence of several tantric transmissions that remain alive in contemporary Tibetan Buddhism. This dissertation is the history of the rNgog pa bka’ brgyud religious lineage that takes root in 10th-century India, was acculturated in Tibet through the efforts of the translator Mar pa Chos kyi blo gros (1000?-1081?) and spans the second millennium. It is also the history of the rNgog hereditary lineage, from its mythic origins, to its blossoming in the 12th century and its silent dispersion in the political transformations of 17th-century Central Tibet. Its core is a pair of twenty-five-folio narratives composed within the rNgog lineage that are at the crossroads of hagiography, genealogy and records of teachings received. Its framework are two large collections of tantric exegesis and rituals. The first, the Treasury of bKa’ brgyud Mantras, was compiled in the 19th century in order to safeguard the Mar rngog traditions and facilitate their transmission. The second one, the Compilation of rNgog Cycles, was published ten years ago but contains ancient material composed by the rNgog and their disciples. The aim of this study is to understand the history of these texts and, more broadly, the history of the rNgog and their position in the religious field of Central Tibet until the 17th century. For this, several approaches are adopted, including source criticism, textual and socio-historical analysis.

<p>Detta arbete bygger på en studieresa, under en månads tid, till Indien, Dharamsala. Dharamsa-la är känd för att inhysa den tibetanska statens exilregering och inte minst den tibetanska bud-dismens andlige ledare Dalai Lama. Därav är Dharamsala en viktig tillflyktsort för de tibe-tanska flyktingar som undkommit den Kinesiska regeringens förtryck i Tibet.</p><p>Syftet med denna studie blir därför, att få mer insikt och kunskap om hur man idag i Dha-ramsala bemöter tibetanska flyktingbarn från Tibet.</p><p>Jag fick äran, att möta 8 av de människor som dagligen möter och arbetar med tibetanska flyktingbarn på ett eller annat sätt.</p><p>I undersökningen har jag dels använt mig av kvalitativa intervjuer och dels av observatio-ner. Genom dessa metoder framgår det, att tibetanska flyktingbarn blir bemötta på ett kärleks-fullt och respektfullt sätt. Detta för, att de skall få ett värdigt liv i frihet samt en gedigen ut-bildning.</p><p>Tibetanernas omtanke och kärlek till sin nästa generation motiverar barnen, i Dharamsala, att vilja studera, för att senare i livet ska kunna hjälpa andra tibetaner i nöd, vilka fortfarande är under den Kinesiska regeringens våld i Tibet.</p> / <p>This paper is a result of a one month field study Dharamsala in India. Dharamsala is well-known for harbouring the exile Tibetan government and also their religious leader in Tibetan Buddhism, Dalai Lama. Because of this Dharamsala is an important sanctuary fore Tibetan refugees who are escaping from the Chinese government’s oppression in Tibet.</p><p>The purpose of this study is therefore to get a better insight and knowledge how people today in Dharamsala receive Tibetan refugee children from Tibet.</p><p>I got the privilege to meet 8 of the people who, in one way or another, daily meet and work with Tibetan refugee children.</p><p>In this study I have used the methods qualitative interview and observation. Through these methods it’s clear that, Tibetan refugee children are received with love and respect in Dhar-amsala. In this way the Tibetan refugee children got a worthy life in freedom and a proper education.</p><p>The love and compassion from the Tibetan people in Dharamsala, to their next generation, motivate these children to study hard so that they later in life can help other Tibetans who still live under the Chinese government’s oppression in Tibet.</p>

With the distinguished natural and cultural tourism resources, Tibet is undoubtedly a desirable travel destination both domestically and internationally. With the newly opened Qinghai-Tibet railway to Lhasa in July 2006, Tibet tourism development was boosted markedly due to the increased accessibility and affordability. This study evaluates the impacts of the increased accessibility achieved through the Qinghai-Tibet railway on tourist travel decisions for, and experiences in, Tibet from travelers’ perspectives. The relative importance of the train journey in comparison with the destination experience at Tibet is also examined. A destination choice framework is proposed based on a review of previous literature. It is applied in this study to understand tourists’ travel destination choice of Tibet. A questionnaire survey was designed as the major primary data collection method to collect travelers’ perceptions on the train journey and Tibet tourism. Conducted on the train to and from Lhasa of Tibet, a total of 187 questionnaires were collected, including 82 for the pre-visit sample and 105 for the post-visit sample. Important destination choice factors for Tibet are identified in this study. The findings also support the importance of the railway on tourists’ destination choice of Tibet and in the overall travel experience of Tibet. Expectations and satisfactions with the destination are also compared to indicate possibilities for further destination development in Tibet. This study improves the understanding of both the supply and demand sides of the tourism industry in Tibet. Both practical implications and academic implications are presented based on the major findings of this study. Contributions of this study and future research opportunities are discussed.